晋中旱地玉米耗水规律及农田水分平衡研究

采用中子测水技术与蒸发模拟微区相结合的农业物理学法,测得晋中旱地玉米生育期耗水量为300～350mm,其中玉米蒸腾耗水占40～50%,棵间土壤蒸发耗水占50～60%.土壤湿度越大,棵间土壤蒸发越高.浅层土壤水分蒸发较强,深层蒸发较弱.130～150cm土层蒸发几乎未波及到该层.玉米蒸腾与土壤蒸发耗水虽有一定联系,但基本上属于两个独立的过程.蒸腾与产量之间呈高度正相关.农田水分平衡状况对产量有明显的影响.     

Effect of Mulch and Irrigation Water Amounts on Soil Evaporation and Transpiration

Soil evaporation, transpiration, evapotranspiration, and yield of pepper as affected by mulch and five amounts of irrigation water were studied in greenhouse pot experiments during 1996 (March 26–July 13). Five different amounts of irrigation water were imposed on covered and open soil surface clay loam soil in five replicates. Water losses by evaporation and/or transpiration were measured daily by weighing. Irrigation water was applied once weekly. The amount of irrigation water added to each treatment was determined from the differences in weights.
Covering soil surface reduced the required amount of irrigation water. With deficit (under) irrigation, the reduction in applied irrigation water was about 14%. and increased to 29 % with excess (over) irrigation. Transpiration in covered soil surface treatments were higher than transpiration in open soil surface treatments with limited irrigation water applied, With limited (deficit) irrigation, increasing irrigation water applied decreased the percentage of soil evaporation and the contribution of soil evaporation to crop evapotranspiration. With excess irrigation, increasing water applied increased the percentage of soil evaporation and its contribution to the total evapotranspiration. Soil evaporation reduced pepper yield significantly, and this might be owing to the reduction in the available soil water associated with limited-to-complete irrigation.     

农产品空气能热泵烘房温度场的数值模拟与验证

农产品热泵烘房温度场均匀性是影响农产品干燥品质的重要因素。本文选用5HGR-35型农产品热泵烘房,通过交互式CAD/CAM系统(UG)软件建立热泵烘房3D模型,运用理论分析与计算流体动力学(Computational fluid dynamics,CFD)模拟相结合的方法,研究其内部温度场分布情况,对现有结构烘房的温度场建模模拟,分析模拟结果并对现有结构进行优化。通过模拟得出结论:送风速度越大,烘房内热空气更新越快,换热效果越好。综合温度场分布以及农产品烘干要求,烘房内合理的送风速度为11 m/s左右;在11 m/s风速下,烘房空载时在15 min左右达到设定温度(65℃);小推车设计高度加大300~310 mm烘房内部温度场更均匀;烘房顶部均匀加入3块长×宽×高=2900 mm×20 mm×300 mm的挡板,可以使烘房内部温度场更均匀;小推车与烘房之间及相互之间保持30 mm左右间隙摆放更有利于烘房内部温度场的分布;验证试验中,模拟温度与实测温度吻合性良好。上述结论对烘房的进一步优化设计具有一定的指导意义。     

Effect of antecedent soil water content and rainfall regime on microrelief changes

Surface microrelief substantially affects surface sealing, runoff, and soil erosion processes on bare soils. Yet, the stability of microrelief for different antecedent soil water contents and rainstorms is not well understood. This study investigates the effect of surface microrelief and antecedent water content on the decay of microrelief under different rainstorm regimes. Two different rainstorm regimes were studied in laboratory experiments: continuous rainfall for a total amount of 60 mm applied at 30 mm/h intensity, and intermittent rainfall consisting of five successive rainstorms of 12 mm each, again with an intensity of 30 mm/h and separated by one week drying cycles. Rough, medium, and fine microrelief surface conditions representing different degrees of seedbed preparation were studied for three soils at antecedent soil water contents of 2–4% and 14–20%. Before and after rainfall, digital elevation models determining the surface microrelief were developed using a laser scanner with 2 mm grid spacing. The specific surface area calculated from microrelief data was used as an index to characterize microrelief. Microrelief stability increased with increasing initial roughness and was much higher for the antecedent wet soils than for the dry soils. Microrelief stability for the continuous rainstorm regime was higher than for intermittent rainfall. Differences in microrelief stability were mostly attributed to different aggregate stabilities. Additionally, the higher stability for the rougher microrelief surfaces was attributed to the lower drop impact density and splash density on the surfaces with larger specific surface area. Aggregate slaking due to air escape and rapid wetting was found to be responsible for the low microrelief stability at initially dry conditions.     

