大豆食心虫性信息素的化学结构触角电位及田间诱蛾效果

用气相色谱(GC)和气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析,证明反-8,反-10-十二碳二烯醇醋酸(B)是大豆食心虫[Leguminivora glycinivorella (Mats.)]性信息素的组分。通过触角电位(EAG)测试,发现反-10-十二碳烯醇醋酸酯(A)、B和反-7,顺-9-十二碳二烯醇醋酸酯(C)对该虫雄蛾触角有强烈刺激作用。大量田间诱蛾试验表明,由A和B两化合物组成的性引诱剂,对该虫雄蛾有很高的引诱活性。其中A和B按5:2混合,剂量50μg/诱捕盆,单盆每日最多诱捕雄蛾达776头,诱捕雄蛾总数是1头活雌蛾的16.8倍。顺-10-十二碳烯醇醋酸酯(D)和反-10-十四碳烯醇醋酸酯(E)降低AB的引诱活性,甘油作为缓释剂,能延长诱芯的有效期,即诱蛾活性。上述结果表明,我国大豆食心虫性信息素不同于日本大豆食心虫性信息素。小面积防治应用试验效果明显。     

大豆食心虫性信息素的化学结构触角电位及田间诱蛾效果

用气相色谱(GC)和气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析,证明反-8,反-10-十二碳二烯醇醋酸(B)是大豆食心虫[Leguminivora glycinivorella(Mats.)]性信息素的组分。通过触角电位(EAG)测试,发现反-10-十二碳烯醇醋酸酯(A)、B 和反-7,顺-9-十二碳二烯醇醋酸酯(C)对该虫雄蛾触角有强烈刺激作用。大量田间诱蛾试验表明,由 A 和 B 两化合物组成的性引诱剂,对该虫雄蛾有很高的引诱活性。其中 A 和 B 按5∶2混合,剂量50μg/诱捕盆,单盆每日最多诱捕雄蛾达776头,诱捕雄蛾总数是1头活雌蛾的16.8倍。顺-10-十二碳烯醇醋酸酯(D)和反-10-十四碳烯醇醋酸酯(E)降低 AB 的引诱活性,甘油作为缓释剂,能延长诱芯的有效期,即诱蛾活性。上述结果表明,我国大豆食心虫性信息素不同于日本大豆食心虫性信息素。小面积防治应用试验效果明显。     

甜菜夜蛾性信息素组分的鉴定及其田间试验

采用气相色谱仪(GC)及气质联用仪(GC-MS)等技术对我国甜菜夜蛾性信息素组分的鉴定结果表明,雌蛾性信息素腺体中含有4种组分,分别为Z9,E12-14:Ac(A)、Z9-14:OH(B)、Z9-14:Ac(C)和Z9,E12-14:OH(D);田间和室内种群各组分的比例(A:B:C:D)分别为47:18:18:17和43:18:23:16,比例及滴度在两种群间未有显著差异;雄蛾田间引诱测定表明,组分A、B显示性信息素活性。几种不同配比的硅橡胶塞诱芯在田间均显示极高的诱蛾活性,以9:1的AB二元诱芯(剂量100μg)最高,其诱蛾量与黑光灯相当,两者呈显著的正相关性,表明该诱芯可替代黑光灯用于甜菜夜蛾的种群测报。利用性诱捕器进行田间种群监测显示,1999年浙江省慈溪市的甜菜夜蛾共发生6代,以第4、5代发生量最高。     

桃蛀螟性诱剂配方筛选与田间引诱试验

为更好地利用性信息素对桃蛀螟Conogethes punctiferalis（Guenée）进行监测和防治,通过制作不同配方性诱芯和开展田间诱捕试验,比较研究了桃蛀螟雌蛾性信息素组分反-10-十六碳烯醛（（E）-10-hexadecenal,E-16：Ald）、顺-10-十六碳烯醛（（Z）-10-hexadecenal,Z-16：Ald）和十六醛（hexadecanal,16：Ald）在不同组合、配比和剂量水平下,共16种配方诱芯对栗园桃蛀螟雄蛾的诱捕效果。结果表明：配方D400-1：4（剂量为400.0 μg/诱芯,（Z-16：Ald）：（E-16：Ald）=1：4）的平均累积诱蛾量最多,达33.3头/诱芯,与其它各配方诱芯的诱蛾量差异显著;16种配方诱芯对2012年北京市怀柔区栗园桃蛀螟种群发生动态的监测结果均表明8月22日为雄蛾发生高峰期,且以配方D400-1：4的监测效果最为明显,表明该配方可用于栗园桃蛀螟的监测和防治。     

