Growth and nutritional disorders of coffee cultivated in nutrient solutions with suppressed macronutrients

The objective was to evaluate the effect of omitting macronutrients in the nutrients solution on growth characteristics and nutritional status of coffee. The treatments were complete nutrients solutions and solutions with nutrient omission: N (nitrogen), P (phosphorus), K (potassium), Ca (calcium), Mg (magnesium) and S (sulfur). The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions with 3 replicates in a completely random design. Plant height, number of leaves per plant, stem diameter, relative chlorophyll index, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration, carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration, dry matter, content levels of macronutrients in plant aerial part and root system, and nutritional disorders were evaluated. Macronutrients suppression affected nutrients concentration in many plant parts, inducing the appearance of symptoms characteristic of each nutrient. The most limiting nutrients for coffee plants development were nitrogen and calcium, reflected in the lower dry matter accumulation and nitrogen the most required.     

Macronutrient omission and the development and nutritional status of basil in nutritive solution

The correct nutrition of basil (Ocinum basilicum L.) is important to increase its production and quality; however, few papers have deal with this subject. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of omission of individual macronutrients on the growth and nutritional status of basil cultivated in nutritive solution. The treatments consisted of nutrient solutions with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium or sulfur (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, or S) omissions and a complete solution treatment. The plants were cultivated in 8 L plant pots. Plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area, relative chlorophyll index, net photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, plant dry matter, concentration levels of macronutrients in the aerial part and root system, and nutritional disorders were all evaluated. Nutrient omission was a limiting factor for plant development, substantially reducing its growth. There was also a considerable decrease in nutrient accumulation when compared to the control treatment.     

Development and Nutrition of Soybeans with Macronutrients Deficiencies

Soy is to one of the main crops in the world. However, there are aspects related to its management that should be explained, especially regarding its mineral nutrition, because a proper nutritional balance is associated with productivity levels. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accumulation of nutrients in the tissues related to the deficiency of nutrients and its effects on plant development. In addition, nutritional disorder symptoms were evaluated according to the deficiency of macronutrients. For this, seven treatments were evaluated. They comprised a complete nutrient solution followed by deficiency of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S) in a completely randomized design with three replications. Plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, stem diameter, relative chlorophyll content, and production of dry matter of soybean plants were evaluated. The deficiency of any macronutrient affects biometric variables, especially the production of dry matter. The nutrients that limited the most the production of dry matter were Ca>N>K>Mg>P > S. With the exception of S, all other macronutrients, when suppressed, caused nutritional disorder symptoms. The plants presented an accumulation of K > N>Ca>P>Mg>S in leaves. In the present study, soybean plants had a high nutritional requirement of K followed by N. This requires care in the development of fertilization programs in view of the essential roles these nutrients play in the life cycle of plants.

Abbreviations: N_Nitrogen; P_Phosphorus; K_Potassium; Ca_Calcium; Mg_Magnseium; S_Sulfur; DM_Dry matter; NL_number of leaves; H_plant height; SD_stem diameter; RCI_Relative chlorophyll index; AP_Aerial part; R_Roots; EP_Entire plant; DMS_significant mean difference; CV_Coefficient of variation; pH_hydrogen potential; NaOH_sodium hydroxide; HCl_hydrochloric acid.     

基于U弦长曲率的番茄氮肥调控目标区间获取方法

针对中国现有设施番茄生产中氮肥施用量过高,利用率低,环境污染严重等问题,该研究面向设施番茄精量施肥需求,提出一种基于叶绿素荧光技术的设施番茄生长氮素浓度适宜区间获取方法。该研究利用不同氮浓度水培液进行番茄栽培,获取叶片荧光参数和干物质等生理指标,采用最大互信息系数值（Maximum Information Coefficient,MIC）筛选叶绿素荧光参数,确定最适的荧光参数进行水培液氮调控研究目的是区间确定。结果表明,叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fo（光系统潜在活性）的整体表现效果较优。以Fv/Fo的响应曲线提出基于U弦长曲率特征点为分界点的适宜氮素浓度区间获取技术。采用此方法的番茄生长的适宜氮素浓度区间为7.2~9.8 mmol/L,同时干物质等生理指标都保持在较高水平,变异系数最小。与日本园试营养液对照组相比,番茄干质量平均提高33.8%,叶片磷浓度平均提高10.2%,叶片钾浓度平均提高11.3%,叶片氮浓度平均降低0.8%,而氮肥用量减少了51.4%。因此,基于U弦长曲率特征点的方法是确定番茄施氮目标区间调控有效的技术。     