PAM对潮土水分蒸发量的影响

地表蒸发引起土壤水的散失是造成作物低产的重要原因之一。PAM 是众多保水剂中一种,其具有超强的吸水和保水能力,能够抑制土壤水分的蒸发,增加土壤含水量,增强土壤持水功能,对沙质土壤水分的调控具有重要作用。本文以分布于重庆三峡库区的潮土为研究对象,研究不同剂量、不同剂型的PAM对土壤蒸发量的影响,以期为农业灌溉上PAM的推广应用提供理论依据。研究结果显示：PAM能抑制土壤水分的蒸发。对不同剂量的PAM处理,潮土累计蒸发量较对照减少2.37%～12.459%;以200mg/kg抗蒸发效果最为明显。对同分子量不同电荷密度剂型的PAM处理,冷沙黄泥累计蒸发量较对照减小7.34%～17.81%,以30%抗蒸发效果最好,对同电荷密度不同分子量剂型的PAM处理,潮土累计蒸发量分别较对照减小12.25%～18.53%;以1000万的PAM抗蒸发效果最为明显。     

中国柽柳幼苗叶片生理特性对碱胁迫的响应

以中国柽柳为试材,通过盆栽试验,研究混合碱(NaHCO3和Na2CO3摩尔比为9:1)在不同浓度胁迫下(100、200、300和400 mmol/L)对中国柽柳幼苗叶片生理特性和株高的影响。结果表明：与对照相比,中国柽柳叶片的相对含水量在碱浓度为100、200、300和400 mmol/L时均显著降低,分别下降8.82%、34.49%、43.27%和45.43%;而叶片丙二醛、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量则随着碱浓度的升高呈递增的趋势,其中100、200、300和400 mmol/L碱处理的脯氨酸含量分别较对照显著高出36.37%、56.41%、77.35%和84.25%。此外,不同碱浓度处理的株高大小次序为：对照>100 mmol/L>200 mmol/L>300 mmol/L≈400 mmol/L,其中100、200、300和400 mmol/L处理的株高分别比对照显著降低45.95%、62.16%、70.27%和74.05%,表明不同程度的碱胁迫均显著抑制了中国柽柳的生长。综合分析认为,以NaHCO3和Na2CO3为主要盐分的碱胁迫对中国柽柳的生长发育具有一定的抑制作用,随着碱胁迫程度的加剧,抑制作用越来越大。     

晒田土壤含水量对水稻有效分蘖的影响

为探究水稻有效分蘖与土壤含水量的关系,以杂交早稻‘淦鑫203’和晚稻‘五丰优T025’为材料分早晚季进行试验,以不晒田为对照,设计4个晒田处理（分蘖数达预计成穗数的70%连续晒田5天及10天、80%成穗数晒田5天及10天,分别记为W₁、W₂、W₃和W₄）,采用土壤水分自动记录仪监测土壤5、10、20 cm深的体积含水量,研究不同晒田处理条件下土壤含水量对水稻分蘖成穗的影响。结果表明：早稻分蘖末期W₁、W₃和W₄晒田处理及晚稻W₂和W₃处理均能控制无效分蘖,提高成穗率。早稻晒田处理效果排序为：W₄＞ W₁＞ W₃＞ CK＞ W₂,晚稻为W₂＞ W₃＞ W₁＞ CK＞ W₄。单株有效分蘖数和成穗率与5、10、20 cm土壤体积含水量的关系可用二次曲线拟合;早、晚稻分蘖末期排水晒田至0~20 cm土壤体积含水量为47%~55%时,有效分蘖数和成穗率较高。     

