Absorption and tissue distribution of an immunomodulatory alpha-D-glucan after oral administration of Tricholoma matsutake

Alpha-D-glucan (MPG-1) separated from Tricholoma matsutake (CM6271) has been reported to show immunomodulatory activities. In this study, the plasma concentration and tissue distribution of MPG-1 after CM6271 oral administration were investigated as part of the action mechanism analysis. When CM6271 was orally administered in a single dose to mice, MPG-1 was absorbed via the intestinal tract, appeared in plasma after 16 h, was gradually excreted from the blood, and fell to background level after 48 h. The time course analysis of MPG-1 in plasma showed the following pharmacokinetic parameters of MPG-1: tmax = 24 h; Cmax = 161.1 ng/mL; AUC(0-infinity) = 2559.7 ng x h/mL. Moreover, MPG-1 was confirmed to localize in Peyer's patches, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), and the spleen and to promote IL-12 p70 production and NK cell activity. These results suggest that MPG-1 stimulated the intestinal immune system through Peyer's patches; moreover, it was taken into the blood and stimulated the systemic immune system.     

Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect an immunomodulatory alpha-D-glucan-protein complex, MPG-1, in basidiomycete Tricholoma matsutake and related processed foods

We previously isolated a novel immunomodulatory alpha-(1,4)(1,6)(1,2)- d-glucan-protein complex (MPG-1) from mycelia of Tricholoma matsutake in basidiomycetes. In the present study, we raised a polyclonal antibody by immunizing rabbits with MPG-1 and constructed a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system to examine the distribution of MPG-1 among edible mushrooms and related processed foods. The system detected MPG-1 quantitatively at concentrations of more than 10 ng/mL, with a coefficient of variation of less than 10% by intra-assay and interassay precision. Analysis with the system of chemically modified MPG-1 suggested that the sugar moiety was mainly involved in the detection. The system detected MPG-1 in the extracts of the fruiting bodies of T. matsutake but not in those of 34 other basidiomycete species. Moreover, a significant amount of MPG-1 was detected in the extracts of their cultured mycelia. The antigenic structure of MPG-1 was relatively stable in terms of pH and temperature. MPG-1 was detected in processed foods supplemented with T. matsutake. These results suggest that MPG-1 is distributed predominantly in T. matsutake species and that the ELISA system can detect it in processed foods supplemented with T. matsutake.     

连续施用鸡粪对露地黄瓜产量、品质和土壤性质的影响

  【目的】  在连续4年施用不同量鸡粪条件下,探究露地黄瓜产量和品质的提升效果以及土壤性质的变化,以明确露地黄瓜生产中鸡粪的适宜用量。  【方法】  以黄瓜品种‘津优35号’为试材,2015—2018年在甘肃张掖进行了连续4年的田间定位试验,试验设两个土壤类型 (灌漠土和潮土)和5个鸡粪施用水平:不施用鸡粪 (对照,CK),15 t/hm2 (CM15)、30 t/hm2 (CM30)、45 t/hm2 (CM45) 和60 t/hm2 (CM60) ,采用随机区组试验设计。于2018年黄瓜结果盛期,采集黄瓜整株和0—20 cm耕层土壤样品,分析黄瓜产量、品质以及土壤容重、pH、有机质含量和酶 (脲酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶) 活性。  【结果】  与不施用鸡粪 (CK) 相比,CM15处理增产效果不显著,CM30、CM45和CM60处理黄瓜产量显著提高26.4%～33.0% (灌漠土) 和48.7%～50.1% (潮土),这3个处理之间无显著差异;施用鸡粪不同程度地提高了黄瓜可溶性固形物、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖和Vc含量,降低硝酸盐含量,效果以CM15、CM30处理较好。土壤容重和pH降幅随鸡粪施用量的增加而加大,有机质含量增幅随鸡粪施用量的增加而增加,持续施用鸡粪30～60 t/hm2可显著提高土壤有机质含量、降低土壤容重和pH。土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶以及过氧化氢酶活性以CM30、CM45处理较高。黄瓜产量与土壤容重和pH呈显著或极显著负相关,与有机质含量、脲酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性呈显著或极显著正相关;黄瓜可溶性固形物含量与容重呈显著负相关,可溶性糖含量与土壤pH呈显著负相关,硝酸盐含量与土壤pH呈显著正相关,与有机质含量呈显著负相关,可溶性固形物和Vc含量与土壤碱性磷酸酶活性呈显著正相关,可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖含量与土壤蔗糖酶活性呈显著正相关。  【结论】  鸡粪施用处理降低土壤容重和pH,增加有机质含量和酶活性。鸡粪施用对土壤容重、pH、有机质和酶活性的改良效果与黄瓜产量效应值呈显著或极显著相关关系。黄瓜可溶性固形物与土壤容重,可溶性糖与土壤pH,硝酸盐与土壤pH和有机质密切相关。综合考虑鸡粪施用量在黄瓜产量、品质、改良土壤理化性状上的效果以及肥料效益,灌漠土和潮土均推荐施用30 t/hm2鸡粪。     

