牛大面积皮肤移植试验

兽医临床上,家畜皮肤的大面积磨损创、真菌等引起的皮肤损伤，蜂窝织炎引发的大面积皮肤坏死，重度的皮肤烧伤等十分常见。本实验选用健康黄牛1头，双侧臂部皮肤人工造创，颈部取皮进行自体薄层皮片嵌植。结果表明，在植皮后的20-30d植皮创面即可愈合，皮片成活率达到97.6%，但受皮区皮肤被毛生长较少，皮片厚度有待进一步研究。     

牛试验性大面积皮肤缺损创的皮肤移植术

1家畜皮肤移植的现状 在兽医临床上,家畜皮肤常因大面积撕裂、蜂窝组织炎引发的大面积皮肤坏死、重度的皮肤烧伤、烫伤等引起皮肤大面积缺损,皮肤缺损处常因肉芽组织赘生而长期不愈合,或形成大的瘢痕而失去皮肤应有的功能并引发运动障碍.因此,皮肤移植在修复家畜大面积皮肤缺损创中具有重要意义.     

动物皮肤移植手术方法

皮肤是动物体最大的器官,也是免疫系统的组成部分,皮肤的完整性如果遭到破坏或缺损,将影响畜体的正常生存。动物自体皮肤嵌植移植手术简单易行,且皮块成活率高,可大大缩短皮肤大面积缺损创的愈合时间,加速皮肤大面积缺损创的生长,对修复动物大面积皮肤缺损创具有重要意义。     

三种不同厚度的移植皮块对牛大面积皮肤缺损的愈合实验研究

为了探讨不同厚度的移植皮块对大面积皮肤缺损的愈合效果,人为在试验牛左臀部制造一10cm×15cm全层皮肤缺损创,造创后用涂有2%强力霉素药膏的无菌纱布覆盖创面,隔天换药一次。4～5d后创面出现肉芽组织,9d时肉芽组织覆盖整个创面,并与周围皮肤缘平齐。造创后10d开始植皮。用自制的取皮工具从颈部取不同厚度的皮块,取皮面积约为受皮区面积的1/10。将取下的皮肤修剪成4mm×4mm×3mm的梯形小皮块,采用嵌植法分别在创面上、中、下三区分别移植全层、断层、薄层皮块各30块。植皮后4d移植皮块成活,28d时创面愈合。综合评价结果断层皮块对大面积皮肤缺损的愈合效果最佳。     

一例猫严重皮肤缺损创的皮肤移植治疗

1只8岁公猫,右侧胸壁有大面积皮肤缺损,为了对其进行治疗,试验采用嵌植法进行皮肤移植。结果表明:植皮后第3天,皮块与肉芽组织间已产生较为密切的联系;第10天,肉芽面分泌物减少,移植皮片与肉芽面长为一体;第32天,新生表皮覆盖整个创面,整个创面被毛迅速生长。说明嵌植是治疗猫皮肤严重缺损创的有效方法。     

牛自体皮肤移植试验研究

为探讨自体皮片的嵌植效果 ,在实验牛臀部人为制造 1 1 .2 cm× 1 5cm、1 1 cm× 1 5cm两个全层皮肤缺损创 ,造创后用涂有蒽诺沙星药膏的无菌纱布覆盖创面 ,每隔 1天换 1次药。5～ 6d后创面出现肉芽组织 ,1 2 d时肉芽组织覆盖整个创面 ,并与周围皮肤缘相平 ,肉芽平整 ,有光泽。造创后 1 3 d开始植皮。用自制的取皮工具自颈部取皮 ,取皮面积约等于受皮区面积的1 / 1 0。将取下的皮肤修剪成大约有 5mm2的小皮块用于植皮 ,采用嵌植法将皮块移植于创面。左右创面分别为 90、78块。结果 :植皮 2 4d后 ,原来皮肤凹陷已经长平 ,新生表皮覆盖整个创面 ,色素区扩大盖满了整个创面 ,创面呈黄色 ,在色素较多的地方有毛生长。结论 :自体小皮块嵌植法简单易行 ,皮块成活率高 ,可大大缩短皮肤大面积缺损创的愈合时间。     

創伤性敗血症診疗报告(第二报)

在創伤性敗血症診疗过程中,鑑于二号病例左前肢在創伤切除术后,上皮形成不良,不能完全被复于創面,結果瘢痕組織形成过大。为促进創伤早期愈合以及减少瘢痕形成起見,在一号病例左前肢及二号病例右前肢試行了皮肤移植术,并进行了詳細观察。在植皮的方法、植皮的作用、皮块的生长与成活率以及对比观察等方面、积累了一些資料,取得了一些粗浅的体会。茲将皮肤移植术应用于大形創仿的方法与效果观察报导于下。一、方法1.植皮的时机:必須在創伤生物学过程第二期即肉芽形成期,把皮肤小块移植于健康而柔嫩的肉芽組織面上。     

