Spontaneous Magnetic Ordering in the Fullerene Charge-Transfer Salt (TDAE)C60

The zero-field muon spin relaxation technique has been used in the direct observation of spontaneous magnetic order below a Curie temperature (T(c)) of approximately 16.1 kelvin in the fullerene charge-transfer salt (tetrakisdimethylaminoethylene)C(60) [(TDAE)C(60)]. Coherent ordering of the electronic magnetic moments leads to a local field of 68(1) gauss at the muon site at 3.2 kelvin (parentheses indicate the error in the last digit). Substantial spatially inhomogeneous effects are manifested in the distribution of the local fields, whose width amounts to 48(2) gauss at the same temperature. The temperature evolution of the internal magnetic field below the freezing temperature mirrors that of the saturation magnetization, closely following the behavior expected for collective spin wave (magnon) excitations. The transition to a ferromagnetic state with a T(c) higher than that of any other organic material is now authenticated.     

A Molecular Ferromagnet with a Curie Temperature of 6.2 Kelvin: [Mn(C5(CH3)5)2]+[TCNQ]-

The study of magnetic phase transitions in insulating molecular solids provides new insights into mechanisms of magnetic coupling in the solid state and into critical phenomena associated with these transitions. Only a few such materials are known to display cooperative magnetic properties. The use of high-spin molecular components would enhance intermolecular spin-spin interactions and thus a series of chargetransfer (CT) salts have been synthesized that utilize the spin S = 1 molecular cation, [Mn(C(5)(CH(3))(5))(2)](+) (decamethylmanganocenium). The structure and cooperative magnetic behavior of [Mn(C(5)(CH(3))(5))(2)](+)[TCNQ(-) (decamethylmanganocenium 7,7,8,8-tetracyano-p-quinodimethanide) are reported. This salt is a bulk molecular ferromagnet with the highest critical (Curie) temperature (T(c) = 6.2 K) and coercive field (3.6 x 10(3) gauss), yet reported for such a material.     

High-temperature ferromagnetism in CaB2C2

We report a high Curie-temperature ferromagnet, CaB2C2. Although the compound has neither transition metal nor rare earth ions, the ferromagnetic transition temperature Tc is about 770 Kelvin. Despite this high T(c), the magnitude of the ordered moment at room temperatures is on the order of 10(-4) Bohr magneton per formula unit. These properties are rather similar to those of doped divalent hexaborides, such as Ca(1-x)La(x)B6. The calculated electronic states also show similarity near the Fermi level between CaB2C2 and divalent hexaborides. However, there is an important difference: CaB2C2 crystallizes in a tetragonal structure, and there are no equivalent pockets in the energy bands for electrons and holes-in contrast with CaB6. Thus, the disputed threefold degeneracy, specific to the cubic structure, in the energy bands of divalent hexaborides turns out not to be essential for high-temperature ferromagnetism. It is the peculiar molecular orbitals near the Fermi level that appear to be crucial to the high-Tc ferromagnetism.     

Synthesis and Electronic Transport of Single Crystal K3C60

Sizable single crystals of C(6O) have been synthesized and doped with potassium. Above the superconducting transition temperature T(c), the electrical resistivity p(T) displays a classic metal-like temperature dependence. The transition to the superconducting state at T(c) = 19.8 K is extremely sharp, with a transition width DeltaT < 200 mK. In contrast to transport behavior of doped polycrystalline and granular thin films, no anomalous fluctuations are observed near T(c) in single crystal specimens.     

Oxygen isotope effect in high-temperature oxide superconductors

The effect of oxygen isotope substitution on the superconducting transition temperature, T(c), has been measured for BaBi(0.25)Pb(0.75)O(3) (T(c), approximately 11 K) and Lal(1.85) Ca(0.15)CuO(4) (T(c) approximately 20 K), and is compared to the shifts observed for La(1.85)Sr(0.15)CuO(4) (T(c) approximately 37 K) and YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7) (T(c) approximately 92 K). For all four materials, the transition temperature is shifted to lower temperature upon substitution of oxygen-18 for oxygen-16. The observed shifts demonstrate that phonons are involved in the electron-pairing mechanism in these oxide superconductors.     

