Nonlinear Rheological Analysis on Tunnel Displacement Induced by Adjacent Excavation in Soft Clay

Deep excavation in soft clay often brings soil stress disturbance and soil deformation, which would bring differential settlement and structural cracks. It probably brings safety problems to adjacent underground tunnels. Therefore, it is necessary to predict tunnel displacement induced by excavation for tunnel’s security. A new method was proposed to estimate the heave of underlying tunnel induced by adjacent excavation verified by field measurements. The soil deformation by excavated soil gravity was analyzed by application of Boussinesq solution. The soil deformation by tunnel surface pressure was analyzed by Mindlin solution. The tunnel was assumed to be an elastic beam on foundation to simulate the tunnel, in which interaction analysis of tunnel and soil was employed. In consideration of rheologic soil, Viscoelastic model was employed to analyze soil nonlinear displacement with time in soft clay. Tunnel displacements were discussed by different excavation cases. A case study showed a good agreement between the results from the prediction and the measurement.     

Reliability Analysis on Metro Shield Tunnel Segment Joint in Soft Soil

After operation of the metro, there has been increasing longitudinal nonuniform settlements of shield tunnel due to various interior and exterior factors, and then some expansion of shield tunnel segment joint develops to varying degrees, which seriously impacts on the safety of the train. Taking geometric dimension of segment, curvature radius, stiffness ratio in longitudinal, uncertainty and epistemic uncertainty into consideration, an interval Monte Carlo method has been developed which combines simulation process with the interval analysis to estimate the probability of shield tunnel segment joint failure. Finally, the interval of the failure probability is obtained. Case studies are presented to discuss the effect of different curvature radius and stiffness ratio in longitudinal on the failure probability. Herce, the control sphere of the two factors is obtained under the certain interval of the failure probability. The results provide the guidance for tunnel protection,waterproof design and construction technique of shield tunnel.     

Rehabilitation project of the Dabanshan highland road tunnel

The rehabilitation project of road tunnel in highland area and cold region is an important and worthy exploring research field. The development of the defects of crack in the liner, water leakage, structural deterioration and frost defects for Dabanshan road tunnel are studied. After an insight into the cause and development of tunnel defects, the water leakage and frost damage are considered as the root of defect, so restoration of drainage system and the reinstallation of cold prevention system are the focuses of the rehabilitation project. For consideration of safety, cover arch is installed for the tunnel structure enforcement as well. Results indicate measures in Dabanshan road tunnel rehabilitation project are effective for road tunnel of high altitude and tunnel in cold region.     

Advisable calculation heights of tunnel overlaying soil with earthquake coefficient method

The earthquake coefficient method is used for aseismatic calculation of tunnel in traffic tunnel specification in our country, but the method is not in accordance with the practical engineering and seismic damage when tunnel is buried very deep, because the inertia force of overlaying soil is overestimated. In order to improve the adaptability of earthquake coefficient method, it is necessary to modify it. In this paper, the aseismatic calculation based on earthquake coefficient method is carried out,and the limitation of the method is analyzed. Then earthquake coefficient method, response displacement method, and dynamic analysis method are applied to tunnels’ aseismatic calculation in V class surrounding rock at different widths of the cavity. Finally, the advisable calculation heights of tunnel overlaying soil with earthquake coefficient method in V class surrounding rock is presented, which can be referenced in aseismatic calculation of tunnel engineering.     

Analysis About the Stress-strain of Rock when the Small Spacing Tunnel is Broaden or Not

On the background of Yuzhou tunnel at the airport road of Chongqing, it is one small spacing tunnel with serious bias. On` the basis of engineering geology, choose the tunnel section with bias most serious and then build the ANSYS finite element model to simulate the process of broaden. Analyse the surrounding rock displacement, stress strain and plastic zone when the tunnel is broaden or not. Conclusion that in the process of tunnel broading, the displacement of surrounding rock dome downward is big; In addition, as the influence of bias from the surrounding rock above the central rock pillars and right tunnel side wall bears big compressive stress and produces soil plastic deformation. Finally, suggest strengthening the support on the two area above-mentioned in the process of construction.     

