Muco-cutaneous candidiasis in two pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome

In two distinct commercial swine herds, poor weight gain and an increased number of animals showing wasting were observed among nursery and growing pigs. Cases of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and infection with Haemophilus parasuis had been previously diagnosed in these herds. One growing wasted pig from each herd was necropsied and showed enlarged lymph nodes. Pseudomembranous material adhered to the dorsum of the tongue, soft and hard palate in case 1, and in case 2, fibrinous material was seen as whitish plaques on the oesophageal surface with hyperkeratosis of the non-glandular stomach. The main histological lesions in both cases were found in lymphoid tissues with a multifocal accentuated lymphohistiocytic infiltrate, areas of lymphoid depletion and intracytoplasmic inclusions in histiocytic cells in lymph nodes and Payer's patches. Focally, extensive ulceration was found in the stratified pavement epithelium of the tongue with necrosis and necrosuppurative infiltrate in case 1; in case 2, there was ulceration in the stomach with lymphohistiocytic infiltrate in the submucosa and ulceration in the mucosa of the oesophagus associated with yeast cells and pseudo-hyphae. Candida albicans was isolated from the oral cavity lesions. Immunohistochemistry of the lymph nodes was positive for porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2). The association between PMWS and mucocutaneous candidiasis reported here supports the potential immunosuppressive state of PMWS infected pigs.     

Scanning electron microscopy study of the lingual papillae in the European mole (Talpa europea, L., Talpidae)

The tongue in the adult European mole (Talpa europea L.) was examined by scanning electron microscope. The elongated tongue with a rounded apex is about 12-13 mm in length and 3-4 mm in width. On the apex the shallow median groove is present. On the dorsal surface of the lingual mucosa two types of mechanical papillae and two types of gustatory papillae were observed. Mechanical papillae are represented by numerous filiform papillae with a single process, covering the whole surface of the apex and body of the tongue, and massive conical papillae, found on the root of the tongue. The structure and density of filiform papillae varies in the anterior and posterior part of the tongue. A unique trait of the tongue in the European mole is the occurrence on the apex of the tongue of a single row of conical papillae. Gustatory papillae are represented by numerous fungiform papillae and one pair of vallate papillae. Dome-shaped fungiform papillae in the anterior part of the tongue are arranged linearly along both margins of the tongue, whereas in the posterior part of the body of the tongue flat fungiform papillae are distributed evenly among filiform papillae. Oval vallate papillae are surrounded by a continuous furrow and a single pad. In the posterior part of the root behind conical papillae the surface of the mucosa is flat with numerous orifices of lingual papillae located there. Observations on the distribution and structure of gustatory papillae in the common mole did not show the existence of special traits, differing them from those in terrestrial insectivores. The comparison of the morphology of the tongue, the distribution and structure of the lingual papillae in the European mole with those in the other species of Insectivores, indicated of a general similarity of features within the family Talpidae.     

Cholangiocarcinoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Stratified Epithelial Portion of the Stomach in a Horse: A Case Report

Both cholangiocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the stomach stratified squamous epithelial portion are rarely found in equine medicine despite being more common in human beings, dogs, and cats. The objective of the present article was to report the simultaneous occurrences of these two types of neoplasias in an 11-year-old mare. Numerous firm, whitish nodules were distributed throughout the liver parenchyma and those protruding over its surface were umbilicated in their appearance. It was verified that the nodules adhered to the peritoneum and omentum, diaphragm, spleen, and stomach serosa compressed the adjacent structures. The stomach stratified squamous epithelial portion, particularly originating in the margo plicatus toward the cardia, was covered by numerous smooth, whitish spherules. Microscopic examination allowed the liver, tumor, and the abdominal implants to be identified as a cholangiocarcinoma, and the stomach neoplasia as a carcinoma of its stratified squamous epithelial portion. Considering this as an uncommon finding, although when considered individually, the presence of a cholangiocarcinoma and a squamous cell carcinoma of the stratified squamous epithelial portion of the equine stomach in the same specimen is worthy of reporting.     