Der Einfluß einer variierten K-Ernährung auf die Inkorporierung von markiertem Stickstoff (15N) bei jungen Sonnenblumen (Helianthus annuus L.)

The effect of a varied K nutrition upon the incorporation of labelled nitrogen (¹⁵N) in young sun flower plants (Helianthus annuus L.) 1. The influence of the potassium nutritional status upon the incorporation of labelled nitrogen (¹⁵N) into the soluble amino fraction and into the protein fraction was studied with young sun flower plants (Helianthus annuus L.). The plants were cultivated in a solution culture with 3 different nitrogen and 2 different potassium levels. During the last 24 hours of this cultivation the nitrogen of the nutrient solution was labelled by ¹⁵N-nitrate in the various treatments. 2. The growth of the plants was affected considerably by the various nutritional treatments. The yield of the plant matter increased with increasing nitrogen supply. This nitrogen effect was enhanced by the better potassium nutrition. 3. The contents of soluble amino compounds in roots and upper plant parts increased with the increasing nitrogen application. This tendency was reduced by the higher potassium supply. The contents of protein nitrogen rose with the nitrogen nutrition. Potassium reduced the content of protein nitrogen in treatments with high growth rates. 4. Related on a single plant the incorporation rate of nitrate nitrogen into the organic matter was higher in plants with a good potassium nutritional status than in plants with a low potassium nutritional status. This effect was especially evident in the treatments with the highest nitrogen supply. Here the nitrate incorporation rate was 5–7 times higher with the higher potassium application. 5. This favorable effect of potassium upon the assimilation of nitrate nitrogen was also evident, if the incorporation rate was not related to a single plant, but on the unit of weight of plant material (fresh matter). Thus with high nitrogen supply the quantity of labelled nitrogen of the amino fraction was about 2 times higher in the plants with a high potassium nutritional status compared with plants of a low potassium nutritional status. In the protein fraction this potassium effect was still more evident. The influence of potassium upon the nitrate nitrogen assimilation was the better the better the plants were supplied with nitrate.     

不同钾肥组合对土壤养分及晒红烟烟叶钾素积累的影响

以晒烟品种大叶黄为材料,通过大田试验研究了不同钾肥处理土壤p H值、有效硫、速效钾等5种土壤养分指标在晒红烟整个生育期内的变化规律以及烟叶钾素含量及积累量,并就土壤养分含量与烟叶钾素状况进行相关分析,找出提高晒红烟烟叶钾积累量的最佳钾肥配施组合及影响烟叶钾素积累的关键土壤因子。结果表明,生物钾肥和硫酸钾配施处理(T4)土壤养分含量最有利于烟株生长及烟叶钾积累量增加,烟叶干物质积累量达143.5 g/株,烟叶钾含量13.39 mg/g,烟叶钾积累量1.92 g/株;土壤有效硫是影响当地晒红烟生长前期钾含量的关键土壤因子,土壤速效钾含量与整个生育期内烟叶钾素积累量均呈显著或极显著正相关关系,且能显著提高中后期烟叶钾含量。     

