白蛾黑基啮小蜂寄生对杨小舟蛾蛹血细胞包囊反应的影响及其毒液对蛹的毒性研究

测定了白蛾黑基啮小蜂(Tetrastichus nigricoxae)的寄生对寄主杨小舟蛾(Micromelalopha troglodyta)蛹血细胞包囊反应的影响及其毒液对蛹的毒性。结果表明,杨小舟蛾蛹血细胞具有很强的包囊异物能力,而在白蛾黑基啮小蜂毒液的作用下这种能力会丧失,因而白蛾黑基啮小蜂的卵能在寄主蛹中顺利完成世代发育,而不被包囊。Sephadex A-25珠被注入蛹内24 h后的被包囊率高达94.00%。白蛾黑基啮小蜂寄生早期(寄生0~2 h后)不影响寄主蛹的血细胞免疫反应,寄生后期(寄生24,48 h后)杨小舟蛾蛹的血细胞免疫反应受到较大影响。γ射线辐射处理的白蛾黑基啮小蜂寄生蛹包囊能力的变化与正常白蛾黑基啮小蜂寄生蛹相似,随着寄生后时间延长而下降。白蛾黑基啮小蜂毒液对杨小舟蛾蛹的血细胞免疫反应有抑制作用,且具有一定的毒性。     

白蛾周氏啮小蜂生物学特性研究

白蛾周氏啮小蜂在秦皇岛 1a发生 7代 ,以老熟幼虫在寄主蛹内越冬 ,群集于寄主蛹内 ,其卵、幼虫、蛹及产卵前均在寄主蛹内度过。成蜂在寄主蛹中羽化后 ,先进行交配 (无重复交配现象 ) ,随后咬一“羽化”孔爬出 ,其余的成蜂个体均从该孔羽化而出。刚羽化的成蜂当天即可产卵寄生。白蛾周氏啮小蜂从卵产入寄主蛹中至成蜂羽化、咬破寄主蛹壳出来这一时期的有效积温和发育起点温度分别是 36 5 .12日度和 6 .14℃ ,这对指导人工繁殖白蛾周氏啮小蜂有着重要作用。白蛾周氏啮小蜂在自然界中可以寄生多种鳞翅目食叶害虫 ,包括美国白蛾、大袋蛾、柳毒蛾、榆毒蛾、国槐尺蛾、杨扇舟蛾和桃剑纹夜蛾等 ,为白蛾周氏啮小蜂自然繁殖 ,在自然界中保持较高的种群数量创造了有利条件。     

白蛾黑基啮小蜂寄主接受行为因子的探讨

白蛾黑基啮小蜂(Tetrastichus nigricoxae Yang)是徐州地区杨小舟蛾(Micromelalopha troglodyta)蛹期的1种重要天敌。研究证明,白蛾黑基啮小蜂主要是通过嗅觉来识别寄主蛹的,并且它能够辨别已寄生蛹和未寄生蛹,避免了因重复寄生而造成子代小蜂不能完成世代发育。未寄生的杨小舟蛾蛹表提取物中含有大量羊毛甾醇(62.411%),而寄生过的杨小舟蛾蛹表提取物中不存在该物质。高浓度的未寄生蛹表提取物能够引诱白蛾黑基啮小蜂,而已寄生蛹表提取物对小蜂无引诱作用。2种提取物均不能提高白蛾黑基啮小蜂对杨小舟蛾的寄生率。     

寄生于美国白蛾的黑棒啮小蜂中国二新种(膜翅目:姬小蜂科)

报道和记述了在中国发现的寄生于美国白蛾的姬小蜂科啮小蜂属黑棒啮小蜂种团(Tetrastichus howardi species group)的2个新种：山东白蛾啮小蜂Tetrastichus shandongensis Yang，白蛾黑基啮小蜂T.nigricoxae Yang。这2种啮小蜂均群集内寄生于美国白蛾蛹中，每寄主蛹平均出蜂分别为77头和124头，平均寄生率分别为6．2％和9．8％，在生物防治上具有良好的利用前景。文末列出了啮小蜂属黑棒啮小蜂种团中国已知3个种的检索表。新种的模式标本保存于中国林业科学研究院昆虫标本馆。     