Model test of influence of excavating new interchange tunnel on existing tunnel

In order to analyze the influence of construction of new interchange tunnel on existing tunnel, a three-dimension model test of interchange tunnel is carried out with the system of structure and surrounding rockmass of highway tunnel. Existing tunnel’s surrounding rock pressure, internal displacement and supporting internal force are measured. The results show that, firstly, excavating new tunnel has obvious influence on section Ⅰ of existing tunnel, and has little influence on section Ⅱ.All surrounding rock pressure keeps decreasing and arch bottom surrounding rock’s stability reduces. Secondly, crown and hance internal displacement manifest tensile deformation, and the deformation at crown is bigger than that at hance. Thirdly, exiting tunnel’s supporting axial force keeps increasing and supporting moment keeps decreasing. Finally, excavating new interchange tunnel has obvious influence on exiting tunnel’s surrounding rock pressure, internal displacement and supporting internal force when adjacent space is 0.25D, and it indicates that interchange tunnel’s adjacent space should be no less than 0.5D.     

Theoretical calculation and monitoring on rock pressure of shallow-buried bilateral bias neighborhood tunnel

In order to research the tunnel rock pressure and its distribution, the mechanical model of tunnel rock pressure of shallow-buried bilateral bias neighborhood tunnel is set up based on series assumptions. The calculation theory of tunnel rock pressure is deduced, in which the construction processes of twin tunnels can be considered. Furthermore, the contact pressure between tunnel lining and surrounding rock is monitored on site at Zuan Qianmen Tunnel of Xinbao expressway, and the change law of contact pressure corresponding with time and construction processes is obtained. Meanwhile, the comparison analysis has been made between field monitoring value and theoretical value, and the result shows that the tunnel rock pressure’s mechanical model and calculation theory of shallow-buried bilateral bias neighborhood tunnel is rational, which will provides the theory foundation to tunnel design and tunnel rock pressure calculation of shallow-buried bilateral bias neighborhood tunnel.     

Influence on new tunnel mechanics behaviorinduced by construction about adjacent spacing

This paper takes Chongqing Two-River Tunnel as the research background, based on the system for structure and surrounding rockmass of the highway tunnel, conducts a three-dimension model test about forked tunnel with different altitude to study new tunnel’s mechanics behavior induced by construction, and uses numerical simulation to analyze model domain. The results show that the displacement on new tunnel’s left hance is larger than the displacement on its right hance. Left hance displacement is larger than hance displacement of the single tunnel, and the right hance displacement is less than hance displacement of the single tunnel. The trend of hance displacement and crown settlement with different adjacent spacing is got. Normalizing hance displacement and crown settlement of model test, the relation between displacement and adjacent spacing is disclosed. The hance displacement and crown settlement gained by numerical simulation is close to the converted result of model test, which indicates that the model test data is consistent with the result of numerical simulation.     

土壤质量评价的生物指标及其相关性研究进展

长期的人为破坏及不合理利用使土壤质量受到严重的威胁,寻找土壤质量评价指标已成为土壤生态学的研究热点。而传统的理化指标已难满足评价土壤质量的需要,寻找能够全面反映土壤质量动态变化和判别土壤质量变化的灵敏指标已成为土壤学研究的重要内容。本文对近几年来土壤微生物、土壤酶活性和土壤动物等土壤质量生物学指标及其相关性的研究成果进行了综合评述,以其为土壤的合理利用与保护提供理论依据。     

土壤多糖的研究进展

土壤多糖是土壤中碳水化合物的主要存在形式,是土壤中一种重要的有机胶结物质,国内外对土壤多糖的研究涉及众多方面。从土壤多糖的来源、组成、含量及分布,土壤多糖的化学结构,土壤多糖的稳定性,土壤多糖对土壤结构形成的作用以及对土壤肥力的意义等方面进行了梳理和总结,为土壤多糖的深入研究提供借鉴。     

