杏核裂核器的研制

本文研制的杏核裂核器为手工操作，其特点是操作简单，安全可靠，无任何污染，加工产品的成品率高、质量好。     

Factors influencing steel tool wear when milling wood

The wear of high speed steel cutting tools after milling wood of four selected wood species was studied. For the experiments wood specimens were chosen with very different silica contamination, wood density, and high temperature corrosivity (HTC) of wood towards tool material. Analyses performed show that the silica content and wood density display poor linear correlation with the cutting tools wear, while the correlation of the HTC appeared very good. The silica contamination and the HTC effects overshadow each other. Thus, a theoretical multivariable simulation of the cutting edge wearing process, employing all experimental variables, was applied, providing a very good explanation of the analyzed problem.     

基于ArcInfo技术的森林火灾指挥扑救决策方案

以ArcInfo为地理信息系统平台，利用逻森迈尔林火蔓延模型，在森林防火信息中实现了林火行为的预测、模拟、森林火灾指挥扑救决策方案的生成，有利于森林火灾指挥扑救人员进行森林火灾指挥扑救决策。     

X-ray tomography as a tool for detailed anatomical analysis

? Wood identification, anatomical examination and retrieval of quantitative information are important aspects of many research disciplines. Conventional light microscopy with a camera and (semi)-automatic image analysis software is an often used methodology for these purposes. More advanced techniques such as fluorescence, scanning electron, transmission electron, confocal laser scanning and atomic force microscopy are also part of the toolset answering to the need for detailed imaging.

? Fast, non-destructive visualization in three dimensions with high resolution combined with a broad field of view is sought-after, especially in combination with flexible software.

? A highly advanced supplement to the existing techniques, namely X-ray sub-micron tomography, meets these requirements. It enables the researcher to visualize the material with a voxel size approaching < 1 μm for small samples (< 1 mm). Furthermore, with tailor-made processing software quantitative data about the wood in two and three dimensions can be obtained. Examples of visualization and analysis of four wood species are given in this paper, focusing on the opportunities of tomography at micron and sub-micron resolution.

? X-ray computed tomography offers many possibilities for material research in general and wood science in specific, as a qualitative as well as a quantitative technique.

     

Word绘图工具在林业规划设计文件中的应用技巧

论述林业规划设计文件中插图的作用,并介绍利用Word绘图工具制图方法和技巧,以便灵活使用绘图工具制作与文本相适应的图形,得到图文并茂的规划设计文件。     

SCAR markers: A potential tool for authentication of herbal drugs

Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) is easy to develop and simple molecular marker, but lack of reproducibility makes it less reliable for authentication of herbal drugs. Besides RAPD, other popular PCR and non-PCR based markers like AFLP, ISSR, SSR and RFLP are also used for authentication. However, these also have disadvantages like use of radioactive isotopes, high cost and absolute requirement of sequence information. Therefore, it is a better option to improve the reproducibility of RAPD by converting RAPD amplicons into Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR) markers. SCAR markers are easy, reliable and reproducible thus, have an advantage over RAPD markers for authentication of medicinal herbs used in the preparation of traditional medicines. These markers however, have been developed for only a few medicinal herbs. This review is an attempt to evaluate critically the role of SCAR markers in authentication of medicinal herbs used in traditional formulations.     

Permutation procedures as a statistical tool in wood related applications

Summary Two variations of a class of permutation tests termed Multi-Response Permutation Procedures (MRPP1 and MRPP2) and the classical two-sample, two-sided t test were used to evaluate 72 data sets from tests on wood joints made with elastomeric construction adhesives. In all cases, the probability levels obtained from MRPP2 and the two-sample t test were nearly identical. This result stems from the fact that the test statistics of these two tests are theoretically equal. However, the underlying distributions of these two statistics are different. In several of the 72 comparisons, conflicting inferences about population differences were reached using MRPP1 and MRPP2. The results indicated that when the two data sets closely approximated a normal distribution and equal variances occurred, the MRPP2 (the permutation version of the t test) was the more optimal test. When validly-obtained extreme points were present, then the assumption of normality was not reasonable and MRPP1 was superior.The authors wish to express their thanks to the Colorado State Agricultural Experiment Station for their financial support of this study     

一种确定林业发展项目的有效工具(英文)

在云南省绿春县的有些村庄,由砍柴造成的森林破坏是造成环境退化的主要原因。在黑河流域的上游,不断加剧的水土流失和河床抬升对下游上百万的人们构成威胁。尽管人们对森林破坏和土地的可持续利用、社区可持续发展之间的关系不是不了解,但当生存压力存在的时候就会忽略由此造成的对未来的影响。对于村民来说,他们已经意识到了他们的生存状况,并讨论解决的有效途径,而不是单纯等待外界的援助和干预。问题的关键是如何将这些变化和影响以一种直观和形象的方式向村民解释,并且让包括文盲在内的所有人都能理解。从这方面考虑,图形的东西比文字和数字分析更有优势。本文采用MIGIS(移动交互式地理信息系统的英文缩写,它包括两部分的内容,即PLA-参与式学习和行动和GIS-地理信息系统)在云南省绿春县哈尼族村寨来协助进行村民自发的造林规划。图6表1参16。     

Wear and blunting of the tool corner in cutting a wood-based material

Summary A study was made of relationships between wear (loss of metal) and blunting (reduced performance) of the corner of a steel cutting tool turning a work-piece of hard fibreboard. Rake angle, clearance angle and surface preparation (grinding, polishing) were varied and measurements made were the three cutting force components and various wear parameters. It was confirmed that retraction of the edge from its initial position is not a satisfactory index of blunting and that the shape parameter corresponding to compression of the cut surface (negative clearance) was most influential. Also, for the particular tool and work-piece materials used and in the practical range of bluntness, the ratio of negative clearance to the width of the back wear land, as measured parallel to the cutting plane, was roughly constant. It is evident that development of a hard, very thin layer on the back face would minimize negative clearance and extend sharpening life. In the practical range for cutting wood and wood-based materials, clearance angle had a relatively small effect on the rate at which negative clearance and cutting forces increased, and rake angle had negligible effects. It is concluded that these angles should not be increased without taking into account factors other than blunting. Polishing considerably decreased blunting rate, especially of the tool corner, which is especially important in sawing. The expense of polishing may be justified in some exacting operations.     