白蛾周氏啮小蜂的有效积温及发育起点温度研究

白蛾周氏啮小蜂ＣｈｏｕｉｏｉａｃｕｎｅａＹａｎｇ (膜翅目 ,小蜂总科 :姬小蜂科 )是寄生美国白蛾 (Ｈｙｐｈａｎｔｒｉ ａｃｕｎｅａＤｒｕｒｙ)的有力天敌 (杨忠岐 ,1 989) ,内寄生于美国白蛾的蛹中。为了人工大量在室内饲养繁殖这种寄生蜂用于防治 ,就必须搞清楚它的有效积温和发育起点温度 ,以指导饲养实践。为此我们对白蛾周氏啮小蜂进行了这两个方面的研究。1　材料和方法由于白蛾周氏啮小蜂为内寄生性 ,因此 ,分别研究它的卵、幼虫及蛹的有效积温及发育起点温度比较困难 ,故我们只对其从卵产入美国白蛾蛹中后至成蜂羽化、咬破寄主…     

白蛾黑基啮小蜂种群数量变化规律的初步研究

选择徐州市林果场、云龙区和新沂市等受杨小舟蛾危害较重的不同类型杨树林分的未放蜂区(CK)和放蜂区,分别测定白蛾黑基啮小蜂在自然和人工释放2种状态下的种群数量变化。结果表明,该蜂林间自然种群数量以越冬代最高,对杨小舟蛾越冬蛹的寄生率高达(22.2±5.8)%,极显著高于第1~4代蛹(3.4%~6.4%);于越冬代和第2代害虫蛹期人工释放该蜂,释放后当代小蜂种群数量明显上升,可显著提高释放当代(越冬代和第2代)害虫蛹的寄生率,并对释放后各代害虫蛹具有一定的持续寄生效果;各代小蜂室温下的羽化进度均与相应世代寄主蛹发育进度相吻合。     

室内繁育白蛾周氏啮小蜂化蛹(前)低温保存的探讨

白蛾周氏啮小蜂群集内寄生于美国白蛾蛹中,其卵、幼虫、蛹及产卵前期均在寄主蛹内度过。在自然界中,以老熟幼虫在寄主蛹内越冬。作者经多年研究得知,在当地白蛾周氏啮小蜂发育起点温度是:6.28℃(6.28±0.60);有效积温是:365.12日度(365.12±15.56)。白蛾周氏啮小蜂化蛹(前),在6℃的低温保存下,历经30天的时间;出蜂的有效积温为436.6日度。     

白蛾周氏啮小蜂从寄主柞蚕蛹体爬出后的习性及林间释放的观察研究

白蛾周氏啮小蜂是寄生于美国白蛾蛹体内的天敌昆虫。为探索该小蜂的林间释放最佳效果,我们对白蛾周氏啮小蜂的出蜂时间、出蜂孔数、出蜂蚕蛹的数量、出蜂后的存活时间、林间释放等内容进行了观察,总结出了在释放白蛾周氏啮小蜂防治美国白蛾的过程中应注意的技术环节。     

利用白蛾周氏啮小蜂生物防治美国白蛾研究

2018—2019年在徐州市铜山区房村镇,于美国白蛾各代蛹期释放白蛾周氏啮小蜂开展生物防治示范,系统调查了释放天敌不同种类、不同释放量和美国白蛾不同世代的防治效果.结果表明,利用白蛾周氏啮小蜂与白蛾黑基啮小蜂2种天敌混合释放,对美国白蛾第2代蛹的寄生率和天敌总寄生率分别为49.10％和54.12％,均显著高于释放1种天敌(白蛾周氏啮小蜂),表明释放2种天敌可显著提高寄生效果.释放45枚/hm2柞蚕蛹所繁出的白蛾周氏啮小蜂对第1代蛹的寄生率和天敌总寄生率分别为55.23％,65.79％,与75枚/hm2释放量处理均无显著差异,表明增加天敌释放量未能提高寄生效果.放蜂后,白蛾周氏啮小蜂对美国白蛾越冬蛹的寄生率高达61.04％,极显著高于第1代蛹(46.75％),第1代蛹又极显著高于第2代蛹(28.75％),表明该蜂对第1代蛹和越冬蛹的寄生效果显著优于第2代蛹;第1代蛹、第2代蛹、越冬蛹的天敌总寄生率分别为66.99％,38.18％,70.18％,总寄生率均极显著高于相应世代白蛾周氏啮小蜂的寄生率,表明其他寄生性天敌对害虫具有较好的自然寄生作用.因此,利用白蛾周氏啮小蜂生物防治美国白蛾的最佳时期为第1代蛹期,经济释放量为45枚/hm2.     

