黄土高原降雨雨滴动能的分布律

降雨强度、雨滴速度、雨滴动能等参量与土壤侵蚀关系密切。根据BestA．C．提出的雨滴直径分布函数，从理论上导出了符合黄土高原实际情况的雨滴动能分布密度和分布函数，它们都符合不同参数的韦伯分布。不同雨型、雨强条件下的雨滴速度和降雨总动能的理论计算值与前人的实测值吻合较好，表明韦伯分布的确可用于描述雨滴动能分布，其参数确定也是恰当的。因此可直接由降雨强度和雨型决定的雨滴动能分布经积分得出降雨总动能，而无须通过经验回归模型(通常存在地域差异)求取降雨总动能。     

黄土高原南部人工林林冠对降雨特征的影响分析

林冠降雨特征是森林水文作用的重要机制,同时也是植被在水土保持作用中的重要内容。以黄土高原南部常见乔木刺槐、元宝枫、桉树为研究对象,以滤纸色斑法为基本实验原理,观测了该地区天然降雨15场,分别取得3种乔木冠下雨滴谱200份。通过对比分析林冠内外降雨特征,得到以下结论:林冠降雨特征与林外降雨特征有显著区别;林下雨滴分布呈现近似的正态分布,大雨滴数量较林外明显增多;林冠下雨滴中数直径（D₅₀）受降雨强度的影响很小,且在降雨强度小于0.1 mm/min时,林冠下D₅₀大于林冠外,当雨强大于0.1 mm/min,林外D₅₀有大于林内的趋势;降雨动能与雨滴中数直径有着相似的变化趋势。     

滇中高原常绿阔叶林对天然降雨雨滴动能的影响

为探究滇中高原优势群落常绿阔叶林植被对降雨雨滴动能的影响,于2016年和2017年5—9月,在天然降雨条件下运用自计雨量计和滤纸色斑法,通过定位监测磨盘山常绿阔叶林林外降雨和林内穿透雨特征及其雨滴特性,针对不同降雨条件研究了常绿阔叶林对雨滴动能等特征的影响。结果表明:林外的雨滴个数比林内降雨的雨滴个数多61.7%;随着雨量的增大,雨滴直径分布规律也呈逐渐增大的趋势;在小雨条件下,0.5mm林外降雨雨滴直径数量占总雨滴数的40.85%,而同径级雨滴林内仅占总数的12.22%,且以0.5~3.5mm的雨滴数量所占比例较大;当林外降雨雨滴直径超过4.5mm,雨滴终点速度稳定在9.34m/s;林内降雨雨滴直径超过4.1mm,雨滴终点速度稳定在7.05m/s;同一雨滴径级下,暴雨条件下的雨滴动能比小雨时的动能大98.29%,且随降雨量的增大而增大,林内累积雨滴动能的峰值达到林外降雨的20.68%。随着雨滴直径的增大,穿透雨势能、降雨总势能及林冠截留势能均呈逐渐增大的趋势,缓冲势能比穿透雨势能大46.59%,占总势能的65.18%。林冠层对小雨具有截持和增大林内降雨雨滴直径的作用,且造成林内降雨的滞后性,林冠对天然降雨的降雨速度、势能及动能起到明显的缓冲作用。     

泾河南小河沟流域自然降雨特性

采用德国HSC-OTT Persivel32激光雨滴谱探测仪监测南小河沟流域自然降雨的雨滴谱,分析不同雨型自然降雨雨滴特征及其分布规律,并分析了降雨特性各要素间的相互关系。结果表明:(1)该区自然降雨雨滴直径集中在0.3~1.5mm,与黄土高原利用传统的滤纸色斑法测定结果基本一致,但略小于东北和闽南地区。当雨强I10mm/h时,雨滴中数直径随雨强的增大而增大;当I≥10mm/h时,雨滴中数直径骤然下降,这在一定程度上和雨强增大后大雨滴破裂有关。该地区雨谱随雨强的变化可用Best分布拟合。(2)普通型降雨雨滴数量随直径的分布曲线较平缓,其动能与雨强呈线性相关;而短阵型降雨的雨滴数量随直径的分布曲线较陡峭,其动能与雨强呈幂函数关系。两种雨型的降雨动能均随雨强的增大而增大,但短阵型降雨动能增大的更快,因此短阵型降雨的侵蚀力更大。     