Superconductivity at 40 K in the Oxygen-Defect Perovskites La2-xSrxCuO4-y

Structural, magnetic, and electronic properties of compounds in the series La2-xSrx CuO4-y for 0.05 相似文献   

Pressure Dependence of Superconductivity in Single-Phase K3C60

The superconducting compound K(3)C(60) (with transition temperature T(c) = 19.3 kelvin at ambient pressure), formed as a single phase by reaction of alkali vapor with solids of the icosahedral C(60) molecule (buckminsterfullerene), shows a very large decrease of T(c) with increasing pressure. Susceptibility measurements on sintered pellets showing bulk superconductivity are reported up to 21 kilobars of pressure, where T(c) is already less than 8 kelvin. The results are consistent with a piling up of the density of states at the Fermi level.     

Pressure-induced enhancement of tc above 150 k in hg-1223

The recently discovered homologous series HgBa(2)Can-1 Cun O2n+2+delta possesses remarkable properties. A superconducting transition temperature, T(c), as high as 133 kelvin has been measured in a multiphase Hg-Ba-Ca-Cu-O sample and found to be attributable to the Hg-1223 compound. Temperature-dependent electrical resistivity measurements under pressure on a (> 95%) pure Hg-1223 phase are reported. These data show that T(c) increases steadily with pressure at a rate of about 1 kelvin per gigapascal up to 15 gigapascals, then more slowly and reaches a T(c) = 150 kelvin, with the onset of the transition at 157 kelvin, for 23.5 gigapascals. This large pressure variation (as compared to the small effects observed in similar compounds with the optimal T(c)) strongly suggests that higher critical temperatures could be obtained at atmospheric pressure.     

Dynamics of a Second-Order Phase Transition: P macr; to I1 Phase Transition in Anorthite, CaAl2Si2O8

Electron microscopic study of the reversible P1 to I1 phase transition in anorthite (transition temperature T(c) = 516 Kelvin) shows that the antiphase boundaries (APBs) with the displacement vector R = 1/2[111] become unstable at T(c), and numerous small APB loops are formed. These interfaces are highly mobile, and their vibration frequency increases strongly with temperature. These observations suggest that close to T(c), breathing-motion-type lattice vibrations of the framework cause the two different configurations around the calcium atoms, which are related by a translation of R approximately 1/2[111], to interchange dynamically through an intermediate I1 configuration. The high-temperature I1 structure is interpreted as a statistical-dynamic average of highly mobile antiphase domains of primitive anorthite.     

Isotope effect in superconducting fullerenes

The effect of isotopic substitution on the superconducting transition temperature, T(c), in alkali-doped C(60) has been examined. Paradoxically, it is found that a substantial decrease in T(c) with the increasing isotopic mass is possible even when the attractive interaction is not mediated by phonons but is instead of purely electronic origin. In particular, it is shown that the experimentally measured isotopic shifts are consistent with a recently proposed electronic mechanism. Further predictions are presented that can be tested by experiment.     

Boron isotope effect in superconducting zirconium dodecaboride

The boron isotope effect in ZrB(12) has been determined to be T(c) infinity M(alpha), where alpha is equal to - 0.09 +/- 0.05, M is the boron mass, and T(c) is the supercondiucting transition temperature.     

Cooperative critical thermal transition of potassium accumulation in smooth muscle

The steady-state levels of potassium and sodium of taenia coli of guinea are critically affected by varying temperature in the narrow range 12 degrees to degrees C. For the accumulation of both cations the critical temperature, T(c), is 13.8 degrees C the presence of millimolar external potassium. The value of T(c), decreases 10.0 degrees C when the external potassium is raised to 10 millimolar. Since, at a fixed Temperature, the potassium accumulation follows a cooperative mechanism, the results are compared with the quantitative predictions of this approach. The itical thermal transition behavior can be described in terms of the cooperative cumulation process.     