寄生美国白蛾的长尾啮小蜂一新种(膜翅目:姬小蜂科)

报道了自山东烟台美国白蛾蛹中养出的啮小蜂一新种——白蛾圆腹啮小蜂Aprostocetus magniventer Yang sp.now.，新种属小蜂总科姬小蜂科啮小蜂亚科长尾啮小蜂属Aprostocetus，群集内寄生于美国白蛾蛹。一头寄主蛹中可出蜂45～62头，寄生率为3．5％，雌雄性比2．6：1。本种在生物防治上具有一定的利用前景。新种的模式标本保存于中国林业科学研究院昆虫标本馆。     

Mass rearing of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Neochrysocharis formosa</Emphasis> (Westwood) (Eulophidae: Hymenoptera), a parasitoid of leafminers (Agromyzidae: Diptera)

A method for mass rearing the parasitoid Neochrysocharis formosa (Westwood) was developed, using the leafminer Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) as insect host, and the Phaseolus vulgaris L. bean as host plant. About 1,500 parasitoids per tray of 84 plants emerged from about 2,000 leafminer larvae; 70% of these were females. The most suitable release density of host was two pairs of leafminer adults per bean plant, and that of parasitoid was three pairs per 24 leafminer larvae. Adult parasitoids were harvested based on positive photo-tactic response with 94.5% efficiency. Plants were improved by trimming their tips to increase the leaf area. The trimming process increased the number of leafminer larvae by about 32%. Furthermore, nitrogen fertilization of plants overcame the size reduction of the insects due to continuous rearing. Rearing of leafminer under light—dark (16:8 h) cycle decreased the development period of larvae and pupae. In addition, it restricted the time and duration of larval emergence and adult eclosion. Storage of parasitoid males and females at 7 and 10°C ± 0.5, respectively, proved to be optimal. The fertility of the mass-produced parasitoids after 1 year of rearing reduced by about 23%, and the sex ratio shifted toward males. In conclusion, successful mass production of N. formosa was achieved through designing suitable rearing cage and an efficient harvesting device, improving the host plant, and determining the age and the conditions for cold storage of the parasitoid and its host. Next, we checked the characteristics of the mass-produced wasps to ensure the efficacy when used in the field.     

低温贮藏对黄藤笋品质的影响

在3℃、7℃、11℃-1125℃4种贮藏温度下,测定了黄藤笋外观品质、笋心的色度、硬度、失重率和相对电导率的变化。结果表明,贮藏于3℃和7℃的黄藤笋分别会在第14天、第2l天发生冷害现象,说明黄藤笋属于冷敏性蔬莱。低温可以显著抑制黄藤笋心腐烂的发生,延缓失重率的下降,贮藏28天失重率≤4．5％。随着时间的延长,低温下贮藏的黄藤笋心,其硬度和相对电导率总体呈上升趋势;而25℃下贮藏的黄藤心,硬度在14天前也呈上升趋势,但随后缓慢下降,在第21～28天急剧下降,电导率在第28天时已无法测定,因为部分笋心已腐烂。综合结果分析认为,11℃是黄藤笋适宜的贮藏温度。     

Impact of neem and chinaberry fruit extracts on the pest/parasitoid (Pieris rapae/Hyposoter ebeninus) interactions

A new technique was performed to simulate exposure of the host Pieris rapae larvae to both botanical treatment and the parasitoid Hyposoter eheninus in different sequences. It was found that: host larvae subjected to both parasitoid and 1?% neem treatment showed significant or insignificant reductions both in pupal formation as well as adult emergence percentages when treatment preceded or followed parasitism, respectively. Both neem treatments revealed significant prolongation in the development of unparasitized and parasitized larvae (on average 4 to 5 days delay), whereas chinaberry caused significant prolongation only among parasitized larvae (on average 2.7 days delay in egg-larval duration). Fate of parasitism among untreated hosts was found to be faster than among neem-treated ones. Parasitism percentages among 1 and 0.5?% neem-treated third instar host larvae held 7 days before parasitism reached 3 and 2 times that achieved among those reared on untreated diet for the same period, ­respectively. It was concluded that prolongation of the preferred target instars of the host, due to neem treatments, increased the chance for parasitism. Nevertheless, treatment with neem at the LC₅₀ level exhibited a great reduction in parasitoid progeny. However, a lower concentration (LC₂₅) could reasonably potentiate parasitism without drastic losses in parasitoid emergence.     

微红梢斑螟与桃蛀螟蛹期生物学特性研究

以5年生马尾松、湿地松为寄主材料,通过室内饲养和野外观察,对微红梢斑螟与桃蛀螟2种害虫的蛹期生物学特性进行了比较研究.结果表明:2种害虫化蛹的一些行为学特性、蛹的历期和羽化时辰节律存在一定差异,而蛹体长、蛹最宽、翅芽最宽、翅芽最窄等蛹的形态特征无显著差异(P＞0.05);微红梢斑螟羽化高峰期出现在晚上(18:00～24...     

