Histopathological findings of the nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue of pigs co-infected with porcine circovirus 2 and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) causes porcine circovirus-associated disease, and co-infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) severely affects the pig breeding industry. Both viruses target the macrophages in lymphoid tissues. Various porcine pathogens enter via the nasal cavity, and the nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) acts as the mucosal immune system. However, the pathological analysis has not progressed. This study aimed to histologically examine the NALT of pigs with suspected PCV2 and PRRSV infections. Six pigs were subjected to necropsy, and their NALT, tonsils, and mesenteric lymph nodes were collected. Macrophages, lymphocytic depletion, multinucleated giant cells, intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, and neutrophil infiltration increased in the NALT. In situ hybridization revealed positive signals for PCV2 in the NALT of all pigs and PRRSV in the NALT of three pigs. PCV2-positive macrophages were mainly identified in the follicles, whereas PRRSV-positive tissues were found primarily around the crypt and directly below the epithelium. Quantitative PCR revealed 10⁸–10¹⁰ copies of PCV2 DNA/µL and 10²–10⁴ copies of PRRSV DNA/µL in the NALT. Therefore, both PCV2 and PRRSV were detected in the NALT of pigs. In conclusion, the infection and replication of both viruses in the NALT and tonsils may suppress host immunity and promote co-infection with other pathogens.     

猪生殖与呼吸综合征病毒和猪圆环病毒2型共感染对猪外周血天然免疫细胞含量的影响

将猪生殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）和猪圆环病毒2型（PCV2）单感染和共感染的6周龄仔猪，于感染前和感染后第3、7和10d，采用血常规法、SWC3a单色流式细胞术以及CD3／CD4／CD8三色流式细胞术分析了感染猪外周血中白细胞、粒细胞、单核细胞、NK细胞、弦T细胞的含量。结果，感染后第3d和第7d，PRRSV感染组、PCV2感染组以及PRRSV＋PCV2共感染组猪的白细胞、单核细胞、粒细胞、NK细胞、弦T细胞总数显著下降，并且共感染组比单感染组下降更加严重。结果表明，PRRSV＋PCV2共感染对仔猪外周血天然免疫细胞的影响具有协同效应，意味著在感染旱期可导致更加严重的先天免疫抑制。     

Experimental reproduction of porcine respiratory disease complex in pigs inoculated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and followed by inoculation with porcine circovirus type 2

The aim of this study was to reproduce severe pneumonic lesions, similar to those during naturally-occurring porcine respiratory disease complex, in pigs dually inoculated with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae at 6 weeks of age, followed by inoculation with porcine circovirus type 2 at two weeks after. Time and sequence of infection with three pathogens mirror Asian field conditions. Microscopically, interstitial pneumonia and peribronchiolar lymphoid hyperplasia are considered the most characteristic lung lesions in infected pigs. The results of the present study demonstrate that inoculation of pigs with these three pathogens can lead to severe interstitial pneumonia with peribronchial or peribronchiolar lymphoid hyperplasia and fibrosis.     

Prevalence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine circovirus type 2 in piglets after weaning on a commercial pig farm in Japan

To investigate the transition in concentration of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and antibody for these viruses in serum, serum samples were collected from 29 pigs on weaning day and at 7, 14, 21, 28, 53, 84, and 120 days after weaning. The concentration of circulated PRRSV and PCV2 in serum was measured by real-time RT-PCR and real-time PCR, respectively. The specific antibody for PRRSV and PCV2 was measured using ELISA. PRRSV was not detected on 0 days post-weaning (dpw). The specific antibody for PRRSV began to increase as the concentration of PRRSV in serum increased, and the level of PRRSV then tended to decrease. PCV2 was detected in 12 of 28 pigs on 0 dpw. The concentration of PCV2 and the specific antibody for PCV2 showed a similar tendency to those of PRRSV. The correlation analysis suggests that a decline in the daily weight gain coincided with an increase in the PRRSV concentration. Pigs with a higher antibody titer against PRRSV or PCV2 on 0 dpw showed the lower level of PRRSV or PCV2, respectively.     

猪圆环病毒和猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒混合感染对仔猪致病性的评估

本研究通过猪圆环病毒2型(Porcine circovirus type 2,PCV2)和猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV)强毒共感染3周龄健康仔猪来评价其致病性。试验动物随机分为3组,空白对照组(n=3头),PRRSV单独感染组(n=3头),PCV2和PRRSV共感染组(n=6头),从而比较相互之间的差异。通过临床症状、病理学变化、病原学和血清学检查,对二者混合感染仔猪的致病性进行了研究。结果表明PCV2和PRRSV共同感染能引起仔猪断奶后多系统消耗性综合征,表现为淋巴组织肿大、出血,肉芽肿性炎症,坏死性肝炎,仔猪消瘦、生长缓慢等特征性病变;混合感染能加重PRRSV对仔猪引起的间质性肺炎的严重程度。混合感染可以出现支气管肺炎和明显的肝病变,淋巴结多呈界限明显的块状出血等典型病变。     

Proinflammatory cytokine expression in the lung of pigs with porcine circovirus type 2-associated respiratory disease

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) causes a significant health problem for the swine industry worldwide. In this study, we investigated the cytokine expression profiles (IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-8, and IL-10) in the lungs of pigs with PCV2-associated respiratory disease. The mRNA expressions of IL-1α and IL-8 were significantly up-regulated in pigs with PCV2-associated respiratory disease, while IL-10 expression was not detected. These results suggest that the increased expressions of proinflammatory cytokines in the lungs may play an important role in the immunopathologic response in pigs with PCV2-associated respiratory disease.     

