茂名林洲顶自然保护区森林群落多样性与聚类分析

利用样方调查法,在粤西茂名林洲顶自然保护区内设置32个20 m×20 m的样方,建立以样方——种类(株树)组成的二维矩阵数据库,计测其生物多样性,并采用等级聚类对样方数据进行分析。植物物种多样性研究表明:天然次生林的物种多样性比人工林高;等级聚类将本地区森林群落分为3个生态群组:大多数天然次生林归为一组,人工林归为一组,山顶矮林归为一组。并就森林群落类型、生物多样性特点以及自然保护区建设等方面进行了讨论。     

珍优乡土阔叶树种大径材人工林的培育技术

在我国南亚热带地区培育珍优阔叶树种大径材人工林,可以兼顾珍贵用材生产和生物多样性保护、生态效益最大化追求、森林生态系统稳定性维持,实现森林可持续经营。本文总结了经营珍优乡土阔叶树种大径材人工林的关键技术环节并以红椎为例,对经营珍优乡土阔叶树种的经济效益进行了概算,并提出了珍优阔叶树种大径材培育的未来优先研究方向。     

森林植物群落多样性与虫害自然控制力的研究进展

讨论了森林植物群落多样性与森林虫害自然控制力间的关系,阐明了森林虫害自然控制力有随森林植物群落多样性的升高而增强的趋势.并认为森林虫害自然控制力的本质是森林植物群落多样性的生态系统功能.初步提出了通过合理地提高森林植物群落多样性来提高森林虫害自然控制力的主张及提高森林虫害自然控制力的几种具体途径,即合理的乔木物种混交;引进和保留乡土的草本、灌木物种;提高生态系统水平的生物多样性;避免营造大面积的人工纯林.     

生物多样性保护下的森林培育模式

<正>基于生物多样性保护的森林培育模式是一种注重维护和促进生物多样性的森林管理方法,旨在通过合理规划和实施森林培育措施,保护和增加森林中的生物多样性,进而朝着可持续发展目标不断迈进。基于生物多样性保护的森林培育模式的现实意义与基本原则现实意义基于生物多样性保护的森林培育模式具有重要的现实意义。一是维护生态平衡。森林是地球上最重要的生态系统之一,维持着全球生态平衡。通过注重保护和增加生物多样性,可以确保森林中各个物种的相互依存关系和生态功能得以维持,从而促进自然界的稳定。二是保护濒危物种。许多濒危物种依赖特定的栖息地和环境条件才能存活。     

世界生物多样性面临危机及其保护的重要性

生物多样性问题已被联合国确认为全球4大环境问题之一,受到国际社会的高度重视。文章介绍了世界物种概况,生物多样性概念和内涵,物种多样性保护的重点与野生物种的价值;指出了全球生物物种所面临的危机,阐述了森林锐减与物种消失的关系以及保护生物多样性的重要性。     

龙岩市福建柏天然林与人工林群落特征及物种多样性研究

通过对龙岩市福建柏〔Fokienia hodginsii(Dunn)Henry et Thomas〕天然林与人工林的种群分布格局、群落结构特征和物种多样性调查研究,结果表明:(1)福建柏种群在龙岩市域内7个县(市、区)分布广泛,现存天然林县域分布71.4%,且毛竹林群落类型占99.2%。综合计算,40a人工林平均胸径19.9cm,比天然林大3.6cm,人工林平均树高14.1m,比天然林高2.4 m,差异显著。(2)天然林群落的物种丰富度(82种)高于人工林群落(26种)。(3)天然福建柏大径级居多,后续资源贫乏;人工林径级与株数呈正态分布。(4)福建柏林分各层次的物种多样性指数均高于人工林,但各层次的Pielou均匀度指数均低于人工林。因此,必须建立龙岩市福建柏种质资源保护体系,并采取福建柏与乡土树种等多树种混交方式造林,以增加群落的物种多样性,使群落层次更加丰富,森林群落结构保持稳定。     