A survey of the Agrothereutes hospes, an ectoparasitoid on wax moth Galleria mellonella

Agrothereutes hospes (Tschek.) (Ichneumonidae, Cryptinae), a solitary ectoparasitoid, is redescribed. Details of tyloids on male flagellum are presented and discussed. Investigations on the development of the parasitoid on wax moth host Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera) were made. Longevity of A. hospes females is between 10 days and 40 days, while in males it is 7–20 days. The egg productivity and the hatching of eggs were in maximum between 6 days and 15 days. The maximal pupae ratio was between 1 days and 15 days, and average of sex ratio was 2:1.     

Pupal diapause development and termination is driven by low temperature chilling in Bactrocera minax

Bactrocera minax is a major citrus pest in China, Bhutan, and India. It is univoltine and exhibits pupal diapause during winter. To better understand pupal diapause in this pest, we investigated pupal survival and pupal developmental duration under field and laboratory conditions. Specifically, we tested if pupal chilling was required for diapause development and termination. Nearly all mature larvae collected at the end of the citrus season entered pupal diapause. For pupae exposed in the field, natural chilling for less than 3 months resulted in more than 70 % mortality. However, exposure to winter conditions for 3 months or more both decreased pupal mortality and developmental duration when pupae were returned to the laboratory and held under constant temperature (25 °C). When pupae were gathered from the field in November and exposed to different chilling regimes in the laboratory, the chilling duration (30 vs 60 days) had significantly more impact on pupal survival than the specific chilling temperature (6, 8, 10, or 12 °C constant). However, both chilling duration and chilling temperature impacted on the pupal developmental duration, with longer chilling duration and higher temperatures decreasing pupal developmental duration. In conclusion, we demonstrated that pupal diapause development and termination in B. minax is strongly influenced by chilling conditions. Increasing cold exposure led to significantly and consistently faster adult eclosion and improved synchronization of adult emergence. This knowledge will help with the laboratory rearing of B. minax, an essential step in the long-term management of this pest.     

云杉八齿小蠹在云杉内寄生为害期有效积温的测定

对云杉八齿小蠹寄生为害期有效积温的研究结果表明：云杉八齿小蠹自成虫蛀入寄主树皮下时开始至下一代新羽化的第1头成虫羽化后扬飞时止,其有效积温为195.415日度±10日度,发育起点温度为18.294℃±0.2℃,平均历时50.2 d。     

家蚕鳞翅的发育过程及其仿生学价值

以家蚕（Bombyx mori L.）为研究对象,定期解剖蚕蛹并对30个不同个体鳞翅各特征参数进行显微测量,结果显示家蚕蛹内发育期为12 15 d,分为4个阶段,各阶段翅呈现出不同发育特征。其中前翅呈三角形,周长平均值为22.243 mm;面积平均值为28.305 mm²,主翅脉共9条,长度在3 8 mm之间。后翅为扇形,周长均值为16.571 mm,面积均值为19.936 mm²,主翅脉长度在2 6 mm之间。蛹内时期与羽化展开后的鳞翅在周长与面积上均存在较大变化,其中前翅羽化后周长为蛹期1.9倍,面积为3.1倍;后翅羽化后周长为蛹期2.1倍,面积为3.8倍。家蚕鳞翅通过羽化获得了更大比表面积,翅脉分布位置没有变化,但长度为蛹期2.1倍。本研究通过动态跟踪家蚕鳞翅发育过程,记录家蚕成虫羽化展开过程,为研究昆虫鳞翅仿生功能、探索新型空间展开结构提供基础数据和设计思路。     

Developmental threshold temperature and effective accumulative temperature of pupae and eggs of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Holcocerus hippophaecolus</Emphasis>

In order to understand the occurrence and the developmental regularity of seabuckthorn carpenterworm (Holcocerus hippophaecolus) and predict its population density, the developmental threshold temperature (C) and effective accumulative temperature (K) of the carpenterworm pupae and eggs were analyzed under the conditions of constant and variable temperatures. The results show that the values of C and K of the carpenterworm pupae are (12.1±0.2) °C and (295.2±4.1) day-degrees at constant temperatures, and (15.5±0.4) °C and (202.4±13.1) day-degrees at variable temperatures. However, the values of C and K of the eggs at variable temperatures are (16.7±0.8) °C and (101.5±12.6) day-degrees. The differences of developmental threshold and effective accumulative temperature under the conditions of constant and variable temperatures of the carpenterworm pupae accord with the developmental regularity of most insects in nature. By comparing five different constant temperatures, the conclusion is that the optimum developmental temperature of the pupae is 21 °C when both the pupation of the mature larvae and the eclosion of the pupae are very accordant. Moreover, the percentage of eclosion is over 90%. The average developmental durations of the carpenterworm pupae and eggs are 31 and 16 d at variable temperatures.