茶叶中EGCG对非酒精性脂肪肝大鼠的调脂保肝作用研究

非酒精性脂肪肝是以肝实质细胞发生脂肪堆积和脂肪变性为主要特征,并伴随机体脂质代谢紊乱的一种获得性代谢疾病。以高脂饲料喂养大鼠,建立非酒精性脂肪肝大鼠模型;以低、中、高剂量（10、50、100 mg·kg^-1）表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯（EGCG）分别灌胃模型大鼠,探讨茶叶中EGCG对非酒精性脂肪肝大鼠的调脂保肝作用。结果表明,与模型组相比,EGCG能显著降低血清中甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）和低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇（LDL-C）含量,降低丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）和天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）活性水平,提高高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇（HDL-C）的含量,改善大鼠肝脏氧化应激状态。此外,肝脏病理切片显示,EGCG能减少肝细胞中脂滴的形成,同时脂质代谢相关基因表达量分析显示,EGCG能调理肝脏的脂质代谢。综合以上实验结果表明,EGCG能显著改善非酒精性脂肪肝大鼠的脂质代谢紊乱和脂肪性肝损伤。     

茯砖茶对NAFLD大鼠肠道黏膜屏障及肝损伤的保护作用研究

为探讨茯砖茶对高脂诱导的非酒精性脂肪肝病（Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD）大鼠肠黏膜屏障及肝损伤的保护作用,将SD雄性大鼠随机分为正常组、NAFLD组、茯砖茶低、高剂量组,每组8只。通过分析大鼠的采食量、体重变化、血脂指标、肝脏指标及病理切片来评估NAFLD大鼠模型的构建情况及茯砖茶的干预作用。通过分析空肠与结肠病理及PAS染色切片、绒毛高度/隐窝深度值（V/C值）、血清二胺氧化酶（DAO）和脂多糖（LPS）活力评估肠道完整性和通透性;通过分析空肠上皮间淋巴细胞（JIL）数量和血清肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）活力评估肠道相关炎症。结果表明,茯砖茶能减少NAFLD大鼠的采食量和体重,降低血脂水平,减少血清中谷草转氨酶（AST）和谷丙转氨酶（ALT）活力,并抑制肝脏的脂质聚集和炎细胞浸润。茯砖茶还降低了血清炎症因子TNF-α和血清LPS的水平,并使血清DAO活力上升。同时,茯砖茶抑制了NAFLD大鼠空肠和结肠绒毛中发生的炎细胞浸润现象,减少了空肠绒毛脱落、断裂、稀疏和紊乱现象,增加了空肠绒毛V/C值,降低了空肠上皮间淋巴细胞数量,增加了空肠和结肠的杯状细胞数量。这些结果说明,茯砖茶能够有效的改善高脂饮食诱导的肠道黏膜屏障及肝损伤,起到防治NAFLD的作用。     

Bioavailability trials of β-carotene from fresh and dehydrated drumstick leaves (Moringa oleifera) in a rat model

Male albino rats (Charles Foster, n = 40) were fed a synthetic diet deficient in vitamin A for 4 weeks. Six rats died during the depletion period. Of the 34 surviving, 5 rats were continued on the vitamin A deficient diet for 4 more weeks and 24 were repleted with vitamin A (4000 IU/kg diet) in the form of vitamin A acetate (group A, n = 8), fresh drumstick leaves (group B, n = 8) or dehydrated drumstick leaves (group C, n = 8) for 4 weeks. The remaining 10 rats were continued on the vitamin A adequate diet for 4 (n = 5) and 8 weeks, respectively (n = 5). A marked reduction in food intake, body weight, accompanied by clinical signs of vitamin A deficiency and a decline in serum vitamin A (29.2 to 19.1 g/dL) and liver vitamin A (3.7 to 2.0 g/dL) were seen at the end of 4 weeks of feeding a vitamin A deficient diet. On repletion significant improvements in clinical signs, food intake and body weights were noted in the three groups compared to the baseline (n = 5) and at the end of 4 weeks of depletion. The gain in body weight was highest for the group repleted with dehydrated drumstick leaves. Among the repleted groups, the serum vitamin A was highest for group A (34.7 g/dL) given synthetic vitamin A, compared to group B (25.8 g/dL) and group C (28.2 g/dL) given drumstick leaves. All these were significantly higher than the serum vitamin A values seen at the end of 4 weeks of depletion (19.1 g/dL). A significant improvement was also observed in the liver retinol levels on repletion for 4 weeks in the three groups, compared to the vitamin A depleted rats. These results imply that -carotene from drumstick leaves was effective in overcoming vitamin A deficiency although serum vitamin A levels remained somewhat lower compared to the group repleted with vitamin A acetate. In terms of growth parameters, the fresh and dehydrated drumstick leaves were better than the synthetic vitamin A. It is therefore concluded that in the developing countries like India, sources of vitamin A such as drumstick leaves are valuable in overcoming the problem of vitamin A deficiency.     