小地老虎雄蛾对性信息素的行为反应

为深入了解小地老虎性信息素通讯系统,利用风洞技术测定了小地老虎雄蛾对性信息素各组分及其不同组合的行为反应.结果表明,5种单一组分Z7-12:Ac(A)、Z9-14:Ac(B)、Z11-16:Ac(C)、Z5-10:Ac(D)、Z8-12:Ac(E)只能引起雄蛾兴奋,均不能引起雄蛾向性信息素源定向飞行;当性信息素释放源为二元混合物AB时,能引起15.71%的雄蛾完成从兴奋到搜索释放源,并表现出预交尾的完整行为反应;在同等使用剂量下,三元混合物ABC的引诱效果最好,有40.58%的雄蛾能搜索释放源,26.15%的雄蛾表现预交尾行为.三元混合物ABC在最佳比例(3:1:1)下,制成不同剂量的诱芯进行风洞试验,结果发现剂量为100μg时雄蛾反应最强烈,有29.87%的雄蛾表现预交尾行为,50μg次之,二者间差异不显著(P≥0.05).     

二化螟性诱芯中不饱和十六醛的比例对诱捕效果的影响

作者于2006年夏季在河南信阳地区系统比较了二化螟性诱芯中Z11-/Z9-16∶Ald及Z13-18∶Ald剂量对2个世代的二化螟雄蛾诱捕量的影响。结果表明,二化螟越冬代成虫诱捕试验中,2个最佳配方中Z11-/Z9-16∶Ald分别为9∶1和8∶2,而比例在7∶3~1∶9之间的诱芯则无引诱作用。如果保持诱芯中Z11-16∶Ald和Z9-16∶Ald的剂量一致且质量比控制在2∶1,则二化螟诱捕量随诱芯中所含Z13-18∶Ald剂量的增加而下降。所有诱芯在二化螟第一代引诱效果显著下降,但该时期组分为Z11-16∶Ald(2)、Z9-16∶Ald(1)、16∶Ald(0.7)和Z13-18∶Ald(0.37)的诱芯诱捕量显著优于其他配比。     

合成性诱剂对粘虫雄蛾的引诱活性

本文叙述合成性诱剂对粘虫Mythimna separata Walker雄蛾的引诱活性。在北京第二代粘虫发生期间的试验表明,顺—11—十六烯醛对粘虫雄蛾有很强的引诱活性。在顺—11—十六烯醛中加入少量顺—11—十六烯醇乙酸酯(1—10％),能显著地提高诱蛾活性。同时表明在日本活性很高的粘虫诱芯(顺—11—十六烯醇乙酸酯及顺—11—十六烯醇比例为8:1或9:1)在中国北方诱到的粘虫雄蛾数量极少。在中国北方第三代粘虫发生期,以顺—11—十六烯醛和顺—11—十六烯醇乙酸酯(9:1或9.5:0.5)为组分的诱芯对粘虫雄蛾也显示了较弱的引诱活性。     