Agroforestry price supports as a conservation tool: Mexican shade coffee

Economic policies that boost profits from agroforesty, thereby creating financial incentives for land managers to favor these systems over less environmentally friendly land uses, could, in theory, have ancillary environmental benefits. This paper analyses primary and secondary data to determine whether a voluntary price support program for Mexican coffee—mostly grown in shaded systems that supply important ecosystem services—has had such “win-win” benefits by stemming land-use change in the coffee sector. We find that although the program attracted the types of growers associated with land-use change, it attracted only a relatively small number of them, did not target growing areas hardest hit by conversion to other land uses, and provided subsidies that were probably too small to affect land-use decisions. These results raise serious questions about the ability of an agroforestry price support program with a modest price floor to have a significant conservation impact.     

RFLP analysis as a tool for identification of lignicolous basidiomycetes: European polypores

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms were generated for 52 species of lignicolous European polypores belonging to 31 different genera. An enzymatically amplified portion of the nuclear-encoded ribosomal DNA was found to be about 1800–1900 bp long for most taxa. After digestion with Hpa II, 44 distinct phenotypes were detected for the species under study; application of the additional restriction endonucleases, Hin 6 I and Hinf I, resulted in 48 species-specific and two genera-specific phenotypes. The procedure described should allow for a reliable identification of unknown mycelia of lignicolous fungi.     

Laser vibrometry as a diagnostic tool for detecting wood-boring beetle larvae

Journal of Pest Science - Wood-boring insect pests, such as the invasive Asian longhorned beetle (ALB, Anoplophora glabripennis), are difficult to detect because larvae mine inside deciduous trees,...     

A computerized database as decision support tool for the selection of agroforestry tree species

Whether in agroforestry in temperate or tropical zones, choosing the right species is one of the most crucial stages of experiments and for reforestation, erosion control or land-improvement projects.Over the last decade, ICRAF has developed a tool to help researchers, extension workers, foresters and others in the decision process. The Multipurpose Tree & Shrub Database (MPTS) contains information about more than 1,000 species. Most of these species are grown in the tropical and subtropical zones, but many of them have a potential for temperate areas as well.MPTS contains first-hand, site-specific information about multipurpose tree species. This information makes it possible for the user to compare his or her site conditions with the site conditions described in the database, and allows him/her to draw conclusions about the possible species performance. MPTS also contains secondary information from publications.Candidate species are searched by entering keywords from a list of 19 correlated criteria, such as soil information, expected services or wood and non-wood products. Detailed information about the selected candidates (e.g. morphology, management, environmental responses) is provided.Beyond this, MPTS is a quick reference tool for the multiple use of tree and shrub species. In future it will include a comprehensive guide to germplasm information. Current activities include the implementation of an interactive use-interface and links to related databases.     

MIGIS-一种确定林业发展项目的有效工具

Deforestation caused bythe felling of trees for firewood is a major cause of environmental degradation in some villages in Luchun Counth,Yunnan Province.This is of particular concem in the headwaters ofmajor rivers such as the Black River where increased runoff,erosion,and sediment yield impact on the millions of persons living downstream.While the links between forest clearance,the ability ofthe land to sustain production,and the sustainability of communities are understood,the pressures of having to survive today often outweigh consideration of the consequences for tomorrow.The real challenge for these communities is that they recognise their situation and negotiate a practical solution rather than walt the intervention and support.It is essential therefore that the changes which have taken place are documented and their future impact illustrated.This information must then be portrayed in a manner that makes it accessible and comprehensible to all,even to those who are illiterate.For this reason the use of graphics offers considerable merit over textual and numerical analyses.This paper explores the use of MIGIS (an acronym for community based planning which integrates the techniques of PLA and GIS) to facilitate a negotiated,bottorn-up approach to afforestation with the Hani farmers of Luchun County,Yunnan in southwest China.     

Testing an ecologically based classification tool on fruit-based agroforestry in northern Thailand

Ecologists are increasingly using multivariate analytical approaches to reveal relationships between communities. These methods have promise in other fields as well. The use of multivariate methods to delineate relationships and classify an agroforestry system was tested among fruit-based agroforestry gardens in northern Thailand. Data on crop species composition, species abundance, perennial-crop age groups, and other physical and ecological factors from 82 gardens in three villages in a Highland watershed in northern Thailand were used in this study. Using Hierarchical Cluster Analysis the gardens were divided into clusters, each representing a different garden type (or fruit-based agroforestry subsystem). Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) analysis was used to assist in the interpretation of classification groupings and analysis gradients. The NMS analysis shows overall crop diversity, herbaceous food crops, size and market potential of the fruit planting as important classifying factors. However, this analysis did not produce as clear distinctions as hoped among gardens in a continuum of gradually changing and overlapping characteristics.