Effect of Diet Supplemented with Quinoa Seeds on Oxidative Status in Plasma and Selected Tissues of High Fructose-Fed Rats

Oxidative stress plays an important role as a mediator of damage produced by fructose metabolism. This work was designed to investigate the effect of diet supplemented with quinoa seeds on oxidative stress in plasma, heart, kidney, liver, spleen, lung, testis and pancreas of fructose administered rats. Fructose administration (310 g/kg fodder for 5 weeks) caused oxidative stress that was manifested by the increase in plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) (p<0.05), and by the non-significant changes in the enzymatic antioxidant potential in plasma and most of tissues. Co-administration of quinoa seeds (310 g/kg fodder) maintained normal activities of some enzymes. It also influenced the oxidative stress as was evidenced by decreasing MDA in plasma, and decreasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes (erythrocyte superoxide dismutase - eSOD, catalase -CAT, plasma glutathione peroxidase - pGPX). These findings demonstrate that quinoa seeds can act as a moderate protective agent against potential of fructose-induced changes in rats by reducing lipid peroxidation and by enhancing the antioxidant capacity of blood (plasma) and heart, kidney, testis, lung and pancreas.     

Anticarcinogenic effects of curry leaves in dimethylhydrazine-treated rats

Curry leaves are one of the spices used in Indian dishes for aroma and preservation. There are no reports on the antioxidant properties of curry leaves. In this study, the antioxidant potential of curry leaves in rats treated with a known chemical carcinogen, dimethylhydrazine hydrochloride (DMH) was investigated. Food intake was reduced in the rats fed curry leaf-supplemented diet but the body and the organ weights were not affected.Vitamin A content in the liver was significantly increased whereas glutathione (GSH) content was not altered. A 50% reduction was seen in the micronuclei induced by DMH and a 30% reduction in the activity of ,-glutamyl transpeptidase when the rats were fed a curry leaf-supplemented diet. These results indicate that curry leaves have highpotential as reducer of the toxicity of DMH.     

Polyphenol-Rich Fraction of Ecklonia cava Improves Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in High Fat Diet-Fed Mice

Ecklonia cava (E. cava; CA) is an edible brown alga with beneficial effects in diabetes via regulation of various metabolic processes such as lipogenesis, lipolysis, inflammation, and the antioxidant defense system in liver and adipose tissue. We investigated the effect of the polyphenol-rich fraction of E. cava produced from Gijang (G-CA) on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. C57BL6 mice were fed a HFD for six weeks and then the HFD group was administered 300 mg/kg of G-CA extracts by oral intubation for 10 weeks. Body weight, fat mass, and serum biochemical parameters were reduced by G-CA extract treatment. MRI/MRS analysis showed that liver fat and liver volume in HFD-induced obese mice were reduced by G-CA extract treatment. Further, we analyzed hepatic gene expression related to inflammation and lipid metabolism. The mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cytokines and hepatic lipogenesis-related genes were decreased in G-CA-treated HFD mice. The mRNA expression levels of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase 1 (CYP7A1), the key enzyme in bile acid synthesis, were dramatically increased by G-CA treatment in HFD mice. We suggest that G-CA treatment ameliorated hepatic steatosis by inhibiting inflammation and improving lipid metabolism.     