Normal phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of tocopherols and tocotrienols in cereals

The eight vitamers of vitamin E (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherols and -tocotrienols) have different antioxidant and biological activities and have different distributions in foods. Some cereals, especially oat, rye, and barley, are good sources of tocotrienols. A fast procedure for the determination of tocopherols and tocotrienols (tocols) in cereal foods was developed. It involves sample saponification and extraction followed by normal phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results have been compared with those found by direct extraction without saponification. The method is sensitive and selective enough to be tested on a wide variety of cereal samples. The highest tocol levels were found in soft wheat and barley ( approximately 75 mg/kg of dry weight). beta-Tocotrienol is the main vitamer found in hulled and dehulled wheats (from 33 to 43 mg/kg of dry weight), gamma-tocopherol predominates in maize (45 mg/kg of dry weight) ), and alpha-tocotrienol predominates in oat and barley (56 and 40 mg/kg of dry weight, respectively).     

苗期干旱胁迫下施氮对玉米氮素吸收和土壤生物化学性质的影响

研究苗期干旱胁迫下施氮对东北春玉米氮素吸收利用和土壤生物化学性质的影响,为区域玉米养分管理与逆境调控提供依据。研究设置水、氮二因素盆栽试验,土壤水分包括3个水平:田间持水量的30%(W0),50%(W1)和70%(W2);施氮量包括2个水平:不施氮(N0)和施氮0.24 g/kg(N1),测定不同水氮条件下玉米苗期的植株干重和氮素吸收、根际和非根际土壤的化学性质、微生物量碳、氮(MBC、MBN)及土壤酶活性。结果表明:干旱胁迫显著降低玉米苗期植株干重和氮素吸收量,其中W0条件降幅最大(分别为51.1%,43.8%)。施氮促进各水分条件下植株生长,且与水分存在显著交互作用,W2条件下施氮后植株干重和氮素吸收量的增幅最高(分别为53.7%,83.2%)。干旱胁迫提高植株的水分利用效率,但降低氮肥利用效率。施氮显著提高W2条件植株的水分利用效率,但干旱条件下则无显著影响。水、氮及其交互作用对土壤性质的影响较为复杂。总体上,苗期干旱胁迫暂时提高了根际和非根际土壤pH,显著增加根际土壤的铵态氮和硝态氮含量。MBC、MBN对干旱胁迫的响应在根际与非根际土壤之间存在相反趋势,根际土壤随干旱程度增加而提高,非根际土壤则随之下降。土壤酶活性方面,干旱胁迫显著影响根际土壤的硝酸还原酶和亚硝酸还原酶活性。施氮增加所有水分条件下根际和非根际土壤的pH和铵态氮、硝态氮含量,其中根际土壤的增幅高于非根际土壤。施氮显著增加各水分条件下根际和非根际土壤的MBC、MBN、脲酶和硝酸还原酶活性,但显著降低根际和非根际土壤亚硝酸还原酶活性。水氮交互作用显著影响根际土壤的亚硝酸还原酶、非根际土壤的脲酶、亚硝酸还原酶和FDA水解酶活性。根际、非根际土壤各生物化学性质之间均存在显著的相关关系,而且根际土壤除土壤亚硝酸还原酶外的各指标均与植株氮素吸收和氮肥利用效率呈正相关。苗期干旱显著抑制玉米植株生长和氮素吸收,并对土壤生物、化学性质造成显著影响。施氮对植株和土壤性质的影响在不同水分条件下存在差异,而且植株表现与土壤生物、化学性质之间存在显著相关关系。     