卧龙地区针叶林及亚高山灌丛对降雨的雨滴谱及能量的影响

在运用色斑法研究岷江冷杉及川滇高山栎灌丛林下的雨滴滴谱及降雨动能的基础上,探讨了上述两个生态系统林冠雨谱特征及降雨动能削减特征,比较了3种雨滴终速计算方法的适用性。结果表明:两种生态系统树冠层对降雨动能的改变作用有一定差异,灌丛林下的降雨动能一般小于林外降雨动能,而且雨强增大时灌从对动能的削减作用更加明显一些;但针叶林下的降雨动能却显著高于林外降雨动能,雨强增大时林下的降雨动能比有下降的趋势。在计算雨滴终速时,比较好的计算方法为Beard经验公式法,沙玉清公式(及修正的牛顿公式)法。     

基于雨滴谱的人工降雨系统效能评估

采用德国HSC-OTT Persivel32激光雨滴谱探测仪,结合中国科学院水循环与陆表过程重点实验室的人工降雨系统,从均匀性、雨强、雨滴谱、雨滴终点速度和动能5方面评估人工降雨系统模拟降雨的特征及其与自然降雨的相似性。结果表明:(1)该降雨系统模拟降雨均匀系数为0.83,降雨均匀性较好;当模拟雨强I≤1.0mm/min时降雨可靠性较高,模拟雨强I1.0mm/min时,受降雨系统喷头孔径等因素影响,实际雨强小于设计值,可靠性较低;短历时模拟降雨开始的第1min和结束的最后1min实际雨强远小于设计雨强,数据不可靠;建议开展短历时模拟降雨试验时恰当延长降雨时间,选取其中较可靠的数据以减少试验结果误差。(2)该模拟降雨雨滴直径在0.1~1.9mm之间,平均直径0.9mm,比自然降雨的雨滴直径0.1~6.5mm要小;该模拟降雨的雨谱分布符合自然降雨Best函数分布。(3)直径在0.3~0.7mm范围内的雨滴其终点速度与自然降雨拟合较好,当雨滴直径0.3mm和0.7mm时,雨滴终点速度可靠性较低。(4)该系统模拟降雨的雨滴动能可靠性不高,当雨滴直径≥0.6mm时,该雨滴动能小于自然降雨;当雨滴速度2.0m/s时雨滴动能大于自然降雨。建议通过选择合适的喷嘴内径尺寸和数量组合提高雨滴直径可靠性,从而实现雨强和降雨动能与自然降雨的一致。     

密云山区林冠层对天然降雨能量影响的初步研究

通过定点长期激光雨滴谱(LNM)观测,对北京密云山区油松林内外降雨动力学特征进行了对比研究。结果表明,林外天然雨滴平均直径和雨滴中数直径都有随降雨强度的增加而增加的趋势;林外的雨滴直径较林内分布范围小,林外雨滴直径与累积雨量之间的关系曲线较林内平滑;小雨强(≤0.55 mm/h)气候条件下,林内降雨动能显著高于林外降雨动能,可初步认为在小雨强时林冠层对降雨能量有增大作用。     

基于激光雨滴谱仪的降雨特征研究

激光雨滴谱仪的应用对于更清楚地认识自然降水的发展演变过程具有重要意义.利用激光雨滴谱仪记录不同模拟降雨条件下的降雨特征,分析雨滴谱,计算雨滴动能,并与自动气象站的测量降雨装置进行对比分析发现,激光雨滴谱仪测量值相对于自动雨量计测量值整体偏低,但两者观测到的每分钟降水量变化趋势基本一致.雨滴谱分析结果显示,雨滴平均直径与总动能、雨强相关性甚微,与雨滴数量呈负相关;雨强与降雨总动能、直径0.25～ 6.00 mm雨滴动能在0.01水平(双侧)上显著相关;直径0.25～6.00 mm雨滴动能对总动能贡献最大,占总动能的99％以上;5 min总动能与5 min雨强之间关系密切.     