Antioxidant Effect of Dietary Supplement Withania somnifera L. Reduce Blood Glucose Levels in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats

The phenolic compounds and flavonoids were determined from the extracts of Withania somnifera root (WSREt) and leaf (WSLEt). The WSREt has 28.26 mg/g total phenolic compounds and 17.32 mg/g flavonoids, whereas WSLEt has 5.4 mg/g total phenolic compounds and 5.1 mg/g flavonoids. The WSREt, WSLEt and glibenclamide were orally administered daily to diabetic rats for 8 weeks. After the treatment, the levels of urine sugar, blood glucose, liver glycogen, and antioxidants like vitamin C and E in plasma and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in liver, kidney and heart were determined. Diabetic rats showed a significant (p < 0.05) elevation in glucose and TBARS and a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in glycogen, vitamin C and E, SOD, CAT, GPx, GST, and GSH levels when compared to normal control rats. Administration of WSREt, WSLEt and glibenclamide to diabetic rats restored the levels to normal. In the light of aforesaid facts, it is suggested that the presence of phenolic compounds including flavonoids in W. somnifera root and leaf extracts and their antioxidant activity may play a vital role in reduction of blood glucose level in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.     

The effects of oral vitamin E on induction and consequence of experimental diabetes mellitus in rats

Streptozotocin destroys the beta-cells of pancreas by generation of reactive oxygen species and vitamin E has documented antioxidant properties. To evaluate the preventive effect of vitamin E on induction of diabetes by streptozotocin and effect of oral vitamin E consumption on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, forty male Wistar rats divided randomly to control, E1, E2 and E3 groups. The diet of E1, E2 and E3 groups were supplemented with 1, 2 and 4 g kg(-1) of vitamin E, respectively. Four days later all rats were made diabetic by IP injection of 45 mg kg-' streptozotocin and blood glucose was measured 72 h later to determine the severity of blood glucose elevation. Glycosylated hemoglobin, triglyceride, total cholesterol and HDL-c were measured and LDL-c and VIDL-c calculated in plasma of 6 diabetic rats with glucose more than 200 mg dL(-1) in each groups 21 days after streptozotocin injection. Vitamin E had no effect on diabetes induction by streptozotocin, but elevation of glycosylated Hb and reduction of LDL-c in group E3 were significant. Vitamin E also increased HDL-c although it was not statistically significant. We suggest that oral vitamin E consumption may have some beneficial effect on the correction of lipid metabolism disorders of diabetes, although it may worsen carbohydrate metabolism in mild diabetes.     

Attenuating Effects of Dieckol on High-Fat Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Decreasing the NLRP3 Inflammasome and Pyroptosis

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which promotes serious health problems, is related to the increase in the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and pyroptosis by a high-fat diet (HFD). Whether dieckol (DK), a component of Ecklonia cava extracts (ECE), attenuated NAFLD in an HFD-induced NAFLD animal model was evaluated. The expression of high mobility group box 1/Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-κB, which initiated the NLRP3 inflammasome, was increased in the liver of HFD-fed animals and significantly decreased with ECE or DK administration. The expression of NLRP3/ASC/caspase-1, which are components of the NLRP3 inflammasome, and the number of pyroptotic cells were increased by HFD and decreased with ECE or DK administration. The accumulation of triglycerides and free fatty acids in the liver was increased by HFD and decreased with ECE or DK administration. The histological NAFLD score was increased by HFD and decreased with ECE or DK administration. The expression of lipogenic genes (FASN, SREBP-2, PPARγ, and FABP4) increased and that of lipolytic genes (PPARα, CPT1A, ATGL, and HSL) was decreased by HFD and attenuated with ECE or DK administration. In conclusion, ECE or DK attenuated NAFLD by decreasing the NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis.     