Responses of soil enzyme activity and microbial community compositions to nitrogen addition in bulk and microaggregate soil in the temperate steppe of Inner Mongolia

In order to explore the responses of soil enzyme activities and microbial community compositions to long-term nitrogen (N) addition in both bulk soil and microaggregate of chestnut soil, we conducted a 7-year urea addition experiment with N treatments at 6 levels (0, 56, 112, 224, 392 and 560 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1) in a temperate steppe of Inner Mongolia in China. Soil properties and the activities of four enzymes involved in carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycling were measured in both bulk soil and microaggregate, and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) were measured in bulk soil. The results indicated that: 1) in bulk soil, N addition significantly decreased β-1,4-glucosidase (BG) and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) activities at the treatment amounts of 224, 392 and 560 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1, and obviously suppressed β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG) activity at the treatment amount of 560 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1. N addition enhanced total PLFAs (totPLFAs) and bacterial PLFAs (bacPLFAs) at the treatment amounts of 392 and 560 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1, respectively, but fungal PLFAs showed no response to N addition. The activities of BG, NAG and LAP were positively correlated with soil pH, but negatively correlated with the concentration of NH ₄⁺-N; 2) in microaggregate (53–250 μm), the activities of BG, NAG and AP showed no response to increased addition of N, but the significantly decreased LAP activity was observed at the treatment amount of 392 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1. These results suggested that enzyme activities were more sensitive to N addition than PLFA biomarkers in soil, and LAP activity in microaggregate may be a good indicator for evaluating N cycle response to long-term N addition.     

Phosphorus Source Effects on Soil Organic Phosphorus: A 31P NMR Study

The nature of organic phosphorus (P_o) in animal waste and in soil is important from both plant nutrition and environmental perspectives. The objectives of this study were (1) to monitor the nature of P_o in different animal wastes and biosolids using solution state ³¹P NMR spectroscopy and (2) to understand the nature of P_o as affected by crop P removal in soil amended with different animal wastes and biosolids under greenhouse conditions. Two types of stockpiled cattle (Bos taurus) manure (CM1 and CM2), solid turkey (Meleagris gallopava) litter (TL), solid hog (Sus scrofa) manure (HM), and aerobically digested biosolids (SS) were used. Two kg of Wabash silt loam soil was amended with 0 or 150 mg P kg^?1 from the P sources. Seven harvests of corn (Zea mays L.) were collected, each 35 days after sowing. Organic P was extracted with 0.4 M NaOH from soil samples collected before cropping and after the seventh harvest, as well as from each P source. ³¹P NMR analysis suggested that sugar phosphomonoester was present in all P sources and was the dominant constituent of both CM1 and CM2. Phosphomonoester was detected in large amounts in TL, HM, and SS. Prior to crop P removal, the application of all P sources caused the relative content of sugar phosphomonoester to be greater than the control. Crop P removal resulted in reductions in the relative content of sugar phosphodiesters and phosphodiester in CM1‐ and CM2‐amended soils, respectively. Phosphomonoester was also decreased in TL‐, HM‐, and SS‐amended soils in response to cropping.     