闽西地区天然降雨雨滴特性的研究

本通过对闽西地区34份雨滴滴谱资料的分析，指出闽西地区降雨强度（I）与动能（E），雨滴大小组成（F），雨滴中数直径（D50）密切相关，F＝1－exp(-d/2.921I0.25)3.831^-0.07，雨滴动能E＝29．11I^0.24雨滴中数直径D50＝2．63I^0.25，雨型对雨滴特性各参数有影响。     

小流域径流调控模型降雨特性模拟研究

基于小流域模型降雨试验研究中存在的不足,在模型模拟试验的基础上,将计算机矢量化软件和色斑法相结合,分析了模型人工降雨雨强率定、雨滴取样、雨滴大小组成分布、降雨能量等降雨特性参数,得出不同喷头组合、不同水头压力条件下模型雨强在0.114~1.33 mm/min之间各场降雨雨滴中数直径为1.122 7~2.139 4 mm,模型降雨总动能为188.74~3 980.03 J/mm。     

Effects of wind-driven rainfall on stemflow generation between codominant tree species with differing crown characteristics

Meteorological influences on the variability of stemflow generation can affect the hydrology, ecology and soil chemistry of wooded ecosystems, yet the effects of directional wind-driven rainfall on differential stemflow production remain relatively un-researched. This study examines the correspondence of directional wind-driven inclined rainfall with stemflow generation in individual tree crowns utilizing multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and intrastorm observations at 5 min monitoring intervals. In general, preferential stemflow generation at Fair Hill was observed during episodes of inclined rainfall driven by wind from the east to north-northeast (33.76-101.25°). This was supported by MCAs which produced significant correspondences between stemflow production and periods of inclined wind-driven rainfall for nearly all monitored storm events. Intrastorm plots of stemflow production from dominant and subcanopy trees of each codominant species (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. (American beech) and Liriodendron tulipifera L. (yellow poplar)) also verified this correspondence. Interspecific canopy characteristics of L. tulipifera and F. grandifolia affected crown position, canopy structural characteristics, and, thus, the canopy's response to inclined precipitation. The greater vertical canopy depth observed for F. grandifolia trees enabled them to more efficiently capture inclined rainfall for enhanced stemflow production; whereas, the greater horizontal surface area of L. tulipifera canopies enhanced their droplet capture efficiency and subsequent stemflow generation for periods of un-inclined rainfall. As inclined wind-driven rainfall occurred within a majority of rain events at this site, preferential stemflow production may be a significant process to consider when examining the spatial distribution of canopy-derived water fluxes to the forest floor of wooded catchments under similar meteorological conditions.     

Evaluation of rainfall kinetic energy and erosivity in northern Taiwan using kriging with climate characteristics

A localized rainfall kinetic energy (E) equation and an erosivity map were developed, and the suitability of the universal soil loss equation (USLE) for assessing the soil erosion of a non‐US region was investigated. After accurately measuring and gathering data regarding raindrop size using disdrometers in four northern Taiwan locations, this study investigated the drop size distribution under different conditions by categorizing the rainfall patterns to develop regression equations for estimating the unit volume‐specific kinetic energy (KE_mm) and the unit time‐specific kinetic energy (KE_time) of northern Taiwan. Climate zoning, which is not considered in currently used designs, was then implemented along with two‐stage cluster analysis to construct a rainfall erosivity (R) distribution map using the kriging model. The binary polynomial regression function of KE_time, which had the highest correlation (R² = 0.98), was suggested to estimate E in northern Taiwan. It was found that the pattern and intensity (I) of rainfall will slightly affect E. The climatic influence on the root mean square of the semivariogram was significant, which suggests that climate zoning can help estimate the rainfall erosivity (R). The outcomes were extended to estimate R in areas without rainfall stations.     