论森林生物多样性保护

本文叙述了对生物多样性的理论认识，在林物种多样性的作用，提出了森林生物多样性保护的７条措施，将对森林生物多样性保护及改善生态环境起积极作用。     

辽东半岛山区近自然经营红松人工林物种组成与群落特征

探究短期和中长期近自然经营下红松人工林群落的物种组成、区系成分与生物多样性等群落特征，为辽东半岛山区红松人工林恢复及生物多样性保护提供参考。以近自然经营12 a和45 a红松人工林为研究对象，利用群落样地调查法记录样地物种信息，分析群落特征与物种多样性。研究表明：1)12 a群落中，共有高等植物29种，隶属于19科23属；45 a群落中，共有高等植物54科96属142种；2)随着红松生长发育，群落物种分布类型增加、物种数增加、分布范围扩大，物种分布类型中，物种数量分布情况为北温带分布>世界分布>东亚和北美洲间断分布，温带成分最多，世界成分次之，热带成分最少；3)红松群落从12 a经营到45 a仍然保持纯林状态，但群落物种多样性显著增强，正向演替趋势明显。红松人工林近自然经营周期很长，正向演替明显，短期经营群落生物多样性较低，直到经营中期生物多样性才显著增强，生态位和密度制约理论能很好解释红松人工林生态演替，对辽东半岛红松人工林恢复具有很好的指导作用。     

燕山山地华北落叶松人工林生物多样性研究

生物多样性与生境因子、林分自身因子、经营措施之间的动态变化规律研究,是开展森林经营的重要基础。通过典型样地调查,运用ForStat2．0统计方法,对燕山山地木兰林管局华北落叶松人工林生物多样性与生境因子、林分因子、经营措施之间相关系数,以及生物多样性各指数随林龄、郁闭度的变化趋势进行系统分析。研究表明：海拔、坡度、坡向、坡位、林龄、密度、郁闭度、混交比是影响该地区物种多样性的重要因子。生物多样性指数随林龄、郁闭度的变化趋势基本符合偏正态分布。据此认为森林经营管理过程中,通过及时调整林分密度,将有利于生物多样性保护,从而提高森林生态系统稳定性。     

徐州石质山地人工林物种多样性及群落稳定性

以徐州石质山地上发育的人工侧柏林和刺槐林为研究对象,在群落学调查的基础上,分析了人工林的物种多样性和群落稳定性,探讨了人工植被的动态特征和变化规律.结果表明:现有人工林的物种组成和结构发育存在较大差异,结构复杂的群落物种多样性高,刺槐林的群落总体多样性大于侧柏林;人工林优势种群的自我更新较弱,现有人工林均处于不稳定状态;现阶段人工林的变化主要反映在灌木和草本层;复杂的群落结构、丰富的物种多样性有利于群落的稳定,故可通过抚育间伐、补植和引入乡土树种等促进人工林的稳定发展.     

人工林生物多样性研究的现状及展望

叙述了人工林生物多样性的研究现状,分析了影响人工林生物多样性的因素,并提出了人工林生物多样性的评价标准、提高途径及未来的研究方向.     

Rationale and methods for conserving biodiversity in plantation forests

Industrial forest managers and conservation biologists agree on at least two things: (1) plantation forests can play a role in conserving biodiversity, and (2) plantations will occupy an increasing proportion of future landscapes. I review literature from around the world on the relationship between biodiversity and plantation management, structure, and yield. The dynamics of plantation ecology and management necessarily differ by landscape, geographic area, ecosystem type, etc. This review provides a broad array of management recommendations, most of which apply to most regions, and many patterns are evident. I suggest a new plantation forest paradigm based on the hypothesis that minor improvements in design and management can better conserve biodiversity, often with little or no reduction in fiber production. There is ample evidence that these methods do benefit biodiversity, and can also entail various economic benefits. Adherence to these recommendations should vary by plantation type, and depending on the proportion of the surrounding landscape or region that is or will be planted. Stand-level variables to consider include socio-economic factors, native community type and structure, crop species composition, and pest dynamics. During establishment, managers should consider innovations in snag and reserve tree management (e.g. leave strips), where mature native trees and/or understory vegetation are left unharvested or allowed to regenerate. Polycultures should be favored over monocultures by planting multiple crop species and/or leaving some native trees unharvested. Native species should generally be favored over exotics. Site-preparation should favor methods that reflect natural disturbances and conserve coarse woody debris. Plantations that have already been established by traditional design can also conserve biodiversity via small modifications to operations. Earlier thinning schedules or longer rotations can strongly affect biodiversity, as can reserve trees left after plantation harvest to remain through a second rotation.     