延安地区苹果园食心虫种类及其种群消长动态调查

利用5种果树食心虫的性诱剂通过诱捕法调查了延安苹果产区苹果园中桃小食心虫、梨小食心虫、李小食心虫、苹果蠹蛾和桃蛀螟的发生情况及成虫在田间的种群消长动态;对梨小食心虫和李小食心虫性诱剂的“交互引诱”能力进行了测定。结果表明,在苹果园中发生的食心虫主要有桃小食心虫、梨小食心虫和李小食心虫3种,未诱捕到桃蛀螟和苹果蠹蛾。不同调查点的诱捕结果均表明,李小食心虫成虫种群数量最大,属于优势种群,梨小食心虫次之,桃小食心虫种群数量相对最小。桃小食心虫雄成虫1年有2个发生高峰期,越冬代成虫羽化出土极不整齐;梨小食心虫在苹果树整个生长季均可诱捕到,雄成虫1年具有不明显的4个发生盛期;李小食心虫越冬代成虫羽化较为整齐,雄成虫1年有2个明显的发生高峰期,该虫在延安地区年发生2代。梨小食心虫和李小食心虫性诱剂的“交互引诱”试验表明,2种食心虫的性诱剂对种内和种间雄蛾均具有引诱活性,但梨小食心虫性诱剂对种内和种间雄蛾的引诱能力均显著强于李小食心虫性诱剂,诱蛾量分别是李小食心虫性诱剂诱蛾量的2.75和2.30倍,2种食心虫性诱剂的“交互引诱”能力具有不对称性。本试验明确了延安苹果产区食心虫的种类组成及主要食心虫在田间的种群消长规律,对预测预报和治理苹果园食心虫提供了重要的参考依据。     

诱捕器类型、颜色及诱芯颜色对大豆食心虫引诱效果的影响

采用标准诱芯及合成化合物组配诱芯,比较了诱捕器的类型、颜色及诱芯颜色对大豆食心虫诱捕效果的影响。结果表明:粘胶板式(三角形、船形)和水盆式2种诱捕器类型及红色、深绿色、浅绿色、紫色、白色、黄色、棕色、蓝色8种三角板诱捕器颜色均对引诱活性无显著影响,而不同颜色诱芯对大豆食心虫的引诱效果影响较大,其中绿色诱芯引诱效果较好,显著优于蓝色、红色、灰色及橘色诱芯。因此,在田间应用时,建议优先选用绿色诱芯,并根据实际情况灵活选用不同类型的诱捕器。     

大豆食心虫性信息素及其类似物的简易合成及田间引诱活性

以1,6-己二醇和 E,E -2,4-己二烯醇为原料,在四氯合铜酸二锂(Li2CuCl4)催化下通过Coupling偶联反应合成出大豆食心虫 Leguminivora glycinivorella 性信息素的主要组分 E,E -8,10-十二碳二烯醇乙酸酯(Ⅰ),总收率30%;在相近条件下合成了 Ⅰ的类似物Ⅱ~Ⅷ。 所有产物的结构均经1H NMR、13C NMR和GC-MS确证。该合成方法原料廉价易得,副产物少,产物立体选择性高。田间试验结果表明:当每诱芯含0.1 mg化合物 Ⅰ 、0.01 mg Ⅱ 、和0.1或0.5 mg Ⅳ 时对大豆食心虫具有较好的引诱效果;混配结果显示,当诱芯质量比分别为 m(Ⅰ):m(Ⅳ)=10:1、 m(Ⅰ):m(Ⅶ)=1:5及 m(Ⅰ):m(Ⅷ)=1:5或1:1,且每诱芯混剂含量为1.0 mg时,其引诱活性与标准诱芯相当。     

槐小卷蛾性信息素次要组分对林间诱蛾活性的影响

（反,反）－８,１０－十二碳双烯醛（Ｅ８,Ｅ１０－１２：Ａｌｄ）是槐小卷蛾性信息素的次要活性组分。单组分Ｅ８,Ｅ１０－１２：Ａｌｄ对槐小卷雄蛾没有引诱作用,但作为增效剂,在性信息素两个主要成分中加入Ｅ８,Ｅ１０－１２：Ａｌｄ能显著提高林间诱蛾活性,３个组分的最佳活性配比为２∶３∶１。     

Evaluating sex-pheromone- and kairomone-based lures for attracting codling moth adults in mating disruption versus conventionally managed apple orchards in Pennsylvania

BACKGROUND: Effectiveness of different types of commercial sex‐pheromone‐ and kairomone‐based lures for attracting codling moth adults may vary under different pest management practices. The attractiveness of four types of codling moth (CM) lures (CM L2 Long‐Life^®, CM 10X Megalure^®, Pherocon CM DA^® and Pherocon CM‐DA Combo^®) was evaluated in commercial apple orchards either treated with sex pheromone mating disruption (MD) or only conventional insecticides (non‐MD) in Adams County, Pennsylvania, in 2006 and 2007. RESULTS: CM DA Combo lure was most effective in terms of mean seasonal weekly moth capture as well as mean cumulative moth capture in MD orchards. In both years, the CM L2 lure was as attractive to adult moths as the CM DA Combo lure in non‐MD orchards. The CM DA and CM 10X lures caught significantly fewer moths in both MD and non‐MD orchards compared with the CM DA Combo lure. CONCLUSIONS: ON the basis of mean seasonal weekly moth capture as well as mean cumulative moth capture, the CM DA Combo and CM L2 lures were found to be significantly more effective for monitoring CM adults in both MD and non‐MD orchards. In contrast, the CM DA and CM 10X lures were not as effective in either type of orchard. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

