果胶酶和纤维素酶对尤力克柠檬出汁率的影响

以尤力克柠檬为材料,利用果胶酶和纤维素酶酶解柠檬浆,研究2种酶对尤力克柠檬出汁率的影响,确定柠檬最佳酶解工艺为:果胶酶用量0.2%,纤维素酶0.5%,酶解时间4h,酶解温度45℃,出汁率73.45%。     

复合酶法提取青梅汁的工艺研究

以普宁青梅为原料,以获取率高出汁率为目标,采用正交试验方法研究果胶酶和纤维素酶的用量、酶解时间、酶解温度。结果表明,青梅汁的最佳酶解工艺条件为果胶酶用量2.00 U/kg,纤维素酶用量0.50 U/kg,酶解时间3.0 h,酶解温度30℃,出汁率为76.14%。。     

柑橘红茶复合饮料的研制

以柑橘和红茶为主要原料,探究了柑橘红茶复合饮料的制作工艺。分别以醇试验、碘试验和感官评价结果为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验对柑橘汁的酶解条件、红茶茶汤的浸提工艺、柑橘红茶复合饮料最佳配方进行优化。结果表明,柑橘汁的最佳酶解工艺为0.2%果胶酶稀释液10%,酶解pH值3.5,酶解温度45℃,酶解时间2.0 h;最佳茶汤浸提工艺为料液比1∶60 (g∶mL),浸提时间10 min,浸提温度80℃;最佳配方为红茶汁用量40 g,柑橘汁用量8 g,白砂糖用量6 g,柠檬酸添加量0.2%,蜂蜜添加量4%。     

酶解对青梅汁澄清效果的影响

采用单因素试验,分别研究了果胶酶和纤维素酶澄清青梅汁的最佳工艺条件。设计复合酶澄清青梅汁的4因素3水平正交试验,以透光率和出汁率为指标,确定澄清青梅汁的最适工艺条件为:果胶酶用量为0.07%,纤维素酶用量为0.08%,酶解时间为3.5h,酶解温度为40℃,青梅汁的透光率和出汁率分别为79.43%和77.29%。     

复合生物酶对宫川蜜橘囊衣脱除效果的研究

橘瓣囊衣生物酶法脱除技术是出口加工型橘瓣冻干产品加工的关键技术,为提高橘瓣囊衣生物酶法脱除效率,以宫川蜜橘为原料,以果胶酶、纤维素酶、半纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、聚半乳糖醛酸酶等为生物酶制剂试材,以橘瓣囊衣脱除率为评价指标,通过单因素与正交试验,筛选适宜的生物复合酶并测定其囊衣脱除效果。结果表明,最佳生物复合酶配方为:聚半乳糖醛酸酶、果胶酶与半纤维素酶质量比为4∶3∶2,在酶液质量分数为0.2%,pH值为3.5,酶解温度50℃,酶解时间60 min时,宫川蜜橘橘瓣囊衣脱除95%以上,该复合酶囊衣脱除效果良好,使用安全。     

洋葱愈伤原生质体分离和纯化研究

建立高效原生质体分离和植株再生体系是进行体细胞杂交的基础性工作。以洋葱多次继代的愈伤组织为研究试材,对原生质体分离纯化技术进行研究。结果表明：2.0%纤维素酶Onozuka R-10+0.1%果胶酶Y-23+0.5%离析酶 R-10+0.60 mol/L甘露醇+CPW+0.1% MES的酶液,酶解6 h,洋葱原生质体分离效果最好。纯化时,适当降低离心力的短时间离心有利于原生质体纯化过程中产量和活力的保持,以600 r/min离心5 min效果为好。     

利用菠萝皮渣酶法制备低聚木糖的研究

以菠萝皮渣为原料,采用酸碱处理法从菠萝皮渣中提取菠萝皮渣纤维,主要对木聚糖酶酶解菠萝皮渣纤维制备低聚木糖的工艺进行研究。采用单因素试验法分析影响酶解效果的主要因素,利用正交试验优化酶解法的最佳工艺条件。结果表明,制备的菠萝皮渣纤维主要成分为粗纤维,约占90.09%,其中纤维素56.71%,半纤维素32.20%,酸不溶性木质素0.48%;木聚糖酶酶解菠萝皮渣粗纤维最优条件为反应温度50℃,pH值6,底物质量浓度60 mg/mL,酶用量1 650 U,反应时间3 h,提取率为12.27%,低聚木糖平均聚合度DP为2.38。     

超声波协同复合酶法提取南瓜多糖最佳条件的研究

采用超声波协同复合酶法提取南瓜水溶性多糖,试验将2种独立的提取方法进行协同作用,考察协同作用对提取效果的影响,并与单一超声波法、复合酶解法相比较。首先原料经复合酶酶解处理,酶解条件为:1%纤维素酶,1.5%果胶酶,pH值5.5的磷酸氢二钠—柠檬酸缓冲溶液,40℃水浴振荡30min,酶解中多糖会有部分溶出;在酶解的基础上再进行超声波处理,通过超声破壁作用,进一步增加提取液中水溶性多糖的含量。试验确定超声波协同酶法提取南瓜多糖的最佳超声波工艺为:超声时间为10min,超声功率300W,料液比1∶30,多糖提取率为25.94%。通过对3种提取方法的比较,超声波协同酶法得到的南瓜多糖提取率最高,其次是复合酶法。     

菠萝皮渣可溶性膳食纤维的提取及物化特性研究

以干菠萝皮渣为原料,运用纤维素酶解法提取菠萝皮渣中的可溶性膳食纤维,通过单因素试验和正交试验,确定最优的提取工艺为纤维素酶添加量0.9%,料液比1∶35(g∶m L),酶解液pH值6.0,酶解时间75 min。在此工艺条件下,菠萝皮渣中可溶性膳食纤维的提取率可达10.03%,样品的持水力、持油力和溶胀性分别为8.698 g/g,5.07 g/g,12.02 m L/g,同时对胆固醇也具有一定的吸附能力。     

小青杨叶肉原生质体分离条件的研究

为获得大量、有活力的原生质体,建立起高效的小青杨（Populus pseudo-simonii Kitag.）原生体分离体系,本研究以小青杨无菌苗叶片为材料进行原生质体分离条件的研究。结果表明：酶的种类和浓度、渗透压稳定剂浓度、酶解时间、叶龄是影响原生质体分离的重要因素;将叶龄35天的无菌苗第2~3片叶片置于酶液组成为CPW+3.0% 纤维素酶R-10+0.5% 离析酶 R-10+0.1% 果胶酶Y-23+0.6 mol/L甘露醇+0.6 g/L MES+1 g/L BSA中酶解8 h,原生质体产量和活力分别为2.44×107个/g和78.7%。通过该分离体系稳定的获得了高产量、高活力的原生质体,可以满足进一步的原生质体培养等技术的要求。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...