A fluoroscopic study of the position and action of different bits in the horse's mouth

Fluoroscopy was used to visualize the position and movements of different types of bits within the horse's oral cavity. The jointed eggbutt snaffle normally lay between the tongue and palate with the joint hanging down toward the incisor teeth. By arching and elevating the tongue the horse was able to raise the mouthpiece between the cheekteeth. The jointed mouthpiece was suspended in a more horizontal position when keepers were used with a cheek snaffle to fix the position of the bit rings relative to the cheekpieces of the bridle. In addition, the mobility of the bit within the oral cavity was reduced by using keepers. Similarly less intra-oral movement was observed in bits with an unjointed mouthpiece.The Dr. Bristol bit, which has two joints connected by an angled plate, could be attached to the bridle in two ways so that the plate lay either parallel to the tongue and palate or perpendicular to them. This would be expected to have a marked effect on the severity of action of the bit. The high tongue port of the Hannoverian pelham pressed against the palate when the reins were used, causing considerable discomfort.     

Morphological and scanning electron microscopic studies of the tongue of the Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) and their lingual adaptation for its feeding habits

This study was carried out on the tongues of 12 adult normal healthy Egyptian fruit bats of both sexes. The tongue is protrusible, elongated flat with a rounded apex and its wide and thickness increase gradually toward the lingual root. There are four types of lingual papillae; two mechanical and two gustatory. The tongue divided into three parts (anterior, middle and posterior), each part subdivides into three regions; two lateral regions and median region, in addition to the lingual apex to the anterior region. The lingual papillae close to the median region of the tongue were posteriorly directed toward the pharynx, while theses present on the lateral regions of the tongue are directed medioposteriorly. There are sex subtypes of the filiform papillae; three on the anterior part (small, conical and giant), two on the middle part (cornflower and leaf-like papillae) while the posterior part contain rosette shape filiform papillae, in addition to transitional papillae and conical papillae. Two gustatory papillae represented by; small number of fungiform papillae which scattered among the filiform papillae on lingual apex and two lateral regions of the anterior and middle part of tongue, while the three circumvallate papillae on the posterior part were arranged in a triangle form.     

scanning electron microscopy of lingual papillae in the common shrew, Sorex araneus, L

The dorsal surface of the tongue of the adult common shrew (Sorex araneus L.) was examined by scanning electron microscopy. As in the other insectivores, three types of lingual papillae were observed: filiform, fungiform and vallate papillae. The filiform papillae represented the most numerous type of lingual papillae. The characteristic feature of the filiform papillae, covering the apex and corpus of the tongue, is the two processes tilted to the root of the tongue. The filiform papillae on the lingual apex are reduced in size and structure. Five to six fungiform papillae are placed symmetrically along the left and right border of the corpus of the tongue. Two large oval vallate papillae are located on the radix of the tongue. The posterior surface of the tongue in common shrew is covered with a smooth mucosa with the openings of the serous glands.     

Evaluation of tongue inspection and serology for diagnosis of Taenia solium cysticercosis in swine: usefulness of ELISA using purified glycoproteins and recombinant antigen

Evaluation of serology using glycoproteins (GPs) purified by preparative isoelectric focusing (pH 8.8) and recombinant chimeric antigen (RecTs) of Taenia solium was carried out using (1) blood samples on filter papers from pigs infected with different doses of eggs of T. solium in Mexico, (2) serum samples from pigs found infected naturally in Vietnam and Ecuador and (3) serum samples from pigs suspected to be infected with T. solium by tongue inspection in Tanzania. Antibody responses (IgG) were detectable in experimentally infected pigs confirmed harbouring 16 or more cysts at necropsy from 30 days after egg inoculation. One of three pigs naturally infected and harbouring 2.5 cysts/kg muscle and most of pigs harbouring=5.0 cysts/kg were also seropositive by ELISA. Although pigs may be infected with other taeniid species such as Taenia hydatigena, pigs harbouring this parasite were negative in ELISA. Approximately, 76 and 78% of sera from pigs having nodule(s) in the tongue (positive tongue inspection) were serologically positive by both ELISA and immunoblot, respectively. Furthermore, approximately 34 and 18% of sera from pigs having no nodules in the tongue (negative tongue inspection) were also seropositive by ELISA and immunoblot, respectively. ELISA using the two antigens was more sensitive than immunoblot and reliable for differentiation of pigs infected with cysticerci of T. solium from those either uninfected or infected with other taeniid species. Pigs without nodule by tongue inspection should be checked serologically in endemic areas.     