Coupling among applied,soil, root,and top components for forage crop production

Abstract

This analysis establishes linkage among (a) applied nutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), (b) available soil nutrients, (c) root dry matter and nutrient content, (d) top dry matter and nutrient content, and (e) leaf area and carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration. It was previously shown that (a) and (d) are coupled by logistic equations with a common response coefficient c between dry matter and plant nutrient uptake with each applied nutrient. As a consequence of the common c, it has been shown that dry matter and plant nutrient removal are coupled by a hyperbolic equation. Furthermore, a model has been developed which includes N, P, and K as inputs. In the present work, (a) and (b) were coupled by a logistic equation as were (a) and (c). It was then shown that plant nutrient removal was coupled to available soil nutrients through a hyperbolic equation. The hyperbolic relationship was also shown to link dry matter between roots and tops, as well as plant N removal between roots and tops. As a consequence of the results above, it was then concluded that root nutrient content is related to available soil nutrient through a hyperbolic equation. The detailed mechanism of this coupling was not identified. Leaf area of soybeans followed a hyperbolic relationship with CO₂ concentration in the canopy.     

Nutrient Stress,Ecophysiological, and Metabolic Aspects of Olive Tree Cultivars

This research, aimed at evaluating stress on the olive tree, utilized cultivars ‘Meski’ and ‘Chetoui’ in regards to the removal of major elements such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K). The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions in hydroponics culture. Measurements of leaf area showed a non-substantial and weak effect due to phosphorus, potassium, or magnesium deficiency compared to nitrogen. The growth analysis of dry matter showed an early depressive effect of nitrogen deficiency and a similar, but less important effect concerning phosphorus.

The induced nutritional stresses showed an important increase in stomata resistance, caused primarily by nitrogen or potassium deficiency, accompanied by a reduction of chlorophyll concentration, which resulted from the removal of phosphorus, magnesium, and mainly nitrogen supply. Remarkable starch synthesis and storage was also revealed following nitrogen deficiency, but it was very weak after the suppression of magnesium, which may provoke a weakening of growth and development of these plants.     

Nutrient Availability in the Soil and Its Absorption,Transport, and Redistribution in Vines

Abstract

This study was to determine the concentration, accumulation, redistribution, and export of nutrients by Rubi grape. Ten branches with leaves and fruit were collected; the vegetable matter (stem, leaf, and fruit) was washed, dried, weighed, and analyzed so as to determine the concentration of nutrients in the plant. The nutrients most absorbed were nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca), and the best absorption time started after the berry ripening. Phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S) were less demanded by the grape although they had the same behavior in relation to the period of greater absorption. The best absorbed nutrient was manganese (Mn), and its absorption increased gradually and steadily, according to the plant growing phases. The absorption of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and boron (B) was minimal up to the ripening of berries, but increased from then on. The greatest absorption and accumulation of nutrients occurred during the ripening of the fruits. The leaves had greater absorption of Ca, Mg, S, Mn, and Cu, whereas the fruit absorbed more K (61%), P (56%), N (38%), and B (56%). The stem presented similarly in the proportion of all macronutrients, and it accumulated more Zn.     

氮素对温室番茄果实发育及其氮吸收量的影响

为了探索华北地区连栋温室栽培条件下番茄水培适宜的氮素管理方法,试验设4个处理:N5(扭送素浓度5mmol/L)、N10、N15和N30。其他营养元素的浓度是根据华南农业大学番茄营养液配方配制。比较不同处理间番茄每克鲜果实形成干物质的量、果实鲜重与其直径的关系、植株积累的生物量、产量和氮吸收量等。试验结果表明,在一定范围内,随营养液中氮素浓度越大,果实中每克鲜物质形成的干物质越多。处理N5、N10和N15中,每克鲜果实形成的干物质量分别是0.0733g、0.0804g和0.1316g。继续增加营养液中氮素浓度,每克鲜果实形成的干物质量却降低了,处理N30仅为0.0913g。其他几个指标显示相同的趋势。4个处理中植株的总干重依次为189.1、293.9、734.1和488.2g/m2。产量依次为3.68、6.55、15.50和11.01kg/m2。果实每克干物质的氮吸收量分别是0.0231g、0.0237g、0.0242g和0.0235g。果实鲜重与其直径成幂指数关系,氮素浓度对果实鲜重与其直径的关系影响不大。因此,番茄水培适宜的氮素浓度为15mmol/L。     