氟对土壤理化性质和玉米生长的影响

用盆栽试验研究了外源氟对潮土、黄棕壤pH、容重、玉米干物重和吸钾量的影响,结果表明：氟可以提高土壤pH,使土壤结块,容重增加,孔隙度减少,加入氟1000 mg/kg,黄棕壤和潮土pH分别比对照增加了0.77和0.52,土壤容重分别增加了26.98%和27.72%。氟对潮土过氧化氢酶活性没有影响,加入氟600 mg/kg,氟对黄棕壤过氧化氢酶活性产生明显抑制作用;氟对黄棕壤碱性磷酸酶活性无影响,氟400 mg/kg对潮土碱性磷酸酶活性产生明显抑制。加入氟600 mg/kg,土壤中性磷酸酶活性明显降低;氟对黄棕壤酸性磷酸酶活性影响较潮土小。脲酶活性对氟最为敏感,在黄棕壤和潮土中,分别加入氟200 mg/kg和400 mg/kg,土壤脲酶活性明显降低。玉米苗期,氟浓度在400 mg/kg以上,才会对玉米苗期干物质积累产生影响,加入氟1000 mg/kg,黄棕壤和潮土玉米幼苗干物重比对照分别减少了20.1%和9.8%,氟对黄棕壤玉米苗期生长影响比潮土大;随着玉米生长,氟对玉米干物重产生明显影响的浓度越来越低,在玉米拔节期,氟浓度在200～400 mg/kg时,玉米地上和地下部干物重比对照明显减少,氟对玉米根的抑制作用超过玉米地上部。氟对玉米吸钾量影响很大,加入氟浓度高于400 mg/kg时,玉米吸钾量明显减少。加入氟1000 mg/kg,潮土玉米含钾量与对照相比减少了43.7%,黄棕壤玉米减少了41.9%。潮土玉米吸钾量与对照相比减少了59.7%,黄棕壤玉米吸钾量减少了50.9%。     

Antioxidant activity of olive pulp and olive oil phenolic compounds of the arbequina cultivar

The aim of this study was to characterize antioxidant activities of phenolic compounds that appear in olive pulp and olive oils using both radical scavenging and antioxidant activity tests. Antiradical and antioxidant activities of olive pulp and olive oil phenolic compounds were due mainly to the presence of a 3,4-dihydroxy moiety linked to an aromatic ring, and the effect depended on the polarity of the phenolic compound. Glucosides and more complex phenolics exhibited higher antioxidant activities toward oxidation of liposomes, whereas in bulk lipids aglycons were more potent antioxidants with the exception of oleuropein. Lignans acted as antioxidants only in liposomes, which could partly be due to their chelating activity, because liposome oxidation was initiated by cupric acetate. The antioxidant activity of virgin olive oil is principally due to the dialdehydic form of elenolic acid linked to hydroxytyrosol (3,4-DHPEA-EDA), a secoiridoid derivative (peak RT 36, structure unidentified), and luteolin.     

Design, synthesis, structure, and acaricidal/insecticidal activity of novel spirocyclic tetronic acid derivatives containing an oxalyl moiety

A series of novel spirocyclic tetronic acid derivatives containing an oxalyl moiety was designed and synthesized via the key intermediate 3-(2,4,6-trimethyl)-2-oxo-1-oxaspiro[4.4]-decyl-3-en-4-ol. The target compounds were identified by (1)H NMR and elemental analysis or high-resolution mass spectrum (HRMS). The results of bioassays indicated that most of the target compounds possessed excellent acaricidal activities against carmine spider mite larvae and eggs. Especially, diisopropylamino oxalyl compound 7g and piperidine oxalyl compound 7h were 1.4- and 2.3-fold as high as the activities of commercial Spiromesifen, respectively, against spider mite eggs. Moreover, most of the target compounds exhibited insecticidal activities against Lepidoptera pest. Interestingly, compounds containing alkylamino-substituted oxalyl moiety showed obvious selectivity between spider mite larvae and eggs because the activities against spider mite eggs of 7g and 7h were 25-fold those against spider mite larvae, whereas Spiromesifen had no significant differences in these activities. This meant that the introduction of an oxalyl moiety to spirocyclic tetronic acid might lead to novel biological activity characteristics.     