Engineered interface of magnetic oxides

Interface-selective probing of magnetism is a key issue for the design and realization of spin-electronic junction devices. Here, magnetization-induced second-harmonic generation was used to probe the local magnetic properties at the interface of the perovskite ferromagnet La(0.6)Sr(0.4)MnO3 with nonmagnetic insulating layers, as used in spin-tunnel junctions. We show that by grading the doping profile on an atomic scale at the interface, robust ferromagnetism can be realized around room temperature. The results should lead to improvements in the performance of spin-tunnel junctions.     

The Impact of High-Temperature Superconductivity on SQUID Magnetometers

DC and RF Superconducting QUantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs) fabricated from low transition temperature (T(c)) superconductors and operated at liquid (4)He temperatures are routinely used as ultrasensitive detectors in many applications, for example, as magnetometers, magnetic gradiometers, voltmeters, and motion detectors. SQUIDs fabricated from high T(c) superconductors such as YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7) and operated in liquid nitrogen at 77 K offer a greater convenience in operation at the expense of a poorer noise performance, particularly at low frequencies. The resolution of SQUID-based magnetometers is compared with that of other types of magnetometers operatng at ambient temperatures.     

A sharp peak of the zero-temperature penetration depth at optimal composition in BaFe2(As(1-x)P(x))2

In a superconductor, the ratio of the carrier density, n, to its effective mass, m*, is a fundamental property directly reflecting the length scale of the superfluid flow, the London penetration depth, λ(L). In two-dimensional systems, this ratio n/m* (~1/λ(L)(2)) determines the effective Fermi temperature, T(F). We report a sharp peak in the x-dependence of λ(L) at zero temperature in clean samples of BaFe(2)(As(1)(-x)P(x))(2) at the optimum composition x = 0.30, where the superconducting transition temperature T(c) reaches a maximum of 30 kelvin. This structure may arise from quantum fluctuations associated with a quantum critical point. The ratio of T(c)/T(F) at x = 0.30 is enhanced, implying a possible crossover toward the Bose-Einstein condensate limit driven by quantum criticality.     

Superconductivity at 45 k in rb/tl codoped c60 and c60/c70 mixtures

The appearance of superconductivity at relatively high temperatures in alkali metal-doped C(60) fullerene provides the challenge to both understand the nature and origin of the superconductivity and to determine the upper limit of the superconducting transition temperature (T(c)). Towards the latter goal, it is shown that doping with potassium-thallium and rubidium-thallium alloys in the 400 to 430 degrees C temperature range increases the T(c) of C(60)/C(70) mixtures to 25.6 K and above 45 K, respectively. Similar increases in T(c) were also observed upon analogous doping of pure C(60). Partial substitution of potassium with thallium in interstitial sites between C(60) molecules is suggested by larger observed unit cell parameters than for the K(3)C(60) and K(4)C(60) phases. Contrary to previous results for C(60) doped with different alkali metals, such expansion does not alone account for the changes in critical temperature.     

Bulk Superconductivity at 122 K in T1(Ba,Ca)2Ca3Cu4O10.5+8 with Four Consecutive Copper Layers

The observed increase of superconducting transition temperature (T(c)) with the number of copper oxide planes continues in the four-[CuO(2)](-2) layer (single TI layer) oxide superconductor, which has been prepared with > 80% purity and was magnetically aligned for crystallographic identification. A master scaling curve is proposed, which ties together the T(c)'s of virtually all known Bi and Tl oxide superconductors, and shows that the Tl(Bi) layers play an essential role in the superconductivity. publication 350 of the Barnett Institute.     