常规灌溉条件下两种生长型黄瓜灌溉水分配及利用效率的研究

研究不同品种的水分利用特性和水分利用效率,为黄瓜高水分利用效率品种的选育提供理论依据.本研究选用2个生态型相同但生长型不同的黄瓜品种(津育5号和迷你2号)为试材,温室栽培,相同灌溉量和灌溉频率水分处理,比较其灌溉水在渗漏量、蒸发量、蒸腾量和土壤储水量的分配比例和水分利用效率的差异,以及不同品种根系特点.除迷你2号(MN)在秋冬茬结果有所差外异,两供试品种在不同茬口灌溉水的分配均呈现蒸腾量>渗漏量>蒸发量>土壤储水量的趋势;两供试黄瓜品种在冬春茬的蒸腾量、渗漏量、蒸发量和土壤储水量占灌溉水总量的分配比例分别为38.25%,32.15%,23.10%和6.50%,而秋冬茬则分别为34.35%,34.15%,20.65%和12.85%,故不同栽培茬口可影响黄瓜灌溉水分配状况,冬春茬蒸腾和蒸发量占灌溉水分配比例较高,而秋冬茬土壤渗漏水和土壤储水比例则有所提高.津育5号和迷你2号植株蒸腾占灌溉水分配的比例平均分别为37.15%和33.45%,而土壤渗漏占灌溉水分配的比例平均分别为30.10%和36.20%;津育5号两茬口经济产量和生物学产量水分利用效率分别为422.5,585.90 ks/(hm~2·mm),而迷你2号则分别为394.2,541.7 ks/(hm~2·mm).不同黄瓜品种间灌溉水分配状况及利用效率明显差异,造成不同品种灌溉水分配及水分利用效率的原因主要与其根系生长状况有关.     

曼地亚红豆杉的扦插繁殖研究

为探索曼地亚红豆杉的快繁技术,以泥炭、珍珠岩、河沙按照不同的配比混合成扦插基质,不同浓度(100、200、300 mg/L)的NAA、IBA、2,4-D、ABT生根粉4种植物激素被用于扦插繁殖比较试验。结果表明：曼地亚红豆杉在基质为泥炭:珍珠岩=1:1,用200、300 mg/L的IBA扦插曼地亚红豆杉的成活率较好。本试验获得了曼地亚红豆杉最佳的繁殖方法,为曼地亚红豆杉的快繁技术奠定了基础。     

Assessing the Evaporation Zone in the Bare Soil from the Soil Water Flux and Soil Heat Flux Measurements

A simple approach was undertaken to estimating bare soil evaporation in a soil column in a laboratory. The measurement of soil heat flux and soil water flux at various depths provides a practical means of assessing and evaluating the position of the drying front (evaporation zone) in the soil.     

Experimental analysis of strengthening effect of corroded reinforced concrete beams strengthened with bolted steel plates

In order to study the mechanical behavior of corroded reinforced concrete beams strengthened with bolted steel plates, this paper designed 12 reinforced concrete beams. These beams were corroded by using accelerated electrochemical corrosion method with a designed corrosion ratio of 10%. The pre-compression experiments were performed for all RC beams before strengthening and the maximum crack width was controlled as 0.2 mm. According to the thickness of concrete cover, the beams were divided into 3 groups. Each group was composed of one comparative beam and three tested beams strengthened by steel plates bolted with study according to the thickness of steel plates which were 3 mm, 4 mm and 5 mm, respectively. It was shown that the strain distributions along the height of the strengthened beams at middle-span were in good agreement with the plain section assumption basically. The serviceability performances of corroded RC beams were significantly improved and these ultimate bearing capacities increased obviously. The steel plate bolted with stud effectively reduced the crack width and the extension height of reinforced concrete beams. It was indicated that an increase of steel plates with 35 mm resulted in a decrease of deflection by 13%51% when beams had the same thickness of concrete cover and corrosion ratio. Influence of the thickness of concrete cover on the ultimate bearing capacity was not obvious.     