Antioxidant activity of steryl ferulate extracts from rye and wheat bran

Antioxidant activity of steryl ferulates from other sources than rice have not yet been studied much, despite the fact that rice steryl ferulates (gamma-oryzanol) have been shown to possess good antioxidant activity. In this study, steryl ferulate extracts from wheat or rye bran were studied for their capability to inhibit hydroperoxide formation in bulk methyl linoleate and methyl linoleate emulsion. Further, their activity to scavenge DPPH radicals was analyzed. The activities were compared to synthetic steryl ferulates, rice steryl ferulates, ferulic acid, and alpha-tocopherol. Nonrice cereal extracts of steryl ferulates exhibited good antioxidant activity, especially in the bulk lipid system. The radical scavenging activity was similar to that of nonesterified ferulic acid, indicating that the ferulic acid moiety is responsible for the antioxidant properties. This study illustrates a new aspect to the health-promoting properties of rye and wheat.     

设施蔬菜轮作和连作土壤酶活性的研究

采用盆栽试验,研究大棚蔬菜(津优1号黄瓜)在轮作(15、18和21年)和连作(2、7年)条件下,对土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、转化酶和多酚氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,轮作土壤的过氧化氢酶、脲酶和转化酶的活性显著地高于连作7年的土壤(P0.05);随着连作年限的增加,过氧化氢酶、脲酶和转化酶的活性显著地降低(P0.05),多酚氧化酶的活性显著升高(P0.05)。通过对产量的分析表明,连作2年、7年土壤的黄瓜产量分别为每3盆7.91和3.14.kg,两者差异显著;轮作15、18和21年土壤的黄瓜产量分别为6.65、6.85和7.16kg/3盆,差异不显著;连作2年土壤的黄瓜产量显著高于其它处理(P0.05),连作7年土壤的黄瓜产量显著低于其它处理,黄瓜产量与土壤酶活性的变化趋势基本一致。过氧化氢酶、脲酶、转化酶和多酚氧化酶可以作为设施蔬菜敏感的土壤酶学指标。     

减氮条件下生物炭对甜菜盐碱胁迫的缓解效应

  【目的】  通过模拟盐碱胁迫环境，在施用生物炭、减施氮肥的条件下，研究甜菜根际土壤微生物数量、甜菜氮代谢相关酶活性、块根产量和含糖率的变化，明确生物炭对盐碱胁迫的缓解作用，以及盐碱胁迫下施加生物炭后是否可减少氮肥的施用， 为今后盐碱地改良以及甜菜合理施肥提供理论依据和技术支撑。  【方法】  试验于2018年在黑龙江哈尔滨东北农业大学试验站进行。以甜菜品种KWS0143为试验材料，在土壤中添加盐碱处理以中性盐 (Na₂SO₄、NaCl) 和碱性盐 (Na₂CO₃、NaHCO₃) 模拟盐碱胁迫土壤 (Na+含量为3 g/kg)。采用桶栽试验，每桶装土10 kg，共设6个处理，以在盐碱胁迫土壤施N 180 kg/hm2为对照 (CK)，其余5个处理土壤中均加入生物炭30 g/kg, 施氮量依次为N180、162、144、126和108 kg/hm2。子叶完全展开后测定甜菜出苗率，3对真叶后每隔20天左右测定土壤微生物数量及叶片硝酸还原酶 (NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶 (GS)、谷氨酸合成酶 (GOGAT) 活性，收获后测定块根产量和含糖率并计算产糖量。  【结果】  盐碱胁迫下，施加生物炭显著提高了土壤真菌和细菌数量；BC+N180处理显著提升放线菌数量，在施BC基础上随着施氮量的降低，各时期土壤放线菌含量呈降低趋势。施加生物炭能够显著提高盐碱胁迫下甜菜出苗率，施氮量对出苗率的影响不大；施加生物炭后氮代谢相关酶活性显著提高，其中BC+N162和BC+N144各时期NR活性均高于CK，BC+N144除播种后第117天、第138天外，叶片GS活性均显著高于CK，BC+N144叶片GOGAT活性始终显著高于CK，BC+N126除播种后第53天和第138天外，GOGAT活性显著高于CK；施加生物炭后除BC+N108处理外, 各施加生物炭处理甜菜的块根产量、含糖率、产糖量均显著高于对照，减施氮肥10%～20%的甜菜产量与BC+N180相当，BC+N162的产糖量与BC+N180差异不显著，但显著高于其他处理；而BC+N126和BC+N108的产量与产糖量均显著低于BC+N180。  【结论】  施加生物炭可有效缓解盐碱胁迫对土壤微生物数量及甜菜氮代谢相关酶活性的影响，提高甜菜产量、含糖率、产糖量。在本试验条件下，施加土壤风干质量3%的生物炭，可节约氮肥施用量的10%～20%，提高甜菜的产糖量。     