狼犬后肢截肢手术

动物在意外情况下导致肢体皮肤大面积损伤、感染坏死,创伤已不可能修复时,必须予以截肢手术治疗,笔者在参与小动物临床诊疗中曾处理一例截肢手术,现报道如下。1临床症状     

13例犬四肢皮肤撕脱伤的治疗

<正>犬四肢皮肤撕脱伤在宠物临床工作中比较常见,其发病原因多数是被汽车、拖拉机、摩托车等运输工具冲撞所致。若治疗方法不当,往往造成四肢不同程度的功能障碍,严重病例可能会截肢或淘汰。近几年来,我们在临床上治疗13例,采用全厚皮片植皮修复手术,获得较好的疗效,报告如下。     

家兔自体皮肤移植技术试验

为探讨自体皮片的嵌植效果, 在试验家兔臀部人为制造两个3cm×4 5cm全层皮肤缺损创。造创后用涂有市售烧伤药膏的无菌纱布覆盖创面, 每隔1d换1次药。5~6d后创面出现肉芽组织, 13d时肉芽组织覆盖整个创面, 并与周围皮肤缘相平, 肉芽平整, 有光泽。造创后14d开始植皮。用手术刀自同体臀部中央取薄层皮片, 取皮面积约等于受皮区面积的1 /10。将取下的皮肤修剪成大约边为4mm的等腰三角形的小皮片用于植皮, 采用嵌植法将皮块移植于创面。左右创面分别为9、14块。结果: 植皮24d后, 原来皮肤凹陷已经长平, 新生表皮覆盖整个创面,色素区扩大盖满了整个创面, 创面呈黄色, 在色素较多的地方有毛生长。试验结果证明了自体薄层小皮片嵌植法简单易行, 皮片成活率高, 可大大缩短皮肤缺损创的愈合时间。     

Tissue Engineering in Wound Repair: The three “R”s—Repair,Replace, Regenerate

Horses are predisposed to traumatic wounds that can be labor intensive and expensive to manage. Skin has a considerable potential for efficient and functional repair however, while cutaneous repair is a regenerative process in the fetus, this capability declines in late gestation as inflammation and scarring alter the outcome of healing. The historical gold standard for replacement of lost skin is the autologous skin graft. However, the horse's lack of redundant donor skin limits the practicality of full‐thickness grafting to smaller wounds; moreover, graft failure is relatively common in equine patients as a result of infection, inflammation, fluid accumulation beneath the graft, and motion. Tissue engineering has emerged as an interdisciplinary field with the aim to regenerate new biological material for replacing diseased or damaged tissues or organs. In the case of skin, the ultimate goal is to rapidly create a construct that effects the complete regeneration of functional skin, including all its layers and appendages. Moreover, an operational vascular and nervous network, with scar‐free integration within the surrounding host tissue, is desirable. For this to be achieved, not only is an appropriate source of cells required, but also a scaffold designed from natural or synthetic polymers. The newly created tissue might finally meet the numerous needs and expectations of practitioners and surgeons managing a catastrophic wound in a horse     

Coronal rhytidectomy in conjunction with deep plane walking sutures, modified Hotz-Celsus and lateral canthoplasty procedure in a dog with excessive brow droop

This case report describes a unique technique of rhytidectomy in a Bloodhound to repair excessive brow folding and droop complicating underlying entropion. This case posed specific challenges due to the loose fascial plane connective tissue. A large circular area of coronal skin was excised, followed by placement of deep plane walking fixation sutures for cosmetic realignment and to alleviate brow droop. In addition, a modified Hotz-Celsus procedure and lateral canthoplasty were performed to address the primary entropion. The coronal rhytidectomy was considered a successful approach to repair excessive brow droop in this Bloodhound.     

Surgical correction of ear curling caused by scar tissue formation in a horse

An 18-month-old Belgian Warmblood mare was evaluated because it had injured the outer convex aspect of the left auricle. Second intention healing of the wound area caused tissue contracture, which resulted in the tip of the ear curling backward. By use of a technique involving undermining of the skin and a flap of granulation tissue on the medial aspect of the wound area and multiple incisions of the auricular cartilage, the curling was relieved and the ear regained a more normal shape. A skin graft was applied to cover the existing wound defect in an attempt to accelerate wound healing; thermoplastic material was contoured to fit the inner concave surface of the ear for immobilization and fixation of the ear in its final shape after surgery. Thirty days after surgery, the graft had healed completely and the ear had a normal conformation. The successful outcome of this treatment suggests that correction of an ear deformity secondary to scar tissue formation by use of an adapted surgical technique and appropriate materials can be achieved with good cosmetic results in horses.     