我国亚热带山地土壤发生特性和系统分类研究进展

为了解亚热带山地成土环境下土壤形成规律和分类现状, 推动中西部山地土壤发生学研究和土系建立, 为山地土壤资源的可持续利用提供参考。综述了有关中国亚热带山地土壤的发生发育特性及其系统分类的研究资料, 包括中国亚热带山地的主要地球化学过程和成土过程特点, 亚热带山地土壤分类的主要诊断层、 诊断特性和诊断现象以及高级分类单元的垂直分布规律, 基层分类单元的主要诊断指标。在此基础上, 展望了亚热带山地土壤系统分类研究值得重视的 4个方面：（1）深入理解亚热带山地土壤的地球化学和成土过程;（2） 建立中国亚热带典型山地土壤的代表性土族、 土系, 检验和完善现有基层分类单元的诊断指标体系;（3） 强化山地土壤系统分类中分析指标和数据标准化意识;（4） 重视薄片微形态、 现代仪器分析和计算机新技术的应用。     

转双价基因棉花对根际土壤酶活性和养分含量的影响

在田间试验条件下,以3种转双价基因棉和常规棉石远321为研究对象,比较分析转双价基因棉和常规棉石远321根际土壤酶活性及养分的变化。结果表明,转双价Cry1Ac+CpTI基因棉sGK321与石远321根际土壤速效磷和铵态氮含量无显著差异,而硝态氮含量则显著高于石远321;转双价Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab基因棉(双Bt抗虫棉)速效磷和铵态氮含量均显著低于石远321,而硝态氮含量与石远321无显著差异;转双价Cry1Ac+Epsps基因棉(抗虫抗除草剂棉)速效磷和硝态氮含量均显著高于石远321,而铵态氮含量显著低于石远321。sGK321棉与石远321根际土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性均无显著差异;双Bt抗虫棉土壤脲酶活性显著低于石远321,碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性与石远321均无显著差异;抗虫抗除草剂棉与石远321土壤脲酶活性无显著差异,碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于石远321,而过氧化氢酶活性显著低于石远321。表明sGK321棉与石远321根际土壤养分(硝态氮除外)含量和酶活性无显著差异,而双Bt抗虫棉和抗虫抗除草剂棉所呈现的差异是因不同品种所致。     

Dynamic Prediction Analysis of Surrounding Rocks Stability for Non-symmetric Double-Arch Highway Tunnel

During the construction of non-symmetric double-arch rock highway tunnel, the complicated geological condition may affect the safety of the constructor and the engineering quality. In this paper, two treatment methods are put forward. At first, the site monitoring of surrounding rock displacement must be carried out, then, BP neural network is applied in predicting the displacement of surrounding rock based on the learning sample of measured value, so the stability of surrounding rocks may be analyzed and forecasted. During the analysis of BP neural network, the effects of joint and fracture of surrounding rock on displacement can be comprehensively considered, comparing the predicted values of displacement with those by FEM. The results show that not only the predicted error of BP neural network is relative small, but the predicted values of surrounding rock displacement are close to measured ones. So, the predicted values of BP neural network are reliable and may guide the engineering construction in site.     

土壤入渗特性影响因素研究综述

土壤入渗特性是评价土壤水源涵养作用和抗侵蚀能力的重要指标,也是模拟土壤侵蚀过程的基本输入变量,受制于许多外在和内在因素的影响。综述了影响土壤入渗特性的主要因素,这些因素主要有土壤理化性质、下垫面性质、降雨强度、水质及水温等。并提出了今后应该加强研究的内容。     

种植年限对猕猴桃园土壤养分及酶活性的影响

研究种植年限对猕猴桃园土壤养分及酶活性的影响,为其科学管理提供理论依据。分层采集不同种植年限果园0~40 cm土样,测定其养分及酶活性。结果表明：（1）不同种植年限果园土壤中,有机质及碱解氮的含量均偏低,有效磷和速效钾的含量均偏高。0~10 cm土层中脲酶、蔗糖酶及纤维素酶活性随种植年限增加呈先升后降的趋势,而其在10~40 cm与种植年限负相关。酸性磷酸酶及过氧化氢酶活性与种植年限负相关。（2）同一种植年限果园土壤中脲酶、蔗糖酶、纤维素酶及酸性磷酸酶活性与土层深度负相关,过氧化氢酶活性与土层深度正相关。研究表明：土壤养分及酶活性受种植年限影响,随种植年限的增加应增施有机肥和氮肥,减施磷肥和钾肥。     