Tunneling Spectroscopy of M3C60 Superconductors: The Energy Gap, Strong Coupling, and Superconductivity

Tunneling spectroscopy has been used to characterize the magnitude and temperature dependence of the superconducting energy gap (triangle up) for K(3)C(60) and Rb(3)C(60). At low temperature the reduced energy gap, 2triangle upkappaT(c) (where T(c) is the transition temperature) has a value of 5.3 +/- 0.2 and 5.2 +/- 0.3 for K(3)C(60) and Rb(3)C(60), respectively. The magnitude of the reduced gap for these materials is significantly larger than the value of 3.53 predicted by Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory. Hence, these results show that the pair-coupling interaction is strong in the M(3)C(60) superconductors. In addition, measurements of triangle up(T) for both K(3)C(60) and Rb(3)C(60) exhibit a similar mean-field temperature dependence. The characterization of triangle up and triangle up(T) for K(3)C(60) and Rb(3)C(60) provides essential constraints for theories evolving to describe superconductivity in the M(3)C(60) materials.     

Molecular/Organic ferromagnets

Quantitative bulk ferromagnetic behavior has been established for the molecular/organic solid [Fe(III)(C(5)Me(5))(2)].(+)[TCNE].(-). Above 16 K the dominant magnetic interactions are along a 1-D chain and, near T(c), 3-D bulk effects as evidenced by the value of the critical exponents dominate the susceptibility. The extended McConnell model was developed and provides the synthetic chemist with guidance for making new molecular materials to study cooperative magnetic coupling in systems. Assuming the electron-transfer excitation arises from the POMO, ferromagnetic coupling by the McConnell mechanism requires stable radicals (neutral, cations/anions, or ions with small diamagnetic counterions) with a non-half-filled POMO. The lowest excited state formed via virtual charge transfer (retro or forward) must also have the same spin multiplicity and mix with the ground state. These requirements limit the structure of a radical to D(2d) or C>/=(3) symmetry where symmetry breaking distortions do not occur. Intrinsic doubly and triply degenerate orbitals are not necessary and accidental degeneracies suffice. To achieve bulk ferromagnetism, ferromagnetic coupling must be established throughout the solid and a microscopic model has been discussed. These requirements are met by [Fe(III)(C(5)Me(5))(2)].(+)[TCNE].(-). Additionally this model suggests that the Ni(III) and Cr(III) analogs should be antiferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic, respectively, as preliminary data suggest. Additional studies are necessary to test and further develop the consequences of these concepts. Some molecular/organic solids comprised of linear chains of alternating metallocenium donors (D) and cyanocarbon acceptors (A) with spin state S = 1/2 (...D.(+)A.(-)D.(+)A.(-)...) exhibit cooperative magnetic phenomena, that is, ferro-, antiferro-, ferri-, and metamagnetism. For [Fe(III)(C(5)Me(5))(2)].(+)[TCNE](-). (Me = methyl; TCNE = tetracyanoethylene), bulk ferromagnetic behavior is observed below the Curie temperature of 4.8 K. A model of configuration mixing of the lowest charge-transfer excited state with the ground state was developed to understand the magnetic coupling as a function of electron configuration and direction of charge transfer. This model predicts that ferromagnetic coupling requires stable radicals with a non-half-filled degenerate valence orbital and a charge-transfer excited state with the same spin multiplicity that mixes with the ground state. Ferromagnetic coupling must dominate in all directions to achieve a bulk ferromagnet. Thus, the primary, secondary, and tertiary structures are crucial considerations for the design of molecular/organic ferromagnets.     

Quantum hall ferromagnetism in a two-dimensional electron system

Experiments on a nearly spin degenerate two-dimensional electron system reveals unusual hysteretic and relaxational transport in the fractional quantum Hall effect regime. The transition between the spin-polarized (with fill fraction nu = 1/3) and spin-unpolarized (nu = 2/5) states is accompanied by a complicated series of hysteresis loops reminiscent of a classical ferromagnet. In correlation with the hysteresis, magnetoresistance can either grow or decay logarithmically in time with remarkable persistence and does not saturate. In contrast to the established models of relaxation, the relaxation rate exhibits an anomalous divergence as temperature is reduced. These results indicate the presence of novel two-dimensional ferromagnetism with a complicated magnetic domain dynamic.