Stem cell therapy in veterinary dermatology

Background –  Adult stem cells come from many sources and have the capacity to differentiate into many cell types, including those of the skin. The most commonly studied stem cells are those termed mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are easily isolated from bone marrow and adipose tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells are known to produce a wide array of cytokines that modulate the regeneration process. The ease of collection, propagation and use of these MSCs in therapy of traumatic, ischaemic and immune‐mediated skin conditions is emerging. Approach and evidence –  In traumatic and ischaemic skin damage, MSCs are used in tissue‐engineered skin and by direct injection into damaged tissue. For immune‐mediated diseases, systemic administration of stem cells can modulate the immune system. The earliest clinical work has been with autologous stem cell sources, such as adipose tissue and bone marrow. In immune‐mediated diseases, the MSCs are used to downregulate production of inflammatory cytokines and to block T‐cell activation. Cells are generally given intravenously. Multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and lupus have been successfully treated in human clinical trials. Mesenchymal stem cells can also stimulate resident local cells, such as keratinocytes and progenitor cells, to proliferate, migrate and repair skin injury and disease. Looking ahead –  The discovery of the MSC in adipose tissue has spawned a global effort to utilize these cells in therapy of a wide range of diseases of the skin. Reconstructive surgery, scar blocking and resolution and skin regeneration have all been shown to be possible in human and animal studies.     

A novel mouse wound model for scar tissue formation in abdominal muscle wall

Hypertrophic scars found on the human body rarely develop in experimental animals, possibly due to their looser skin structure. This makes it difficult to understand the genesis of scar lesions. Therefore, appropriate animal models are urgently needed. In this study, we established a novel experimental model of a scar-forming wound by resecting a small portion of the abdominal muscle wall on the lower center of the abdomen in C57BL/6N mice, which are exposed to contractive forces by the surrounding muscle tissue. As a low-tension control, a back skin excision model was used with a splint fixed onto the excised skin edge, and granulation tissue formed on the muscle fascia supported by the back skeleton. One week after the resection, initial healing reactions, such as fibroblast proliferation, occurred in both models. However, after 21 days, lesions with collagen-rich granulation tissues, which were also accompanied by multiple nodular/spherical-like structures, developed only in the abdominal wall model. These lesions were analogous to scar lesions in humans. Therefore, the animal model developed in this study is unique in that fibrous scar tissues form under physiological conditions without using any artificial factors and is valuable for studying the pathogenesis and preclinical treatment of scar lesions.     

Osseous lesion of the calcaneus following the use of shock wave therapy in a horse

An 8-year-old Dutch warmblood gelding was presented with a mechanical lameness (2/10) because of the presence of a soft tissue injury on the top of the right tuber calcanei. Plain radiographs of the tarsus demonstrated the presence of soft tissue swelling caudal to the right tuber calcanei, without osseous involvement, and ultrasonography revealed excessive scar tissue within and around the superficial digital flexor tendon. Extra-corporeal shock wave therapy was applied on the right hock to decrease the amount of scar tissue. One month after the therapy the lameness was greater (3/10) and a marginal increase in the size of the swelling was found. Periosteal new bone formation associated with an ill-defined radiolucent area and two bony fragments were detected radiographically at the caudo-proximal aspect of the right tuber calcanei. A blister containing oil of croton, camphor, pine and thyme, turpentine and cantharides was applied on the right calcaneus. Twenty days after blister application, the size of the swelling had been reduced by 50% and the degree of lameness had also been decreased (1/10). On clinical re-evaluation 6 months after treatment, the degree of lameness was stable (1/10) and flexion test of the limb was negative.     

Use of a bioabsorbable implant for the repair of severed digital flexor tendons in four horses

A new bioabsorbable implant composed of poly-L-lactic acid was used to repair the severed digital flexor tendons of four horses. The limbs were immobilised with distal casts which were changed after six to eight weeks and removed after 12 to 16 weeks. The horses were followed clinically and ultrasonographically for from seven to 19 months after the surgery. The ultrasonographic examination after the cast had been removed showed that the implants had been well incorporated into scar tissue. Two of the horses were mildly lame at the trot seven months after the surgery, but had returned to work after 12 months. The other two horses are still lame. No complications were observed with the implant.     