Histomorphological features of the tongue of the Eurasian teal (Anas crecca)

This study presents the histomorphological features of tongue in Eurasian teal (Anas crecca); the smallest extant dabbling duck. Heads of four adult males and four adult females were used in this study. The results illustrate a tongue with three different parts; the apex with a lingual nail in ventral surface, the body with a lingual prominence in caudal part and some large and small conical papillae in lateral sides and the root, that was covered with many conical papillae in different sizes. Histological results revealed two types of keratinized and non‐keratinized epithelium covering parts of the tongue. The lingual salivary glands were observed in the lamina propria of the body and root of the tongue showed strongly periodic acid–Schiff (PAS)‐positive reaction. The yellow adipose tissue was located under the lamina propria on the body and root of the tongue. The filiform papillae between the conical papillae of the body were arranged densely. The sensory organs, which contain sensory receptors (Grandry and Herbst corpuscles), were located in the lamina propria of the body of the tongue. In conclusion, the anatomical and histological structure of the Eurasian teal’ tongue was generally similar to its family members such as domestic goose and duck but showed some differences that may be adoptions to the bird's habitat and mode of feeding.     

Congenital Glossocheilognathoschisis and Persistent Frenula Linguae in a Foal: A Case Report

This paper describes clinical findings and surgical treatment of a foal with multiple craniofacial defects (glossocheilognathoschisis; congenital midline cleft of the lower lip, mandible and tongue combined with bilateral persistent frenula linguae) admitted to the Surgery Clinics of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kafkas, Turkey. A thorough clinical examination revealed cleft of the lower lip and mandible combined with glossoschisis (glossocheilognathoschisis) and bilateral extensive and restrictive membranous band (frenula) of tissue at the base of the tongue. Physical examination and radiography of the other organs and tissues of the foal were within normal limits. After sedation and general anesthesia, the persistent frenulas on the right and left parts of the tongue were transected, starting from normal tongue tissue, with the scissors. The tongue was completely freed after the transection of the remaining part of the frenulum, where right and left frenulas united, and the accompanying mucosal tissue on the mandibular symphysis was removed and underlying bone tissue was superficially curetted. Cerclage wire was placed under the mucosa of the mandible and was then passed among two drilled holes below the two incisors. These two pieces of wire were twisted together and anchored over the labial surface of the mandibular symphysis junction. The mandibular symphysis was then stabilized after cerclage wire tensing. A nasogastric tube was placed to permit enteral feeding. The foal was discharged 5 days after surgery. Telephone follow-up revealed that the foal had died 15 days after the surgical intervention.     

Bilateral fusion of a supernumerary kidney in a cat

A rare case of bilateral fusion of a supernumerary kidney was found during the necropsy of a female, 8-year-old, mixed breed cat that died as a result of azotemia and chronic enteritis. Apart from enteritis, necropsy revealed four kidneys, two in the sublumbar left region and two in the sublumbar right region, with cortical and medullary regions well individualized and independent; however, the pelvis was partially fused, giving rise to a single ureter. The kidneys were small, whitish and firm, with irregular surfaces. Microscopically, all kidneys displayed normal renal glomeruli and tubules among the immature renal glomeruli and tubules with characteristics of hypoplasia. Foci of glomerulosclerosis, nephrocalcinosis and interstitial fibrosis were also observed.     

Anatomical and histological structure of the tongue and histochemical characteristics of the lingual salivary glands in the Chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar,Gray 1830)

1. The aim of the study was to examine the morphology of the tongue and the histochemical features of the lingual salivary glands in this species.

2. The tongue was elongated, terminating in a rather sharp, dagger-like apex. On the surface of the tongue and situated between the body and root of the tongue, two rows of conical papillae, the sharp apices of which pointed towards the posterior part of the tongue, were observed. The keratinised epithelium lining the dorsal surface lacked typical gustatory papillae. However, it was observed that taste buds were present in the epithelium of the lingual body and root. The tongue was supported by a structure composed of hyaline cartilage, the paraglossum, which extended from the lingual root to the apex. Simple branched tubular glands, which were encapsulated by connective tissue, were embedded within the submucosa in the body (anterior salivary glands) and root (posterior salivary glands) of the tongue. It was observed that the secretion of the lingual glands contained neutral mucins, proteoglycans containing carboxylic acid, weak and strong sulphated groups, N-acetylated sialomucins, but lacked glycogen.