不同自然降雨等级下不同郁闭度马尾松林的水土流失特征

为揭示南方红壤侵蚀区不同郁闭度马尾松林水土流失的规律,以长汀红壤侵蚀区不同郁闭度(0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8)马尾松林为研究对象,采用标准径流小区观测的方法,利用在2015年观测的37场自然降雨事件构成一个降雨梯度,分析不同郁闭度马尾松林水土流失随降雨等级的变化规律,以及产流产沙量与降雨因子之间的相关性。结果表明:(1)不同郁闭度马尾松林产流产沙量均随降雨等级的增加呈逐渐增大的趋势,且暴雨下增加更为明显;(2)在中雨、大雨和暴雨3种降雨等级下,郁闭度0.2和0.8马尾松林产流产沙量均高于郁闭度0.4和0.6,且郁闭度0.4和0.6马尾松林产流产沙量随降雨等级增加变化较小;(3)在自然降雨梯度下,不同郁闭度马尾松林产流产沙与降雨量和降雨侵蚀力显著相关(P<0.05);(4)逐步回归分析发现,不同郁闭度马尾松林产流回归方程的主要变量是降雨量和最大30 min雨强,而产沙回归方程的主要变量是降雨量和降雨侵蚀力。综上,马尾松林郁闭度过高或过低不利于水土保持,长汀红壤侵蚀区郁闭度0.6马尾松林防治水土流失效果最佳。     

Spatial variability of throughfall under a single tree: Experimental study of rainfall amount, raindrops, and kinetic energy

To evaluate the spatial variability of throughfall amount, raindrops, and erosivity under a single canopy during calm meteorological conditions, indoor experiments were conducted using a 9.8-m-tall transplanted Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) and a large-scale rainfall simulator. Drop size distribution, drop velocity, and kinetic energy of throughfall varied spatially under a single canopy as did throughfall amount and rain rate. Compared with throughfall rain rate, the variability was similar in drop size distribution, lower in drop velocity, and higher in kinetic energy. The results suggest that the spatial distribution of throughfall amount was dominated by the canopy shape and position of branches inside the canopy, and thus the spatial distribution was correlated with the radial distance from the trunk. Throughfall amount and rate were lower at the midway point between the trunk and the canopy edge. Throughfall drop size indices (drop size distribution, drop velocity, and unit kinetic energy) varied spatially while did not differ significantly. On the other hand, time-specific throughfall kinetic energy was correlated with the radial distance from the trunk. The dependence the throughfall kinetic energy on the radial distance from the trunk was dominated by the spatial distribution of throughfall amount. The trend in the spatial distribution of throughfall revealed in this study will aid in modelling canopy water processes and in predicting soil erosion on the bare forest floor.     

冀北山地阔叶林对降雨再分配的影响

[目的]探讨冀北山地阔叶林林冠层的穿透降雨、冠层截留和树干径流对降雨再分配的影响,为该地区的森林建设、森林结构调整提供依据。[方法]利用SPSS专业统计分析软件对林地降雨的数据进行相关性分析和回归分析。[结果]林分的穿透雨占的比例是最大(占到总比例的70.22%),林冠截留其次(为28.20%),而树干径流占得比例最小(为1.58%);穿透雨量与林外降雨量有比较好的线性关系(R^2=0.997 9),林分在降雨比较小的时候是不会有穿透雨的,当林外降雨量达到0.78mm时开始出现穿透雨。林冠截留在降雨的再分配过程中占有很重要的作用,林冠截留量与林外降雨量有明显的幂函数关系,达到了极显著水平(p<0.01)。树干径流量与林外降雨量呈现正相关的关系(R^2=0.9703),阔叶树林在降雨达到4.88mm时才会出现树干径流,但是树干径流具有一定的时滞性,而时滞性的大小和林木本身及雨量的强弱都有很大的关系,当叶面积指数较小,并且枝干夹角成45%,林木表面光滑则形成比较容易。[结论]林冠层对降雨的再分配过程有重要影响,冀北山地阔叶林林冠层的水文效应与森林健康发展具有一定的关系。     