全生物降解地膜覆盖对旱地土壤水分状况及春小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响

The purpose of this study was to investigate the ecological effect of full biodegradable film mulching and its effect on the production of spring wheat, and to seek a green, efficient and sustainable coverage in the semi-arid area of the Northwest Loess Plateau. Taking the uncovered land as the control (CK), to systematically studied the effects of full biodegradable film mulching (BM) and the polyethylene film mulching (PM) with bunch planting on soil water status, rain fallow efficiency and its impact on yield and water use efficiency of dryland spring wheat from 2015 to 2018. The results showed that both BM and PM significantly increased the water storage of 0-200 cm soil layer and rain fallow efficiency in each growth period of spring wheat, but there was not significant differences between BM and PM. From 2015 to 2018, the water storage of BM increased by 9.5 mm, 14.2 mm, 25.0 mm, and 39.0 mm respectively compared with CK. In the fourth year of continuous cropping, the water storage of PM, BM and CK 0-200 cm soil layers were 347.5 mm, 345.5 mm and 320.0 mm, respectively. Compared with CK, the rain fallow efficiency of BM and PM increased by 39.63% and 43.98%, respectively, which effectively alleviated the risk of spring drought in the next season. BM was similar to PM in seedling rate, the number of productive ears and the percentage of productive spike, and significantly higher than CK. The number of BM seedlings increased by 15.87% compared with CK in dry year, the number of productive ears increased by 14.70% on average in other years except 2015, and the percentage of productive spike increased by 3.08% on average in four years. The total amount of dry matter accumulation of BM was basically the same as PM, and before anthesis was slightly lower than PM, but higher than PM after anthesis, which was more conducive to grain filling and yield formation, and the amount of dry matter accumulation of both BM and PM are significantly higher than CK in each growth period. The annual average water consumption of PM, BM and CK was 287.46 mm, 289.76 mm, and 276.06 mm, respectively, and compared with PM, BM increased the evaporation water consumption. Compared with CK, the grain yield of BM and PM increased 48.07% and 54.95% respectively, and water use efficiency increased 46.08% and 56.07% in four years, there was not significant differences between BM and PM. There was not significant differences in soil water effect and yield effect between the full biodegradable film and PE film, and the full biodegradable film can be applied to the whole field soil-plastic mulching with bunch planting of spring wheat in dry land and provide technical support for the green and efficient production of wheat in dry land.     

Evaporation from soil in relation to residue rate,mixing depth,soil texture and evaporativity

The role of crop residues as a surface mulch on evaporation has been widely studied. But information on evaporation and its reduction by crop residues mixed in surface soil to different depths particularly in relation to soil texture and evaporativity (E_o) is lacking. We studied the effect of four rates of paddy straw, viz. 0, 2, 4 and 8 Mg ha⁻¹ used as mulch and mixed in top soil layer to two depths (2 and 5 cm) under two evaporativities (E_o's) viz. 2.0 ± 0.5 and 8.7 ± 1.5 mm day⁻¹ in silty clay loam and sandy loam soil columns of 0.95 m length and 0.1 m diameter. Cumulative evaporation was predicted from water transmission properties of the soil and E_o as influenced by these variables. The otherwise short-lived benefit of evaporation reduction with mulch per se, which peaked after a few days, plateaued when residue was mixed with soil at peak reduction, and as a result the benefit was prolonged. The maximum reduction achieved was more and sustained for a longer period in finer textured soil, and a higher rate of mulch mixed to a greater depth. Mixing of residue in the surface soil layer not only reduced evaporation but also resulted in higher water content in the near surface soil after drying.     

基于Hydrus-1D的土壤水盐运移数值模拟

为了研究积水入渗土壤水盐运移规律,通过室内土柱试验,分析不同灌水量条件下土壤水盐分布状态。应用饱和-非饱和土壤水分及溶质运动理论构建数学模型,利用Hydrus-1D软件进行水盐运移数值模拟,并将模拟结果与实测结果进行对比分析。结果表明：灌水量为1.4 L、2.8 L、4.2 L处理的积盐区位置分别20 cm、30 cm、40 cm,积盐区积盐率分别为49.2%、57.6%、100%,表层土脱盐率分别为87.2%、93.7%、96.8%;积盐区在湿润锋以上5 cm左右处。HYDRUS-1D模型可以较好对土壤水盐运移规律进行模拟。     