普洱茶对非酒精性脂肪肝大鼠肠道脂肪吸收及粘膜屏障的干预研究

研究了普洱茶调控非酒精性脂肪肝大鼠肠道对长链脂肪酸的吸收,并探讨了其可能机制。将36只SD大鼠随机分成正常对照组、脂肪肝模型组和普洱茶干预组,每组12只。实验第8周末处死所有大鼠,测定大鼠体质量、肝指数及血清血脂水平;采用定量PCR测定大鼠肠道黏膜脂质吸收相关蛋白细胞分化抗原36(Cluster of differentiation 36,CD36)、紧密连接相关蛋白如闭锁蛋白(Occludin)、紧密连接蛋白(Zonula occludens 1,ZO-1)和肿瘤坏死因子α(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)基因表达水平。研究结果表明,与模型组相比,普洱茶组大鼠体质量和血清LDL-C水平分别下降了16.12%和42.59%;此外,普洱茶组大鼠小肠组织CD36、TNF-α表达水平明显降低,而Occludin、ZO-1表达水平明显升高。研究发现,普洱茶对NAFLD大鼠肠道长链脂肪酸吸收及肠道紧密连接蛋白有一定程度的调控作用,尤其是对NAFLD早期发生发展中游离脂肪酸过度沉积的"第一次打击"有防治价值。     

Evaluation of the protein quality of rice supplemented with bean or crayfish in rats

Weanling male rats (45–60 g) were used to compare the supplemental effects to rice protein of bean or crayfish protein. Rats were fed various combinations of rice plus bean (B) or crayfish (C) to provide 1.6 g N/100 g of the daily diet for 28-day growth studies and a 7-day N balance period. Five different diets were fed. Six rats were assigned to each diet on the basis of body weight. Combinations of R:B of 80:20 and of R:C of 80:20 produced food intake, weight gain, PER, N intake, digested and retained N; and liver weight values that were comparable. However, increasing C to 30% of the dietary protein led to reduced value for food intake, weight gain, PER, N intake, digested and retained N, BV, NPU, and liver weight when compared with values obtained when B was increased to 30% (P<0.05). The results appear to indicate that, above a certain level of supplementation, brown bean protein is superior to crayfish as a supplement to rice protein.     

破壁处理超细绿茶粉对肉鸡肉品品质和重金属残留的影响

试验选用1日龄AA肉用仔鸡480羽,随机分为5组,每组设8个重复,每个重复12羽。第1组为对照组,第2～5组分别在基础日粮中添加100、200、400、800mg/kg破壁处理超细绿茶粉,即使日粮中的茶多酚含量分别约为0、10、20、40、80mg/kg,研究其对肉鸡肉品品质和重金属残留的影响。结果表明:(1)随着超细绿茶粉的增加,肌肉pH值逐渐增加,滴水损失逐渐降低(P>0.05)。各试验组肌肉MDA含量分别降低了5.88%、5.88%、0.59%、11.76%(P>0.05);各试验组肌肉组织中VE的沉积量分别增加了63.01%、0.34%、95.54%、3.08%;3、4、5组,肝脏组织维生素E沉积量分别提高了3.37%、55.03%、44.53%。(2)破壁处理超细绿茶粉有降低铅和镉在肝脏中的残留(P>0.05),但对铅和镉在肌肉的残留无影响。     

Protein quality of diets based on tuber,legume, and cereal in weanling rats

Weanling male rats (45–55 g) were studied to evaluate the protein quality of diets based on combinations of yam (YA); dehulled brown bean (DBB), dehulled white bean (DWB); and corn flour (PA) that provided 1.6 g N/100 g of diet. Casein served as the reference protein. Rats fed combinations of PA, DBB, and DWB had increases in food intake, weight gain, N intake, digested and retained N, and liver N compared to those of the casein control group and the other test groups (P < 0.05). Supplementation of YA with DBB or DWB reduced weight gain, protein efficiency ratio (PER), N intake, digested and retained N, NPU and liver N values of the animals when compared with those fed the casein and the other diets containing YA. Combinations of DBB or DWB with PA appear to be the best mixtures as shown by food and N intakes, digested and retained N, liver N, and weight gain. These mixtures may possibly be economic sources of N for weaning children where these are staples in the diet.     