Growth,Nutrient Uptake,and Use Efficiency in Dry Bean in Tropical Upland Soil

Dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L., cv. ‘BRS Requinte’) is an important legume crop and nutrient availability is one of the most yields limiting factors for bean production in tropical upland soils. A greenhouse experiment was conducted in Brazilian Oxisol to study growth, nutrient uptake, and use efficiency of macro- and micronutrients during growth cycle of bean plant. Plants were harvested at 15, 30, 45, 60, 73, and 99 days after sowing for determination of growth parameters and uptake of nutrients. Root dry weight, shoot dry weight and leaf trifoliate increased significantly (P< 0.01) in a quadratic fashion with the advancement of plant age. However, root-shoot ratio decreased significantly with increasing plant age. Concentrations of nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and zinc (Zn) decreased with the advancement of plant age. However, concentrations of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) increased significantly with the advancement of plant age. Accumulation of macro- and micronutrients significantly increased with the increasing plant age. Accumulation of N, P, K and Cu was higher in the grain compared with root and shoot, indicating relatively higher importance of these nutrients in improving grain yield of dry bean. Nitrogen, P and Cu use efficiency was higher for shoot weight compared to grain weight. For grain production, nutrient use efficiency was in the order of Mg > Ca > P > K > N for macronutrients and Cu > Zn = Mn for micronutrients.     

Extended probability model for dry matter and nutrient accumulation by crops

Accumulation of dry matter and plant nutrients by crops over the growing season is important to resource management for agricultural production and for meeting environmental standards. It is becoming more common in agricultural and environmental management to use mathematical models to describe such systems. In this article, an extended probability model was used to characterize accumulation of dry matter and plant nutrient uptake, both of which exhibited sigmoid behavior with time. Data from field studies included corn (Zea mays L.), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), and soybean (Glycine max). For the case of corn, it was shown that maximum total plant dry matter at maturity agreed very closely for the three sites. The ratio of the paramters mean time to standard deviation of the distribution was very similar for dry matter and plant nutrient accumulations, with an average of 3.6 for Wooster, OH and 3.5 for Clayton, NC. The ratio was 4.3 for water reuse at Tallahassee, FL. For tobacco, the ratio was also very similar for dry matter and plant nitrogen (N) and potassium (K), and was 3.2 at Raleigh, NC. The ratio was 2.9 for leaf area of soybeans grown at Gainesville, FL. Data for dry matter and plant nutrient accumulation followed the sigmoid shape of the model rather well. The model also produced the “hump”; often observed in plant nutrient concentration during early stages of growth. The probability model suggests that for the crops studied, growth rate followed a gaussian distribution over the season, at least to first approximation.     