基于前期降水量和蒸发量的土壤湿度预测研究

为了更好地了解和探讨土壤湿度预测方法,根据衡阳2009-2010年土壤湿度资料和相关气象资料,建立了基于前期降水量和蒸发量的土壤湿度预测模型,并进行试报和验证。结果表明：基于1 mm降水与蒸发的差建立的土壤湿度线性回归模型和基于1 mm降水量和1 mm降水与蒸发的差建立的土壤湿度逐步回归模型试报了2009年8-12月0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm土层的土壤湿度,线性回归模型预报的平均相对误差分别为10.06%、5.56%、7.14%,逐步回归模型预报的平均相对误差分别为10.05%、5.59%、6.85%。2种模型预测的土壤湿度状况基本能反映旱情发展的动态趋势。模型可为准确预测土壤湿度的变化,为开展气象为农服务和防灾减灾提供参考。     

Unequal salt distribution in the root zone increases growth and yield of cotton

Soil salinity is often heterogeneous, yet plant response to unequal salt distribution (USD) in the root zone is seldom studied in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Our objective was to evaluate the effects of USD on growth and yield, as well as its potential application for increasing cotton production. To achieve this objective, greenhouse and field experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, potted cotton plants were grown in a split-root system in the greenhouse. Each root half was irrigated with either the same or two concentrations of NaCl. Plant biomass, leaf chlorophyll (Chl), photosynthesis (Pn) and transpiration (Tr), Na⁺ and K⁺ accumulation, as well as biological and economic yields were determined. In the second experiment, plants were grown in furrow-beds in saline fields with those grown on flat beds as controls. Root-zone salinity, yield and yield components and earliness (the percentage of the first two harvests to total harvests) were monitored. When the entire root system was exposed to the same concentration of NaCl, shoot dry weight, leaf area, plant biomass, leaf Chl, Pn and Tr were markedly reduced relative to the NaCl-free control at 2 weeks after salinity stress (WAS). Significant reductions in biological (23.6–73.8%) and economic yields (38.1–79.7%) were noticed at harvest. However, when only half of the root system was exposed to low-salinity, the inhibition effect of salinity on growth and yield was significantly reduced. Plant biomass and seed cotton yield were increased by 13 and 23.9% with 50/150 mM/mM NaCl, 40 and 44.5% with 100/300 mM/mM NaCl, and 85.7 and 127.8% with 100/500 mM/mM NaCl relative to their respective equal salt distribution (ESD) controls (100/100, 200/200, and 300/300). Unequal salt distribution also decreased concentrations of Na⁺ and increased leaf K⁺ and Chl content, K⁺/Na⁺ ratio, Pn and Tr, compared with ESD. Furrow-bed seeding induced unequal distribution of salts in the surface soil during the field experiment. Under furrow planting, soil salinity was much higher, but soil osmotic potential was much lower on the ridged part than the furrows. Yield and earliness were increased 20.8 and 5.1% by furrow seeding relative to flat seeding. These enhancements were mainly attributed to unequal distribution of salts in the root zone. Thus, specific cultural practices that induce unequal salt distribution such as furrow-bed seeding can be used to improve cotton production in saline fields.     

Effect of proton beam irradiation on germination, seedling growth, and pasting properties of starch in rice

This study was carried out to determine the pretreatment effect of proton beam irradiation on germination and pasting properties of starches in two rices. Mature and healthy seeds irradiated with 10 doses (0, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, and 800 Gy) for determination of LD50 and characteristics of germination were recorded at 14 days after irradiation. The rice seeds irradiated with five doses (0, 50, 100, 200, and 300 Gy) were used to evaluate the irradiation effects of pasting properties of starches. It showed that a lower survival rate in germinated rice seeds was observed above 300 Gy showing 31 and 35% in Ilpum and Hanmaum, respectively. The higher plant height and root length were also recorded in 50 and 100 Gy. Amylose content in proton beam irradiated with 50, 100, 200, and 300 Gy was significantly decreased in two rice cultivars. Peak viscosity, hot peak viscosity, cooling peak viscosity, and setback viscosity decreased with increasing proton beam dose levels. The degree of crystallinity was significantly increased with increasing proton beam dose levels. Consequently, it might be deduced that proton beam irradiation causes changes of starch properties affecting crystalline regions of starch granules, especially at high dosage irradiation.     