茶尺蠖性信息素的田间使用技术及防治效果

为明确茶尺蠖Ectropis obliqua性信息素的田间使用技术,在田间设置茶尺蠖性信息素诱捕器的5、10和20 m挂放密度处理区及其对照区,并对不同处理区和对照区中诱捕器诱集的茶尺蠖成虫和幼虫数量以及同一挂放密度下距性信息素诱捕器不同距离的茶尺蠖幼虫数量进行调查,确定性信息素诱捕器的最佳挂放间距;在此基础上确定性信息素诱捕器对茶尺蠖的田间防治效果,并利用性信息素诱捕器对茶尺蠖成虫的田间动态进行监测。结果表明:在任何一个挂放密度下,处理区诱捕器诱集的茶尺蠖成虫数量均显著高于对照区诱捕器,但在不同挂放密度的小区之间单个诱捕器诱集的成虫数量差异不显著;当茶尺蠖幼虫重度发生(1 361.57头/m~2)时,10 m间隔挂放1套性信息素诱捕器可显著降低茶尺蠖幼虫的发生数量;当茶尺蠖幼虫轻度发生(38.40头/m~2)时,间距为20 m挂放一套性信息素诱捕器时,茶尺蠖的校正防治效果可达88.44%;茶尺蠖性信息素诱捕器在6月上旬、8月上旬、8月下旬至9月初、9月下旬分别有一个明显的诱捕高峰期,与田间茶尺蠖的发生高峰期基本一致。表明茶尺蠖性信息素诱捕器可作为大量诱捕和虫情监测的手段在茶园中应用。     

Regional differences in pheromone responses of diamondback moth in Indonesia

Trap captures with two‐ and three‐component blends of synthetic sex pheromone for the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), were assessed in Indonesia. In West Java, the two‐component blend containing 10g of (Z)‐11‐hexadecen‐1‐ol acetate and (Z)‐11‐hexadecena| in a 4:6 ratio captured the greatest number of diamondback moths. Three and five virgin females were more attractive than the two‐component lures, which were as attractive as lures that also contained (Z)‐9‐tetradecen‐1‐ol acetate. In North Sulawesi, a 100 g dose of the two‐component blend attracted more males than the 10 g dose but was not significantly more potent than five virgin females. These results suggests that pheromone production and bioactivity should be assessed in separate populations prior to attempts to develop pheromone‐based monitoring or mating disruption programmes.     

Developing Pheromone Traps and Lures for Maruca vitrata in Taiwan

The larvae of the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), cause severe damage on economically important legume crops in the tropics. The female moth produces volatile components to attract males for mating. The so-called sex pheromones are species-specific multi-component blends and are used as lures in crop protection for pest monitoring. Their chemical identification and ratios is critical to design efficient lures. The following sex pheromone components for M. vitrata have been described: (E, E)-10,12-hexadecadienal (major compound), (E, E)-10,12-hexadecadienol and (E)-10-hexadecenal (minor components). The ratio of 100:5:5 of these components was the most attractive in trapping experiments in Benin, Africa. According to this ratio, a synthetic pheromone lure was developed for commercial use. But the commercially available blend was not attractive in field trapping experiments in other regions of sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. These findings lead to the conclusion that there is a possible polymorphism in the blend composition of the M. vitrata sex pheromone among populations from different geographical regions. In Taiwan, M. vitrata moths were never caught efficiently by the commercially available pheromone lures and traps. This paper reports trap and lure optimization experiments for effective trapping of Taiwanese M. vitrata moths in different leguminous crops.     