宁夏马铃薯氮、 磷、 钾养分的吸收累积特征

【目的】马铃薯氮、 磷、 钾养分吸收累积特点国内外已有不少报道,但在宁夏地区的生产条件下尚缺乏系统研究,马铃薯配方施肥技术推广中也缺少施肥参数,难以确定合理的施肥量。因此,针对宁夏地区马铃薯种植基地的土壤条件,系统分析马铃薯干物质累积和氮、 磷、 钾养分含量,探明其对氮、 磷、 钾养分吸收累积特点,以期为马铃薯的精准施肥提供科学依据。【方法】采用田间试验和室内测定相结合的方法。于2012年分别在宁夏西吉县、 原州区、 红寺堡和同心县马铃薯种植基地进行肥料田间试验,按照当地推荐的施肥量统一施肥量和施肥方法(农家肥、 70%氮肥、 全部磷、 钾肥基施,30%氮肥在现蕾期追施),在马铃薯不同生育期采集植株样品,测定不同器官干重和氮、 磷、 钾含量,分析不同生育期马铃薯干物质累积量、 氮、 磷、 钾含量及其吸收累积量的变化特点。【结果】1)从不同种植基地来看,红寺堡区马铃薯干物质累积量最高,其次是原州区和西吉县,同心县最低;马铃薯干物质累积量随生育期的推进而增加,符合Logistic曲线,幼苗期、 块茎形成期、 块茎膨大期和淀粉累积期的干物质累积量分别占总累积量的5%、 20%、 40%和35%。2)马铃薯植株氮含量随生育期而降低,其变异系数较大; 磷、 钾含量随生育期呈先增后减的变化态势,但变异系数较小; 氮、 磷含量叶片高于其他器官,钾含量茎秆中较高。3)马铃薯氮、 磷、 钾吸收累积量在红寺堡区最高,原州区和西吉县居中,同心县最低;苗期氮、 磷、 钾的吸收量分别占全生育期总吸收量的11%、 6%、 8%,块茎形成期占28%、 23%、 31%,块茎膨大期占36%、 39%、 41%,淀粉积累期占25%、 31%、 20%;成熟期块茎中氮和磷的累积量分别占各自总累积量的60%以上,钾的累积量占50%。【结论】供试土壤条件下,马铃薯干物质累积量及养分吸收量因种植基地、 生育期和器官不同而异。从不同种植基地来看,红寺堡区马铃薯的干物质及氮、 磷、 钾累积量较高,原州区和西吉县居中,同心县最低;干物质及氮、 磷、 钾累积量随生育期的变化符合Logistic曲线,具有明显的阶段性特点,块茎膨大期累积最多,块茎形成期和淀粉积累期次之;马铃薯根、 茎和叶中吸收累积的氮、 磷、 钾占同期总累积量的比例随生育期而降低,但块茎则相反,氮、 磷、 钾吸收累积量随生育期而增加,成熟期块茎中吸收累积的养分量占全株的一半以上。     

Broiler Litter as a Sole Nutrient Source for Cotton: Nitrogen,Phosphorus, Potassium,Calcium, and Magnesium Concentrations in Plant Parts

Abstract

The ability of poultry litter to support plant growth by supplying essential plant nutrients in the absence of other sources of the nutrients has not been studied thoroughly. The objectives of this research were to (1) determine the ability of poultry litter, as the sole nutrient source, to provide macronutrients and support growth of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) (2) evaluate the distribution of these nutrients within the different plant parts, and (3) estimate the efficiency with which these nutrients are extracted by cotton. The research was conducted in plastic containers filled with a 2:1 (v/v) sand:vermiculite growing mix under greenhouse conditions. The treatments included broiler litter rates of 0, 30, 60, 90, or 120 g pot^?1 with or without supplemental Hoagland's nutrient solution. Broiler litter supplied adequate amounts of the macronutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) and supported normal growth of cotton. Tissue nutrient analysis showed that the concentration of N, P, K, and Mg in the upper mainstem leaves was within published sufficiency ranges for cotton growth. Evaluation of the N distribution indicated that the cotton plant partitions N to reproductive parts when faced with deficiency of this nutrient and favors allocating N to new leaf growth once the requirement for reproductive growth is met. The partitioning of P was similar to that of N but less distinct. Cotton extracted Mg and K with greater efficiency (up to 58%) than the other nutrients and stored these nutrients in older leaves. The extraction efficiency of N ranged between 21% at 120 g pot^?1 litter and 27% at 30 g pot^?1 litter. Phosphorus was the most poorly extracted nutrient, with only 16% of the total applied P extracted when 30 g pot^?1 litter was applied and only 6% extracted at the higher litter rates. This suggests that the same problem of P buildup that has been reported in soils under pasture may also occur when poultry litter is repeatedly applied to the same soil planted to cotton. These results show that broiler litter not only supplied enough N but also supplied the four other macronutrients (P, K, Ca, and Mg) in amounts sufficient to support normal cotton growth. This research implies that poultry litter can effectively substitute for several fertilizers to meet crop macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) needs in soils deficient in any or all of these nutrients.     