偏旱年休闲期施肥覆盖对旱地小麦播前土壤水分的影响及其与产量的相关分析

为了改善旱地小麦的土壤水分状况,提高旱地小麦的产量,采用大田试验,研究了休闲期施肥覆盖对播前土壤水分含量的影响及其与产量的关系。结果表明：休闲期施有机肥提高了休闲期降雨补给率,但不显著,休闲期地膜覆盖与纸覆盖均可显著提高休闲期降雨补给率。休闲期施有机肥、覆盖均可提高播前0~100 cm、100~200 cm、0~300 cm土层土壤含水量,施肥与覆盖对播前200~300 cm土层土壤含水量的影响较小。结果还表明：地膜覆盖对播前不同土层土壤含水量的增加效果均大于纸覆盖,施肥可增大地膜覆盖对土壤水分的影响范围,在有机肥条件下地膜覆盖可增加40~160 cm各土层土壤含水量,不施肥条件下可增加40~140 cm各土层土壤含水量。休闲期施肥、覆盖均可显著增产。相关分析表明：播前0~100 cm、100~200 cm、0~300 cm土壤含水量与旱地小麦穗粒数、产量均显著正相关,在20~ 140 cm各土层土壤含水量与产量和穗粒数的相关性均达到显著或极显著水平。总之,休闲期施肥与覆盖均有利于旱地小麦播前土壤水分状况的改善和产量的提高,且以有机肥条件下地膜覆盖效果最好。     

不同时期干旱对玉米生长发育及产量的影响

为探明不同时期的干旱对玉米生长发育及产量的影响,以‘浚单20’为试验材料,分别在拔节—抽穗期和抽穗—乳熟期进行水分控制处理,令土壤水分分别控制在田间持水量的40%（重旱）和60%（轻旱）,以自然生长(CK1)为对照,分析了不同发育阶段不同程度的干旱对玉米生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明：不同时期的干旱对玉米的生长发育有抑制作用,具体表现为株高变矮,叶面积降低,干物重减少,玉米各个产量构成因素（穗长、穗粒数、百粒重等）在受旱时都呈下降趋势。与自然生长(CK1)相比,拔节—抽穗期遭受重旱(G1)的玉米,生长至乳熟期,株高偏低26.1%,叶面积下降30.9%,果穗长、穗粒数、百粒重分别下降27.6%、46.5%和8.7%;抽穗—乳熟期遭受重旱(G3)的玉米,生长至乳熟期,株高偏低21.7%,叶面积下降23.6%,果穗长、穗粒数、百粒重分别下降36.1%、60.5%和30.2%。说明干旱是制约玉米高产的一个关键因子,特别是抽穗—乳熟期遭受重旱,玉米产量降幅更大。     

Estimation of Soil Evaporation During Fallow Seasons to Assess Water Balances for No‐Tillage Crop Rotations

Abstract Estimates of soil evaporation and available soil water of no‐tillage fields under farm conditions are important to assess soil water status at sowing of rainfed grain crops. The objective of this study was to predict stored soil water of no‐tillage fields during the fallow periods following soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and maize (Zea mays L.) crops by accounting for decreased soil evaporation as a result of the residues left on the soil surface. Three simple phenomenological models were used to simulate stored soil water under field conditions at seven locations in Argentina. Two models calculated decreased soil evaporation based on crop residue mass, and the third assumed a constant fractional decrease in bare soil evaporation. All models gave good estimates of soil water content during the fallow periods following a soybean crop. In cases with large quantities of maize residue, however, the models resulted in more water retention in the soil than observed as a consequence of underprediction of soil evaporation. These results indicate that full benefit of crop residue was not being achieved in these fields, probably due to a failure to finely chop and uniformly distribute the crop material on the soil surface.