Pathogenicity of emerging Japanese type 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in experimentally infected pigs

To clarify the pathogenicity of Japanese type 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) isolate in experimentally infected pigs, we evaluated clinical signs and monitored viremia for 21 days post-inoculation (dpi). Lungs were mottled, tanned and reddish in appearance; had lesions predominantly in the cranial, middle and accessory lobes; and failed to collapse at 10 dpi. Although microscopic lesions of lungs were reproduced using the Japanese emerging type 1 PRRSV isolate under experimental conditions, no significant differences were noted between the challenge and control groups regarding mean rectal temperature and daily weight gain. These results provide useful insights into the limited pathogenicity of single infection with the Japanese type 1 PRRSV isolate in piglets, which differ from findings in reported field cases.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒相关猪microRNA的初步筛选

本试验旨在初步筛选出与猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)感染相关的猪microRNA(miRNA)。采用生物信息学方法预测可能与PRRSV 3′非编码区(3′utr)产生相互作用的猪miRNA,构建PRRSV 3′utr的双荧光素酶报告基因载体psi-CHECK-utr,同时合成预测到的miRNA(ssc-miR-323、ssc-miR-105-1)及其相应的抑制物,共转染猪脐静脉血管内皮细胞系(SUVEC),检测双荧光素酶活性。结果发现,ssc-miR-323与psiCHECK-utr共转染后,荧光比率略有升高,ssc-miR-105-1与psiCHECK-utr共转染后,荧光比率降低。初步判定ssc-miR-323对PRRSV 3′utr没有抑制作用,而ssc-miR-105-1对PRRSV3′utr有一定的抑制作用。     

猪瘟、猪圆环病毒病和猪繁殖与呼吸综合征寡核苷酸芯片诊断方法的建立与初步应用

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）、猪瘟病毒（CSFV）和猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型（PCV-2）是引发猪繁殖障碍的主要病原,建立其基因芯片快速检测体系,对开发猪繁殖障碍快速检测试剂盒具有重要意义。根据GenBank中已发表的PRRSV、CSFV和PCV-2的病毒基因组序列,设计合成特异性引物和特异性较强的60mer的寡核苷酸探针,并将探针按所设计阵列固定于表面经氨基化修饰的玻片上,制备出寡核苷酸芯片。通过引物标记及特异性验证,建立了带标记引物的多重PCR检测体系,从而产生大量可与寡核苷酸探针特异性互补的带标记的DNA片段。将标有荧光染料的扩增产物与芯片上寡核苷酸探针杂交,扫描、分析芯片上荧光信号。结果表明,芯片上各样本对应探针位点呈现阳性荧光信号,而阴性对照和空白对照则基本不能检测到荧光信号。分别用基因芯片检测方法和PCR/RT-PCR检测60份临床病料,两者符合率高达92%,表明该检测技术能够用于临床病料的检测及快速诊断PRRSV、CSFV和PCV-2。     

PRRSV与PCV2体外共感染对猪肺泡巨噬细胞免疫学功能的影响

制备猪肺泡巨噬细胞,分别接种PCV2、PRRSV、PCV2 PRRSV(先接种PCV2,12h后接种PRRSV)、PRRSV PCV2(先接种PRRSV,12h后接种PCV2)、PRRSV/PCV2(同时接种)和对照组。接种后不同时间观察细胞病变(CPE),并用real-time PCR和IFA方法检测PRRSV和PCV2滴度,INF-α、INF-γ、TNF-α、IL-8和IL-10的mRNA。结果为:①PRRSV能在PAM中增殖,有CPE;PCV2在PAM中感染率较低,无CPE。②PRRSV对PCV2增殖无明显影响。PCV2先于或同时与PRRSV感染对PRRSV的复制具有抑制作用,而PCV2后于PPRSV感染,可促进PRRSV增殖。③PCV2单独感染PAM后能促进INF-α、INF-γ、IL-8和IL-10的大量表达,对TNF-α的表达量影响不大。④PCV2与PRRSV混合感染,尤其是PCV2后于PRRSV感染后,TNF-α、IL-8和IL-10的表达量与单感染组相比明显增加,而INF-γ的表达量明显受到抑制。实验结果表明,PCV2感染时间对PRRSV的增殖影响不同,PRRSV感染后如果再感染PCV2,可以明显促进PRRSV病毒增殖;两种病毒共同刺激了TNF-α、IL-8和IL-10的大量表达,抑制了抗病毒因子INF-γ的表达,从而可能抑制体液免疫和细胞免疫,加重了病理学免疫应答。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒的分子生物学研究进展