Effect of exogenous application of salicylic acid on salt-stressed sorghum growth and nutrient contents

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of salinity and foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) on sorghum biomass and nutrient contents. Treatments were comprised of salinity levels (0 and 100?mM NaCl) and SA concentrations (0.3, 0.7, 1.1 and 1.5?mM). Salinity increased sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl) and copper (Cu) but decreased nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) contents and the root and shoot dry matter. Fe and Zn were the most affected nutrients by salinity. However, SA reduced Na and Cl but increased plant dry matter and nutrient content. SA had greater positive effects on root than on shoot dry matter. Maximum increases through SA were achieved in N, K, Fe, Mn, Cu, and shoot weight under salt stress but in Zn and root weight under non-saline condition. In most cases 1.1?mM was the most effective SA concentration in reducing the negative effects of salinity.     

Nutrients balance for improvement of phytoremediation ability of teak seedlings (Tectona grandis)

As a green technique, plant-based remediation systems can be used to remove nitrogen (N) pollutants from N-rich wastewaters. However, the excess amount of N and shortage of other nutrients in this system limits the plant growth and affects the plant remediation efficiency. In this study, the effect of adding phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) to the N-enriched wastewater on growth and N-removal efficiency of teak seedlings (Tectona grandis) was evaluated. Twelve ratios of N:P:K were applied to teak seedlings and the related effects were compared with those in control solution containing only N. The results indicated that a ratio of 1N:0.5P:1K increased dry matter accumulation in teak seedlings by improving the balance of nutrients in plants. Teak seedlings grown in nutritionally-improved system eliminated 33.8% N more than those grown in only N solution. The water loss through plant uptake was also enhanced in the improved system up to 56%.     

Effect of Application of Different Types of Organic Composts on Rice Growth under Laboratory Conditions

In the present study, pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of the application of two different kinds of composts: pea-rice hull compost (PRC) and cattle dung-tea compost (CTC) on rice growth. These composts differed in their nitrogen composition, as well as in their effect on plant height, number of tillers, dry matter yield and nutrient uptake (nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K)) of rice plants. Plants were cultivated in 1/5,000 Wagner pots, which contained 3 kg of soil, completely mixed with the composts (PRC 404 g; CTC 380 g) and chemical fertilizer (CHEM), respectively in the first crop. The residual effect of the composts was studied after the plants of the first crop were harvested. All the treatments were replicated four times, with a randomized complete block design. The nutrient concentrations in the roots, leaf sheaths, leaf blades, stalks, and grain were analyzed at different growth stages. At the most active tillering and heading stages of the plants of the first crop, the number of tillers, dry matter yield and the amount of nutrients absorbed from the CHEM treatment were found to be higher than those in the other treatments. The values of the plant height, straw growth and nutrient uptake of the rice plants with the PRC treatment were the highest among all the treatments at the maturity stage. In the plants of the second crop, the values of the plant height, number of tillers, straw and whole plant yield and the N and K uptake from the PRC treatment were the highest among all the treatments at the heading and maturity stages. The chemical fertilizer was a fast-release fertilizer used to supply nutrients at the early stage of rice growth in the first crop. The beneficial effect of the composts on rice growth and nutrient uptake was conspicuous in the second crop, compared with that of routine treatment of chemical fertilizer.     

沙地滴灌春玉米最适氮磷钾配方施肥研究

探索沙地春玉米(Zea mays L.)最适滴灌施肥方案是提高其产量和生物量积累的有效途径。采用三因素D饱和最优设计试验,研究了不同氮磷钾配方施肥对玉米产量及拔节期、抽雄期和收获期玉米干物质量的影响,结果表明:(1)氮磷钾不同配施可提高产量32.60%~52.90%;产量方程和两因子互作效应分析表明,氮磷钾配施有效提高产量,氮肥增产效果最明显,钾肥其次,磷肥最小,产量随肥料施用量增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势。(2)氮磷钾配施对干物质量和收获指数的影响显著,3个生育期干物质量最大的处理、收获指数最高的处理均为氮磷钾配施处理。(3)在覆膜滴灌条件下,根据对玉米产量及各生育期干物质量分析表明:沙地玉米最佳施肥方案为氮肥240 kg·hm^-2、磷肥80 kg·hm^-2、钾肥225 kg·hm^-2。