棉铃虫不同地理种群性信息素通讯系统的比较分析

棉铃虫性信息素已普遍用于种群测报和防治，但其效果在不同地区不尽一致。为探讨这种不稳定性产生的原因，我们对黄河流域、长江流域及新疆地区不同地理种群棉铃虫的性信息素通讯系统进行了比较分析。就雌蛾性信息素的产生而言，连续两年的测定结果表明，性信息素腺体中2个主要组分（Z11-16：Ald和Z9-16：Ald）的含量在不同种群间变化较大，而两者间的相对比例（Z11/Z9）虽然个别种群有显著差异但幅度很小，总体被控制在狭窄的范围（97：3~92：8）；对同一地区的不同年份间进行比较，也得到了类似结果。就雄蛾对性信息素的反应，我们根据雌蛾腺体及田间常用诱芯中的Z11/Z9比例，配制99：1~90：10共4个不同比例的诱芯，在河南安阳、山东惠民和新疆昌吉进行了田间雄蛾诱捕试验。结果发现，在安阳和惠民其诱蛾量在不同比例的诱芯间无显著差异，而在昌吉地区的诱蛾量随Z11/Z9比例的降低而增高，且99：10比例的诱芯显著高于99：1的诱芯，表明新疆地区雄蛾对Z11/Z9感受的最佳比例范围更窄，且偏向于低的Z11/Z9比例。分析认为，新疆和内地棉铃虫种群在性信息素通讯系统间存在一定的差异，而内地不同种群间基本一致。研究结果为开发和使用区域针对性的棉铃虫性信息素诱芯提供了重要参考。     

不同性诱剂对亚洲玉米螟的诱捕效率及在种群监测中的应用

为探索鲜食玉米田间主要害虫亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée)的绿色防控方法,于2018年－2019年在浙江东阳利用性诱剂对亚洲玉米螟进行了田间种群监测和诱捕效率试验,对7种亚洲玉米螟性信息素诱芯和2种诱捕器进行组合,并测试了诱捕器悬挂高度对诱捕效果的影响。结果表明,7种诱芯对亚洲玉米螟雄蛾均有引诱活性,不同诱捕器和诱芯组合的诱捕效率有显著差异,其中诱芯F、诱芯E、诱芯C分别与船型诱捕器组合及诱芯E与飞蛾诱捕器组合田间诱捕效果较好,两种诱捕器诱蛾总量无显著差异,诱捕器悬挂于1.8 m高度的效果优于1.5 m和1.2 m。田间种群监测结果表明,亚洲玉米螟在5月和9月各有一次比较典型的高峰,性诱剂可有效用于亚洲玉米螟田间种群监测。     

Sex pheromone traps for monitoring the honeydew moth,Cryptoblabes gnidiella: Effect of pheromone components,pheromone dose,field aging of dispenser,and type of trap on male captures

The effects of pheromone components, pheromone dose in the dispenser, aging of dispenser in the field, and trap type on trapping efficiency of males of the honeydew moth,Cryptoblabes gnidiella (Mill.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), were investigated. At dosages of 2 or 0.2 mg, a binary blend containing (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11–16: Aid) and (Z)-13-octadecenal (Z13–18:Ald) (1:1) was as effective in attracting males as a quaternary blend containing Zll-16:Ald, (E)-11-hexadecenal (Ell-16:Ald), Z13–18:Ald and (E)-13-octadecenal (E13–18:Ald), (10:1:10:1). Within the range of 20 to 2000 μg pheromone/dispenser, response of males increased positively with the pheromone dose; however, a load of 10 or 20 mg/dispenser was significantly less attractive to males than 2 mg/dispenser. The effect of aging of the dispenser in the field on trapping efficiency was significant. Captures in traps baited with 3- and 4-week-old septa were lower than those in traps baited with 1- or 2-week-old septa. The gradual loss of attractancy exhibited by rubber septa indicates that septa should be renewed within 2-3 weeks. The release rate of the pheromone was measured in a flow system and monitored with Zl1– 16:Ald only. The emission was almost constant for 18 days and then decreased gradually until the 34th day. The nonsticky IPS trap was as effective in capturing honeydew moth males as the sticky Pherocon 1C trap. The possibility of using the nonsticky, non-saturating and easy-to-handle IPS traps may lead to better and easier monitoring of honeydew moth populations.