A synthesis on the impact of non-native conifer plantations on ant and beetle diversity in north-western Patagonia

Softwood forestry with non-native tree species is increasing worldwide and especially in many developing countries of the Southern Hemisphere. Tree plantations are beneficial in environmental and socioeconomic aspects, but at the same time there are recognised costs associated with afforestation. Our aim was to revise the existing information on the impact of exotic conifer plantations in north-western Patagonia on insect biodiversity. A total of five studies were selected and, in these, not every insect group responded in a similar manner to the habitat replacement. There was a tendency towards a reduction in abundance and species richness of several insects inside pine plantations. This change in abundance and richness was especially evident for ant assemblages and when pine plantations were dense. Beetle assemblages, in turn, showed diverse responses to the replacement of native vegetation with forests depending on the native habitat matrix. Our findings confirm that practices that reduce tree density (via thinning or during plantation) should be recommended to minimise their impact on insect biodiversity in north-western Patagonia. The consistent behaviour of ant assemblages, coupled with their abundance, ease to sample and unambiguous taxonomy make them reliable candidates for long-term monitoring of the impact conifer forestation in north-western Patagonia, as well as probably in other regions of the world in which non-native pines replace natural environments.     

Potential use of pine plantations to restore native forests in a highly fragmented river basin

? In forests, the substitution of broadleaf species by conifers can reduce biodiversity because coniferous forests generally provide less diverse vascular understories than broadleaf forests. However, in some cases, former pine plantations might be useful for restoring native forests. We compared plant species composition on the plot scale in natural beech and mixed oak forests with that in plantations of Pinus radiata. Links between plant diversity and landscape parameters (patch size, fractal dimension and distance to the nearest patch of the same type) were investigated.

? The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of pine plantations for restoring native diversity in a zone where native forests are very fragmented.

? Similar to oak forests, plant diversity in pine plantations was high, mainly due to the presence of generalist species. Some species characteristic of oak forests also appeared in pine plantations, suggesting the onset of natural forest regeneration.

? These results suggest that pine plantations could be used to promote natural regeneration of original oak forests. Moreover, residual native stands should be conserved as important sources of native species and their seeds.

     

德宏州西南桦人工林的生物多样性分析

生物多样性的保持是人工林发展过程中一个倍受关注的焦点问题,本研究选择德宏州的西南桦人工林作为研究对象,在样地调查的基础上,统计分析西南桦人工林的生物多样性状况。结果表明,调查的10块典型样地中,植物种类44－124种。西南桦人工林的群落结构包括单层纯林、单优多层多种林、混交林和林农作物间作等不同类别,并在人工林内记录到部分国家级和省级保护植物种类。通过与德宏州铜壁关自然保护区的天然西南桦林和同处云南热区的西双版纳普文试验林场西南桦人工林相对比,表明德宏州营建的西南桦人工林显现出较好的生物多样性恢复能力。     

Nature vs. nurture: managing relationships between forests,agroforestry and wild biodiversity

Many agroforestry systems are found in places that otherwise would be appropriate for natural forests, and often have replaced them. Humans have had a profound influence on forests virtually everywhere they both are found. Thus ‘natural’ defined as ‘without human influence’ is a hypothetical construct, though one that has assumed mythological value among many conservationists. Biodiversity is a forest value that does not carry a market price. It is the foundation, however, upon which productive systems depend. The relationship between agroforestry and the wild biodiversity contained in more natural forests is a complicated one, depending on the composition of the agroforestry system itself and the way it is managed. Complex forest gardens are more supportive of biodiversity than monocrop systems, shade coffee more than sun coffee, and systems using native plants tend to be more biologically diverse. Nonnative plants, especially potentially invasive alien species, threaten biodiversity and need to be avoided. The relationship between forests, agroforestry and wild biodiversity can be made most productive through applying adaptive management approaches that incorporate ongoing research and monitoring in order to feed information back into the management system. Maintaining diversity in approaches to management of agroforestry systems will provide humanity with the widest range of options for adapting to changing conditions. Clear government policy frameworks are needed that support alliances among the many interest groups involved in forest biodiversity.

     

Tropical reptiles in pine forests: Assemblage responses to plantations and plantation management by burning