从肠道菌群改变探讨青砖茶对非酒精性脂肪肝的预防作用

通过肠道菌群改变研究青砖茶（GBT）对小鼠非酒精性脂肪肝（NAFLD）的预防作用。C57BL/6小鼠随机分为5组,即正常对照组（NC）,模型对照组（MC）,阳性药物对照组（PC）以及青砖茶低剂量组（LD）、高剂量组（HD）,高脂饲料喂养小鼠建立NAFLD模型,同时预防性给予低、高剂量青砖茶水提取物和阳性药物血脂康,分别测定小鼠的体重、食物利用率、肝重、肝指数、TC、LDL-C/HDL-C及ALT含量,HE染色和油红O染色观察肝组织病理切片,ELISA检测肝组织IL-1β、IL-18含量变化,16 S rDNA V3-V4区高通量测序分析肠道菌群变化,Spearman相关性分析方法分析菌群与NAFLD表型的相关性。与模型组比较,青砖茶组小鼠体重、食物利用率、肝重、肝指数、血清TC、LDL-C/HDL-C、ALT、肝组织TC、IL-1β、IL-18含量均有显著性降低,肝脏病变程度有所改善;肠道菌群分析及相关性分析显示Bacteroides物种丰度降低,且与NAFLD表型呈正相关,Lactobacillus、Alloprevotella、Saccharibacteria_genera_incertae_sedis物种丰度增加,且与NAFLD表型呈负相关,与NAFLD表型相关性最强的菌群为Bacteroides和Lactobacillus。青砖茶对NAFLD具有一定的预防作用,其作用可能与影响肠道菌群的改变有关。     

Marine carotenoids and oxidative stress

Oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species plays an important role in the etiology of many diseases. Dietary phytochemical products, such as bioactive food components and marine carotenoids (asthaxantin, lutein, β-carotene, fucoxanthin), have shown an antioxidant effect in reducing oxidative markers stress. Scientific evidence supports the beneficial role of phytochemicals in the prevention of some chronic diseases. Many carotenoids with high antioxidant properties have shown a reduction in disease risk both in epidemiological studies and supplementation human trials. However, controlled clinical trials and dietary intervention studies using well-defined subjects population have not provided clear evidence of these substances in the prevention of diseases. The most important aspects of this special issue will cover the synthesis, biological activities, and clinical applications of marine carotenoids, with particular attention to recent evidence regarding anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in the prevention of cardiovascular disease.     

Dieckol Decreases Caloric Intake and Attenuates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Hepatic Lymphatic Vessel Dysfunction in High-Fat-Diet-Fed Mice

Increased inflammation is the main pathophysiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Inflammation affects lymphatic vessel function that contributes to the removal of immune cells or macromolecules. Dysfunctional lymphatic vessels with decreased permeability are present in NAFLD. High-fat diet (HFD) is known to increase body weight, food intake, and inflammation in the liver. Previously, it was reported that Ecklonia cava extracts (ECE) decreased food intake or weight gain, and low-calorie diet and weight loss is known as a treatment for NAFLD. In this study, the effects of ECE and dieckol (DK)—which is one component of ECE that decreases inflammation and increases lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic drainage by controlling lymphatic permeability in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice—on weight gain and food intake were investigated. ECE and DK decreased weight gain and food intake in the HFD-fed mice. NAFLD activities such as steatosis, lobular inflammation, and ballooning were increased by HFD and attenuated by ECE and DK. The expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α and infiltration of M1 macrophages were increased by HFD, and they were decreased by ECE or DK. The signaling pathways of lymphangiogenesis, VEGFR-3, PI3K/pAKT, and pERK were decreased by HFD, and they were restored by either ECE or DK. The expression of VE-cadherin (which represents lymphatic junctional function) was increased by HFD, although it was restored by either ECE or DK. In conclusion, ECE and DK attenuated NAFLD by decreasing weight gain and food intake, decreasing inflammation, and increasing lymphangiogenesis, as well as modulating lymphatic vessel permeability.     