3. It was demonstrated that, the general morphological features, papillary distribution of the tongue and the histological structure of the mucosa epithelium and the supportive elements displayed similarity to those of other domestic avian species. It was also determined that, in view of the particular feeding types, in the partridge, the presence of the papillary crest was not correlated with diet.     

An unusual myopathy in a dog

A nine-month-old Cavalier King Charles Spaniel was examined because it could not withdraw its tongue into its mouth and had difficulty eating and drinking. These clinical signs were first observed when the dog was two months of age. On percussion of the tongue a dimple could be produced and there was electromyographic evidence of myotonia. Histological examination showed replacement of muscle fibres by adipose tissue, focal areas of myonecrosis, neutrophil infiltration and proliferation of sub-sarcolemmal nuclei. These changes were considered to be consistent with a primary myopathy similar to paramyotonia in man. No related dogs were found to be affected.     

An unusual myopathy in a dog

A nine-month-old Cavalier King Charles Spaniel was examined because it could not withdraw its tongue into its mouth and had difficulty eating and drinking. These clinical signs were first observed when the dog was two months of age. On percussion of the tongue a dimple could be produced and there was electromyographic evidence of myotonia. Histological examination showed replacement of muscle fibres by adipose tissue, focal areas of myonecrosis, neutrophil infiltration and proliferation of sub-sarcolemmal nuclei. These changes were considered to be consistent with a primary myopathy similar to paramyotonia in man. No related dogs were found to be affected.     

Morphology of the filiform lingual papillae in porcupine (Hystrix cristata)

The light and scanning electron microscopic structure of the filiform lingual papillae was studied in five adult porcupine (three males and two females). The tongue was characterised by a round tip, a rostral median sulcus and a deep lingual fossa which was situated just rostral to a prominent inter-molar eminence corresponding to a torus linguae. The filiform papillae were curved, enclosed a large connective tissue core and were separated by wide inter-papillary zones covered by a thick epithelium. Most filiform papillae had a cylindrical shape, but the rostral and central parts of the tongue contained a number of flat, comb-shaped papillae with rounded tips.     

Absence of hyaline cartilage in the tongue of 'Caspian miniature horse'

Histology of the tongue, including apex, root and body, in four adult Caspian miniature horses was examined. Serial sections with 6 mum thickness were stained with haematoxylin-eosin and Masson trichrome and studied under light microscope. The tongue was covered by stratified squamous epithelium. It was thick and keratinized bearing numerous lingual papillae on the dorsum, mostly filiform with a very fine keratinized thread projecting above the surface and bending backward. The fungiform papillae were sparsely scattered among the filiform papillae and covered with keratinized squamous epithelium. Few taste buds were detected on it. The two very large vallate papillae were detected on the dorsum, just rostral to the root, which were covered with stratified squamous epithelium with relatively high amounts of taste buds in the epithelium of the surrounding grooves. The foliate papillae were present near the palatoglossal arch and had a few taste buds. The epithelium covering the ventral surface of the tongue was thin and keratinized. The lingual muscle core consisted of transverse, longitudinal and perpendicular bundles of skeletal muscle fibres. Clusters of minor salivary glands were present between the muscle fibres and lamia propria. Most of the lingual glands were mucous and most of the gustatory ones were serous type. The mid-dorsal special structure of the tongue (dorsal lingual cartilage) contained sparse skeletal muscle fibres and was rich in white adipose tissue. Hyaline cartilage, routinely observed in this structure in the horses, was not detected in Caspian miniature horse.     

Pulse Oximetry in Horses

The clinical usefulness of two pulse oximeters was evaluated at two probe sites in nine anesthetized horses. The hemoglobin saturation determined by the pulse oximeters (SaOx) was compared with the hemoglobin saturation calculated from the measured arterial oxygen tension (SaO2). The mean and standard deviation (SD) were calculated from the differences in saturation measurements, over the saturation range of 80% to 100%, for each oximeter used at the tongue probe site and for one oximeter used at the ear. The oximeter results tended to underestimate the SaO2 with mean differences of -3.7% on the tongue and -6.0% on the ear. The limits of agreement were defined as the mean difference +/- 2 SD. Each oximeter used at the tongue produced limits of agreement of +1% to -8%, which meant that 95% of the SaOx values were 1 percentage point above or 8 percentage points below the SaO2. The variability of the differences and limits of agreement were larger when the ear was used as the probe site and at saturations less than 80%. Although both oximeters tended to underestimate the SaO2, they appeared to be clinically useful in detecting changes in arterial hemoglobin saturation.     