Worldwide, the land area devoted to timber plantations is expanding rapidly, especially in the tropics, where reptile diversity is high. The impacts of plantation forestry and its management on native species are poorly known, but are important, because plantation management goals often include protecting biodiversity. We examined the impact of pine (Pinus caribaea) plantations, and their management by fire, on the abundance and richness of reptiles, a significant proportion of the native biodiversity in tropical northern Australia, by (i) comparing abundance and diversity of reptiles among pine plantations (on land cleared specifically for plantation establishment), and two adjacent native forest types, eucalypt and Melaleuca woodlands, and (ii) comparing reptile abundance and richness in pine forest burnt one year prior to the study to remove understorey vegetation with pine forest burnt two years prior to the study. We also examined the influence of fire on reptile assemblages in native vegetation, by comparing eucalypt woodland burnt two years prior to the study and unburnt for eight years. To quantify mechanisms driving differences in reptile richness and abundance among forest types and management regimes, we measured forest structure, the temperatures used by reptiles (operative temperature) and solar radiation, at replicate sites in all forest types and management regimes. Compared to native forests, pine forests had taller trees, lower shrub cover in the understorey, more and deeper exotic litter (other than pine), and were cooler and shadier. Reptile assemblages in pine forests were as rich as those in native forests, but pine assemblages were composed mainly of species that typically use closed-canopy rainforest and prefer cooler, shadier habitats. Burning did not appear to influence the assemblage structure of reptiles in native forest, but burning under pine was associated with increased skink abundance and species richness. Burned pine was not warmer or sunnier than unburned pine, a common driver of reptile abundance, so the shift in lizard use after burning may have been driven by structural differences in understorey vegetation, especially amounts of non-native litter, which were reduced by burning. Thus, burning for management under pine increased the abundance and richness of lizard assemblages using pine. Pine plantations do not support the snake diversity common to sclerophyllous native forests, but pine may have the potential to complement rainforest lizard diversity if appropriately managed.     

Abundance and use of cavity trees at the tree- and stand-levels in natural and plantation forests in Hokkaido, Japan

The conservation of cavity trees in plantations is important for maintaining biodiversity because cavity trees are one of the forest attributes most strongly affected by forestry operations. We surveyed the occurrence of cavities at the tree-level and the abundance of cavity trees and the number of uses by secondary cavity users at the stand-level in natural and conifer plantation forests in Hokkaido, Japan. We classified cavities into two types by their formation processes: excavated and non-excavated. Excavated cavities were more common in dead trees than in live trees. Non-excavated cavities showed high occurrence in dead and live broad-leaved trees. The abundance of non-excavated cavity trees was two times greater than that of excavated cavity trees in natural forests, but, in plantations, excavated cavity trees were dominant. The abundance of non-excavated cavity trees was lower in thinned plantations than in not-thinned plantations. The number of cavity uses increased with the number of cavity trees, indicating the importance of maintaining cavity trees. Conifer plantations are established by removing native broad-leaved trees, which results in a lower abundance of non-excavated cavity trees in these locations. The conservation of broad-leaved trees is important for maintaining the current and future resource of non-excavated cavity trees in plantation forests, as is the conservation of dead trees, which showed a high occurrence of excavated cavities.     

The response of small mammals to natural and human-altered edges associated with Afromontane forests of South Africa

An increase in edge area reduces the effective size of habitat fragments and thus the area available for habitat-interior specialists. However, it is unclear how edge effects compare at different ecotones in the same system. We investigated the response of a small mammal community associated with Afromontane forests to edge effects at three different habitat transitions: natural forest to grassland (natural edge, structurally different vegetation types), natural forest to mature plantation (human-altered edge, structurally similar vegetation types) and natural forest to harvested plantation (human-altered edge, structurally different vegetation types). We predicted that edge effects should be less severe at natural ecotones and at similarly structured contiguous vegetation types than human-altered ecotones and differently structured contiguous vegetation types, respectively. We found that forest species seemed to avoid all habitat edges in our study area. Surprisingly, natural edges supported a less diverse small mammal community than human-altered forest edges. However, edge effects were observed deeper into native forests surrounded by mature alien plantations (and more so at harvested plantations) than into native forests surrounded by native grasslands. The net effect of mature plantations was therefore to reduce the functional size of the natural forest by creating a larger edge. We suggest that when plantations are established a buffer zone of natural vegetation be left between natural forests and newly established plantations to mitigate the negative effects of plantation forestry.     

Community structure and biodiversity in plantations and natural forests of seabuckthorn in southern Ningxia, China

Two types of sampling plots of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) communities were investigated in Pengyang County of Ningxia region by a typical sampling method to study the characteristics of community structure and biodiversity. Composition and dominant species of each community were analyzed by the importance value of species as an index. The number of individuals and the importance value, as well as Sorensen’s similarity coefficient, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Pielou’s evenness index and Simpson’s dominance index, were used as indices to compare characteristics of community structure, similarity and biodiversity between plantations and natural forests of seabuckthorn. The results indicate that the importance values of species of natural seabuckthorn communities were dispersed and the difference between dominant species was not statistically significant. Diversity indices of natural seabuckthorn communities reflected by species richness and evenness were higher than that of plantations. Com-munity structure of natural seabuckthorn forests is more complex. We propose that natural forest can be used as sample to guide se-lection of plant species in silviculture in order to improve biodiversity of plantation.