沿坝地区天然次生林对降雨再分配的影响

为了探究天然次生林对降雨再分配的过程,通过对沿坝地区的北沟林场内天然次生林进行穿透降雨、冠层截留和树干径流3个方面进行监测,结果表明:（1）穿透雨量和林冠截留占林外降雨量的比例比较大,树干径流量的比例则非常小,分别为59.46%,37.33%,3.21%。（2）穿透雨量和林外降雨呈现线性关系（R²=0.980 4）,林冠截留量与林外降雨量也具有明显的幂函数关系（R²=0.823 4）,树干径流与林外降雨量具有明显的线性相关关系（R²=0.909 8）,并且都达到了极显著水平（p < 0.01）。（3）根据穿透雨与林外降雨的方程y=0.8034x-1.7939,当林外降雨量高于2.23 mm时会产生穿透雨;依据林外降雨与树干径流的方程y=0.0552x-0.1981,当林外降雨高于3.58 mm时会产生树干径流;林冠在降雨再分配过程中起到了很重要的作用,形成了二次降雨。     

Erosion Potential under Miconia calvescens Stands on the Island of Hawai‘i

This study provides evidence that Miconia calvescens has the potential to accelerate surface erosion in stands where it invades by (i) reducing under‐canopy light levels, thereby reducing the establishment of ground cover vegetation, and (ii) producing highly erosive throughfall drops on large leaves in a single‐layer canopy. The throughfall energy in a stand of invasive miconia on the Island of Hawai‘i (USA), assessed by measuring the drop size and drop velocity distributions with a laser disdrometer, was significantly higher than that in a stand of native ‘ōhi‘a (Metrosideros polymorpha) and ambient rainfall. Median throughfall drop size for miconia (3·83 mm) was twice that of ambient rainfall (1·62 mm). Highly erosive throughfall resulted from large drops forming on large miconia leaves and relatively high fall velocities associated with the single‐story miconia canopy. In contrast, multi‐storied natural ‘ōhi‘a had a larger median drop size; however, a lower fall height reduced throughfall effective kinetic energy. Furthermore, the effective kinetic energy for miconia was high because large drops (> 3·8 mm) with high kinetic energy accounted for 60 per cent of the total energy (versus 30–40 per cent for other vegetation types). Consequently, unit kinetic energy of throughfall was 28 J m⁻² mm⁻¹ under miconia, compared with <24 J m⁻² mm⁻¹ for rainfall and <20 J m⁻² mm⁻¹ under ‘ōhi‘a . These data, combined with the observation of limited protective ground cover under miconia, show the potential for accelerated erosion occurring on forest floors in stands of invasive miconia. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

鄂东南花岗岩红壤不同土层侵蚀过程

为了探讨不同降雨动能条件下花岗岩红壤各层次(淋溶层、淀积层、母质层)在坡面侵蚀过程中的产流产沙特征,研究采用室内人工模拟降雨试验方法,对其水动力学参数变化特征及其与土壤侵蚀速率之间的定量关系进行了研究。结果表明:(1)降雨动能对各层次土壤坡面的产沙产流特征影响显著。随着降雨动能增加,各层次土壤初始产流时间不断递减,且径流含沙量和总产沙量均不断增大;(2)各层次土壤之间的侵蚀规律差异显著。初始产流时间、径流含沙量及总产沙量均表现出显著差异; 通过回归分析,发现土壤侵蚀速率与降雨动能之间有良好的线性关系;(3)水流功率和单位水流功率与土壤侵蚀速率均呈显著的相关性,且能够用幂函数准确地描述它们之间的关系,引入土壤黏粒含量可使得模型更加可靠,在实际应用中有更广的应用范围和现实价值。综上,降雨动能和土壤质地对花岗岩红壤坡面侵蚀的形成和发展过程具有显著影响。