不同氮素水平对甜菜硝酸还原酶和亚硝酸还原酶活性的影响

以当前甜菜（Beta Vulgaris L.）生产主栽品种KWS0143为试材,设立4个氮素水平（N 0、60、120、180 kg/hm2）,研究硝态氮肥对甜菜硝酸还原酶（nitrate reductase, NR）和亚硝酸还原酶（nitrite reductase, NiR）活性以及光合速率与叶绿素总含量的影响,探讨了氮素水平与NR及NiRA之间的关系。结果表明:在甜菜生育期间,光合速率呈单峰曲线变化,NR、NiR活性及叶绿素总含量基本呈双峰曲线变化,叶绿素变化曲线的高峰期早于NR活性,NR活性早于NiR活性。氮肥用量在N 120 kg/hm2时显著提高了甜菜光合速率、叶绿素总含量、NR活性和NiR活性。相比于N 120 kg/hm2,N 180 kg/hm2时光合速率及叶绿素总含量没有明显变化,NR与NiR活性则有一定的提高。本试验中,甜菜产量随氮水平的增加而提高;含糖率则相反,随氮水平的增加而降低,N 120 kg/hm2水平下产糖量最高。     

保水剂施用量对杨树苗土壤物理性状与微生物活性的影响

[目的]探讨保水剂不同施用量对杨树土壤物理性状与微生物活性的作用效果,为中国杨树人工林节水高产实践模式提供理论依据与技术参考。[方法]研究CK(常规灌量)、CL(60%常规灌量配施10g保水剂)、CM(60%常规灌量配施30g保水剂)和CH(60%常规灌量配施50g保水剂)4个处理对杨树苗土壤物理性状、水稳性团粒结构、微生物数量、微生物呼吸和代谢熵的影响。[结果]同CK相比,CM处理显著降低了土壤容重,并明显提高了非毛管孔隙度,其中土壤容重分别较CK,CL和CH处理显著下降13.71%,5.31%和7.76%;还明显促进了土壤大团聚体(0.25mm团粒)的形成。同时,CM处理明显增加了土壤微生物总量和微生物量碳、氮含量,并显著增强了土壤微生物呼吸作用,其微生物呼吸速率分别比CK,CL和CH处理提高30.77%,11.84%和7.59%。此外,CM处理还降低了代谢熵,分别较CK,CL和CH处理下降4.81%,8.29%和9.74%。[结论]适宜的节水灌溉措施(60%常规灌量与30g保水剂组合)有助于改善杨树苗土壤的物理环境,并增强微生物活性。     

Interaction of antioxidant biobased epicatechin conjugates with biomembrane models