滨海盐渍土改良剂的筛选及应用效果研究

针对天津滨海盐渍土结构性差、土壤养分匮乏、脱盐碱化现象严重等问题,进行了改良剂改良滨海盐渍土的试验研究。盆栽试验通过综合分析土壤含盐量、土壤养分含量、黑麦草长势情况,筛选出效果最佳改良剂配方。野外应用效果试验进一步表明,施用改良剂能抑制土壤脱盐碱化,提高土壤养分含量、明显改善土壤结构和肥力状况。土壤水解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质含量分别提高了123.8%、171.0%、22.0%、37.5%,土壤容重降低了15.54%,土壤总孔隙度增加了19.66%,土壤渗透性提高了127.78%,土壤微结构由面状孔隙转变为复杂堆积型孔隙。改良剂的施用非常利于土壤水肥气热状况的调节,是天津滨海盐渍土适宜的盐碱改良剂。     

改进塑料薄膜小型拱棚温、光条件的措施及其效果

通过观测、考察拱棚在春前加强保温,秋后提早盖苫蓄热是目前提高内部气温和土壤温度、延长应用时期的主要方法。由于受生产条件的限制,常因覆盖物遮阳在北侧形成弱光带,这是亟待改进的问题。     

土壤动物对土壤质量变化的响应述评

土壤动物对土壤质量指示作用的研究已成为国际土壤生态学领域的热点和前沿课题。文章述评了土壤质量表征指标,土壤动物指示作用以及土壤动物指示作用与土壤质量的联系现状,指出了土壤动物作为土壤质量的指示者潜力巨大,具有坚实的基础和良好的应用前景;并对未来在土壤动物及土壤动物指示作用领域的研究进行了展望。为我国从土壤动物学角度开展土壤质量健康维持的研究,以及将土壤动物指标纳入土壤质量评价体系提供参考     

北疆地区阿克达拉灌区土壤成因和特性特征分析

针对新疆“沙漠绿洲灌溉农业”这一典型特点,灌区建设在北疆地区农牧业发展中具有重要作用,而灌区土壤条件作为灌区立足的根本具有举足轻重的地位,因而正确地对灌区土壤成因及土壤肥力做出评价,才能保证灌区土壤水土资源的合理开发利用和实现农牧业可持续发展。以新疆阿勒泰地区阿克达拉灌区作为研究对象,通过对灌区土壤现状的调查、资料收集、样品采集及室内化验分析,分析研究了灌区内土壤形成因素、分布以及不同类型土壤的特征特性。研究表明,灌区内土壤形成条件主要是自然因素中的冰冻作用、风力作用和温差变化作用,灌区主要分布有荒漠淡棕钙土和风沙土。风砂土质地为含土粉砂砾层-粉细质沙土,成土母质为运距离搬运的风沙为主;荒漠淡棕钙土质地为中细砂,且中细砂含量从坡上部至下部具有规律性,成土母质系为三系砂质、泥岩风化后被洪水携带或原地残留,且近代以来该区域沙化趋严重。研究成果为阿克达拉灌区和北疆类似灌区进一步开发区域内水土资源理论基础和技术依据。     

缙云山森林次生演替群落土壤微生物、酶活性和养分的研究

为了给区域天然林保护和三峡库区生态建设提供基础资料,对缙云山森林次生演替群落土壤微生态变化及其关系进行研究,采用常规方法比较分析了灌草丛、马尾松林、马尾松阔叶混交林、常绿阔叶林4种演替阶段的土壤微生物数量、酶活性、养分含量的变化。结果表明：土壤微生物数量从高到低依次为灌草丛（131.52×104/g干土）＞常绿阔叶林（116.65×104/g干土）＞马尾松阔叶混交林（95.74×104/g干土）＞马尾松林（67.68×104/g干土）;土壤酶活性及养分变化与微生物数量变化类似;不同演替群落土壤微生物数量、酶活性和土壤养分均呈显著相关性。缙云山森林次生演替群落4种不同植被土壤中的微生态特征态存在较大差异,其土壤微生物数量、酶活性和土壤养分间存在密切关系。