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征是目前养猪业中一种严重的病毒性传染病,引起猪严重繁殖障碍和呼吸道疾病。该病的病原体属于动脉炎病毒属,是一种不分节段的单股正链RNA病毒,含有8 个开放阅读框(ORFs),ORF1 编码非结构蛋白,ORF2~ORF7 编码结构蛋白。其中ORF7 编码的核衣壳(N)蛋白和ORF6编码的非糖基化基质(M)蛋白为优势结构蛋白。猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒基因组存在广泛的遗传变异性,M蛋白和N蛋白在所有的毒株之间相对比较保守,可作为血清学诊断的靶抗原。文章就猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒在分子生物学方面的研究情况做作一综述。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒感染的诊断及其分子特点

采用流行病学调查、临床症状观察、病理学检查、病毒分离、分离毒株测序以及遗传演化分析的方法,对北京及其周边地区4个猪场剖检的4头猪进行分析。结果:流行病学和临床症状表现为急性高热性传染病;病理学观察为非化脓性脑炎和间质性肺炎等多器官严重的病理变化;RT-PCR和病毒分离确定该疫情的主要病原是猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)。与典型PRRSV感染不同的是:成年猪感染率达50%以上,病死率达80%以上;PRRSV分离株全基因序列分析表明属于PRRSV北美洲型,特别是PRRSV NSP2不连续缺失30个氨基酸,说明此次流行的PRRSV毒株可能为高致病性毒株。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒分子生物学研究进展

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）是严重危害养猪业的病原,论文概述了PRRSV的生物学特性和基因组的结构及编码的结构蛋白,综述了PRRSV新型疫苗、反向遗传技术和分子诊断的研究进展,为PRRS的预防和诊断提供科学依据。     

表达猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒CH-1a株核衣壳蛋白重组鸡痘病毒的构建

从含有猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）核衣壳蛋白（N）的质粒扩增出N基因，构建禽痘病毒转移载体。该载体含有禽痘病毒早晚期启动子LP2EP2控制之下的PRRSVN基因、P11启动下的报告基因lacZ以及用于同源重组的禽痘病毒基因组的片段。在转移载体转染亲本病毒S—FPV-017感染的鸡胚成纤维细胞（CEF）之后，采用蓝色表型筛选的方法，筛选到表达N基因的重组病毒，并对其进行了6轮蚀斑纯化。PCR方法鉴定证明重组病毒的基因组中含有完整PRRSVN基因，间接免疫荧光试验证明了PRRSVN蛋白在重组病毒感染的CEF细胞中获得表达，本研究为猪繁殖与呼吸综合征非复制型疫苗的研制打下了基础。     

抗猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒转基因细胞系的建立

采用脂质体法将具有抑制猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)复制的shRNA质粒pEGFP-N1-shRNA导入PK-15细胞中,经G418药物筛选后,分离扩增绿色荧光蛋白阳性细胞,获得抗PRRSV转基因PK细胞系。通过对转染方法和条件的优化,确立最佳的转染及筛选步骤;对得到的阳性转基因细胞进行冷冻-解冻,并作PCR检测。结果表明,G418最佳筛选浓度为600μg/mL,脂质体与质粒的最佳转染比例为7∶2,最佳转染时间为24 h。本研究成功建立抗PRRSV转基因细胞系,为进一步的功能验证及体细胞核移植奠定了基础。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒与猪圆环病毒2型共感染猪组织中猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒抗原的分布

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)和猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)同时感染猪50 d后,用免疫组化方法观察PRRSV抗原的分布.结果显示,单感染和共感染组在肺脏、脾脏、胸腺、扁桃体、颌下淋巴结、腹股沟淋巴结、肠系膜淋巴结、回肠和直肠中均可观察到PRRSV抗原阳性信号,且信号强度无显著差异;抗原信号的细胞分布范围也无差异,主要位于结缔组织的巨噬细胞、单核细胞、成纤维细胞、内皮细胞和淋巴细胞中.     

高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒感染仔猪外周血细胞的动态变化

目的是通过检测HP-PRRS仔猪外周血细胞数量,探讨HP-PRRSV致病机制。方法是以HuN4株感染60日龄长白仔猪,应用分子生物学技术、全自动血液分析仪,对感染PRRSV仔猪外周血病毒载量、血细胞数量进行检测。结果显示PRRSV感染仔猪外周血病毒载量超过103copies/mL,WBC显著下降(P<0.05),RBC、HGB、HCT表现出周期性减少和增多(P<0.05),PLT显著下降(P<0.05);相关性分析表明,PRRSV载量对数值与WBC、PLT呈现中度负相关(0.40相似文献