(-)-Epicatechin conjugates with sulfur-containing moieties are strong free radical scavengers with cell-protecting activities, which may be in part modulated by their capacity to bind to biological membranes. We present here a study of the interaction of these conjugates with membrane models such as multilamellar vesicles and a phospholipid-coated silica column (immobilized artificial membrane), monitored by differential scanning calorimetry and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. The nonpolyphenolic moiety significantly influenced the membrane behavior of the whole molecules. Bulky and hydrophobic conjugates clearly interacted with the phospholipids and may have a tendency to penetrate into the hydrophobic core of the vesicles. In contrast, the smaller cationic 4beta-(2-aminoethylthio)epicatechin may be located at the outer interface of the lipid membrane. The outcomes from both experimental set-ups were in good agreement. The differences detected in the biological activities of the conjugates may be explained in part by their tendency to penetrate the cell membrane.     

氯苯、对硝基酚对土壤生物活性的影响

本文通过对土壤呼吸强度，各微生物生理群的数理以及土壤酶活性的测定，研究了氯苯，对硝基酚对土壤生物活性的影响。实验表明氯苯，对硝基酚对土壤活性的影响是复杂的。氯苯在２００ｍｇ／ｋｇ以下对土壤呼吸强度，细菌放线菌及真菌的数量都有一定的刺激作用；而对氨化细菌硝化细菌以及反硝化细菌则表现出抑制作用；     

生物质炭施用量对土壤性状和番茄产量品质的影响

本试验以南方地区设施黄棕壤为供试土壤,樱桃番茄为试验材料,通过测定土壤有机碳、速效养分、酶活性以及番茄的产量品质等指标,研究生物质炭施用量对菜田土壤性状及樱桃番茄产量与品质的影响,为在蔬菜栽培中合理使用生物质炭提供依据.试验设3个生物质炭施用量处理,分别为200(T1)、400(T2)、600 kg/667m2(T3),以不施用生物质炭处理为对照(CK).研究结果表明:施用生物质炭能提高土壤有机碳、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量.在番茄生长前期,以T1处理的土壤蔗糖酶活性最高,但3个处理的脲酶和中性磷酸酶活性与对照的差异不显著;到生长后期,T1处理的蔗糖酶活性依然保持最高,脲酶和中性磷酸酶活性也逐渐提高且高于对照及其他处理.生物质炭可提高番茄单株坐果率,降低单株僵果率,以T1处理的单株坐果率最高,T3处理的单株僵果率最低.3个生物质炭施用量均可提高番茄产量,折合单位面积产量分别为5157.99、4539.05和4610.31 kg/667m2,分别较对照增产20.44%、5.99%和7.65%,以T1处理产量最高.在本试验中,以生物质炭施用量为200 kg/667m2的增产效果最好.     

Thermal degradation of onion quercetin glucosides under roasting conditions

Flavonoids are an important constituent of the human diet. In recent years, they have gained much attention due to their physiological properties, leading to an enormous increase in research on cancer prevention and reduction of cardiovascular diseases. Unfortunately, there is limited information about the fate of flavonoid glycosides during thermal treatment such as cooking, frying, roasting, etc. Such processing techniques may have an impact on the flavonoid structure, resulting in changes of the bioavailability and activity of the flavonoids. In this study, the stability of selected model and onion quercetin glycosides under roasting conditions (180 degrees C) was determined. The influence of the kind and position of the sugar moiety was investigated. As onions contain large amounts of quercetin glycosides and are often subject to thermal processes in food production, their major glycosides were isolated using counter current chromatography and roasted. The thermal treatment led to a degradation of the quercetin glycosides. The main product is the aglycone quercetin, which remained stable during further roasting. During the roasting process of the quercetin diglucoside isolated from onion, the formation of a monoglycoside as an intermediate product was observed. This underlined that the stability of the glycosides is dependent on the kind and position of the sugar moiety.