Effects of repeated biopsying on muscle tissue in horses

The collection of muscle samples in horses to estimate their performance potential, adaptations to training and diagnosis of exertional myopathies is of increasing interest. This study was designed to examine whether repeated biopsying of the gluteus medius muscle at 7 week intervals alters morphology and muscle fibre variables in the sampling area. The gluteus had been biopsied 3 times previously, each biopsy separated by a 7 week interval. Seven weeks after the last biopsy, this study was initiated. Percutaneous needle biopsies were taken from left and right muscles at 2 depths (2 and 6 cm) and at 2 sites for each depth (22 and 25 cm from the tuber coxae) of 7 mature Thoroughbreds. The 22 cm site was located close (2 cm caudal) to an area of the muscle that had been biopsied previously. The 25 cm site was 5 cm apart from this area. A total of 52 samples were available for histology, electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. The latter was used to study percentages, sizes and capillaries of muscle fibre types. Most muscle samples collected (75%) had normal morphology, but the remaining 25% showed signs of muscle repair. In some circumstances, they showed regenerative signs of complete muscle repair, while in others ineffective muscle repair (scar formation) was evident. Nevertheless, sufficient normal tissue was always available for measuring routine muscle variables. Samples collected 3 cm laterally apart showed large differences with regard to muscle fibre type variables examined. These results show that repeated muscle samples in intervals of 7 weeks do not have effects that would impair evaluation of muscle fibre variables for diagnosis of effectivity of conditioning programmes. Furthermore, they emphasise that the only way of keeping variations through sample collection technique small is to standardise all biopsying techniques accurately.     

Temporal localization of immunoreactive transforming growth factor beta1 in normal equine skin and in full-thickness dermal wounds

OBJECTIVE: To describe the localization of immunoreactive transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 in both normal skin and full-thickness dermal wounds of the limb and the thorax of the horse. STUDY DESIGN: Six full-thickness excisional wounds were created on the lateral aspect of one metacarpal region and on the midthoracic area of each horse. Sequentially collected tissue specimens from wound margins were assessed for TGF-beta1 expression by immunohistochemistry. ANIMALS: Four horses (2 to 4 years of age). METHODS: A neutralizing monoclonal anti-human TGF-beta1 antibody was used to detect the spatial expression of TGF-beta1 protein by immunohistochemical localization in biopsies obtained before wounding and at 12 and 24 hours, and 5, 10, and 14 days. RESULTS: No differences in localization of immunoreactive TGF-beta1 were detected between limb and thorax, for either intact skin or wounds. Unwounded epidermis stained moderately for TGF-beta1 protein throughout all layers, whereas the dermis was relatively devoid of immunoreactivity. During the acute stage of repair, migrating epithelium lost its stain, whereas cells of epidermal appendages remained strongly immunoreactive. The epithelium recovered its TGF-beta1 immunoreactivity during wound remodeling, although cells of the stratum corneum remained negative. Macrophages of the inflammatory exudate had positive cytoplasmic staining that diminished with time. Immunoreactivity of granulation tissue fibroblasts was evident early on and increased throughout the repair process. CONCLUSIONS: TGF-beta1 is constitutively expressed in normal, unwounded equine epithelium. Its expression is upregulated within the skin on injury and is associated with the cells involved in wound repair. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A more precise understanding of the temporal and spatial expression of TGF-beta1 during wound repair in horses should provide the groundwork for possible future manipulations of both normal and aberrant tissue repair.     

The effect of intralesional injection of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells and bone marrow supernatant on collagen fibril size in a surgical model of equine superficial digital flexor tendonitis

Reasons for performing study: Collagen fibril size is decreased in repair tissue following tendon injury compared to normal tendon matrix in horses. Mesenchymal stem cells have been suggested to promote regeneration of tendon matrix rather than fibrotic repair following injury, although this concept remains unproven. Objectives: To explore the hypothesis that implantation of autologous mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow into a surgically created central core defect in the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) of horses would induce the formation of a matrix with greater ultrastructural similarities to tendon matrix than the fibrotic scar tissue formed in control defects. Methods: Tissue was collected 16 weeks after induction of injury and 12 weeks after treatment from normal and injured regions of control and treated limbs of 6 horses and examined using transmission electron microscopy. Collagen fibril diameters were measured manually with image analysis software and surface areas calculated. Three parameters assessed for normal and injured tissue were mass average diameter (MAD), collagen fibril index (CFI) and the area dependent diameter (ADD). Results: Normal regions from both treated and control limbs displayed higher MAD and CFI values, as well as a characteristic bimodal distribution in fibril size. Injured regions from both treated and control limbs displayed significantly lower MAD and CFI values, as well as a unimodal distribution in fibril size. There were no significant differences between treated and control limbs for any of the parameters assessed. Conclusions: Intralesional injection of autologous bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells had no measurable effect on the fibril diameter of collagen in healing tissue in the SDFT of this experimental model 16 weeks after injury. Potential relevance: Favouring matrix regeneration over fibrotic repair may not be the mechanism by which autologous mesenchymal stem cells assist healing of tendon injury.