Morphological Study of the Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) Tongue

This study described the morphological features of the Persian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) tongue using light and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The keratinized filiform papillae were distributed all over the entire dorsal surface of the tongue and contained small processes. They were changed into a cylindrical shape in the body and conical shape in the root. The fungiform papillae were found on the apex and margin of the tongue. Few taste pores were observed on the dorsal surface of each papilla. The foliate papillae on the margins of the tongue were composed of several laminae and epithelial fissures. Taste buds were not seen within the non‐keratinized epithelium. The vallate papillae were six in total and arranged in a “V” shape just rostral to the root. Each papilla was surrounded by a groove and pad. Taste buds were seen within their lateral walls. Lyssa was visible on the ventral surface of the tongue tip and was found as cartilaginous tissue surrounded by thin connective tissue fibres. The core of the tongue was composed of lingual glands, skeletal muscle and connective tissue. These glands were confined to the posterior portion of the tongue and were composed of many serous cells and a few mucous cells. The results of this study contributed to the knowledge of the morphological characteristics of the tongue of wild mammals and provided data for the comparison with other mammals.     

Spontaneous Mammary Adenocarcinoma in a Twelve-week-old Female Sprague-Dawley Rat

Spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma was observed in a 12-week-old female SD rat. A movable mass in the right cervical region was found at 11 weeks of age, and the rat was sacrificed the following week. The mass was located in the vicinity of the right salivary gland and measured 38 mm × 26 mm × 16 mm in gross size. It was a firm whitish mass, with a cut surface that was also whitish in appearance. Histopathologically, neoplastic cells formed glandular structures that contained secreted eosinophilic material. Ultrastructurally, similar secreted material and lipid droplets were in the cytoplasm of the neoplastic cells. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells were positive for cytokeratin 8, cytokeratin 18 and estrogen receptor α. Based on these findings, the tumor was diagnosed as a mammary gland adenocarcinoma, and we therefore conclude that this tumor type can occur spontaneously in female SD rats as young as 12 weeks of age.     

Difference in protective immunity of the tongue and feet of guinea pigs vaccinated with foot-and-mouth disease virus type A12 following intradermolingual and footpad challenge

Immunity to Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) type A12 was developed in guinea pigs by vaccinating them with varying doses of inactivated FMDV inoculated by different routes. Vaccinated animals and FMDV convalescent animals were then tested for differences in protective immunity by challenging each animal with 10³ median guinea pigs infectious doses of FMDV intradermally into the tongue and the heelpad of a rear foot. Protected immunity was evaluated by examining the tongue and feet for the development of vesicles. Protective immunity of the tongue was found to be different from that of the feet. This led to the finding that three levels of protective immunity (LPI) could be distinguished. Convalescent guinea pigs demonstrated the highest level of protective immunity (LPI-1). They did not develop vesicles after a tongue or heelpad challenge. The second level of protective immunity (LPI-2) was shown by animals vaccinated with high doses of FMDV. After a tongue and heelpad challenge, they developed vesicles on the inoculated heelpad, but not on the tongue. The lowest level of protective immunity (LPI-3) was shown by animals vaccinated with lower doses of FMDV. After a tongue and heelpad challenge, they developed vesicles on the tongue and the inoculated foot, but FMDV did not spread to the uninoculated feet. Anti-FMDV antibody titers could not predict the level of protective immunity. Other experimental results show that protective immunity in the heelpad is complex and more difficult to induce than that of the tongue. In addition, the results show the feasibility of using double site challenges of the tongue and a foot for measuring protective immunity in guinea pigs.     

贵州省山羊布鲁氏杆菌病衣原体病蓝舌病的血清学调查研究

为了解贵州省山羊3种流产疫病流行情况,分别从贵州省4个地区共采集194份山羊血清,采用虎红平板凝集试验法(RBT)对194份血清进行布鲁氏杆菌病抗体检测,平均阳性率为0%;采用间接血凝试验法(IHA)对194份山羊血清进行衣原体病抗体检测,平均阳性率为5.7%;采用酶联免疫吸附试验法(ELlSA)对178份山羊血清进行...