Beta cell protective effects of sodium tungstate in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: glycemic control, blockage of oxidative stress and beta cell histochemistry

Background: Diabetes is a major public health problem. The development of new therapies that are able to improve glycemia management and even to cure diabetes is of great interest. In this study, protective effects of sodium tungstate against STZ-induced beta-cell damages were investigated. Methods: Sixty rats were divided into six groups: control, diabetic, sodium tungstate treated diabetic rats from one week before STZ injection (TDB), food-restricted diabetic (FRD), tungstate treated control, sodium tungstate treated diabetic rats from one week after STZ administration (TDA). We evaluated serum insulin, glucose and glucose tolerance; liver glycogen content, glucokinase (GK) activity; blood and pancreas antioxidant power, lipid peroxidation; and fuchsin-aldehyde histochemical staining of beta-cells. Results: Blood glucose levels of TDB group were lower than other diabetic groups (P<0.01). Blood insulin levels of all diabetic groups were lower than controls (P<0.01). Glucose intolerance improved in TDB animals. Blood and pancreas antioxidant power, liver glycogen contents and GK activities and granulated beta cells increased in TDB rats in comparison with other diabetic groups (P<0.01). Likewise, lipid peroxidation decreased significantly in TDB rats (P<0.01). Conclusions: Results suggested that sodium tungstate if administrated before STZ injection improves glycemic state by a direct effect on pancreatic beta-cells and preserves them by reducing the activity of these cells at the time of STZ injection, reducing STZ-induced oxidative stress, reducing insulin secretion, or all of the above mentioned.     

Protective Effect of Vitamin E against Diabetes-Induced Oxidized LDL and Aorta Cell Wall Proliferation in Rat

Background:

Hyperlipidemia and oxidized-low-density lipoproteins (Ox-LDL) are important independent cardiovascular risk factors that have been shown to stimulate vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of vitamin E on Ox-LDL, lipid profile, C-reactive protein (CRP), and VSMC proliferation of rat aorta.

Methods:

Male Wistar rats (n = 32) were divided into four groups namely: sham (SH), control (C), non-treated diabetic, and vitamin E-treated diabetic (VETD) groups. Ox-LDL, lipid profile, CRP and VSMC proliferation of aorta were measured after 42 days.

Results:

The results revealed that along with a significant increase in VSMC proliferation, the amount of CRP, Ox-LDL, and lipid profiles in diabetic rats. VSMC proliferation was significantly ameliorated, and elevated CRP, Ox-LDL, and lipid profiles were also restored to those of shams in VETD.

Conclusions:

These findings strongly support the idea that diabetes induces Ox-LDL-mediated oxidative stress and VSMC proliferation in aorta of rat and imply that vitamin E has a strong protective effect as an antioxidant. Key Words: Ox-LDL, Vitamin E, Diabetes, VSMC proliferation     

Protective Effect of Potato Peel Powder in Ameliorating Oxidative Stress in Streptozotocin Diabetic Rats

The potential of dietary potato peel (PP) powder in ameliorating oxidative stress (OS) and hyperglycemia was investigated in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. In a 4-week feeding trial, incorporation of potato peel powder (5 and 10%) in the diet of diabetic rats was found to significantly reduce the plasma glucose level and also reduce drastically the polyuria of STZ diabetic rats. The total food intake was significantly reduced in the diabetic rats fed 10% PP powder compared to the control diabetic rats. However, the body weight gain over 28 days was nearly four times greater in PP powder supplemented diabetic rats (both at 5 and 10%) compared to the control diabetic rats. PP powder in the diet also decreased the elevated activities of serum transaminases (ALT and AST) and nearly normalized the hepatic MDA and GSH levels as well as the activities of specific antioxidant enzymes in liver of diabetic rats. The result of these studies clearly establishes the modulatory propensity of PP against diabetes induced alterations. Considering that potato peels are discarded as waste and not effectively utilized, these results suggest the possibility that PP waste could be effectively used as an ingredient in health and functional food to ameliorate certain disease states such as diabetes.