风沙黄土区排土场不同恢复类型植物群落与土壤种子库特征

风沙黄土区排土场作为一种人造生态系统,自然条件恶劣,土壤贫瘠,植被恢复困难。为了探明有效的人工促进植被恢复措施,采用植被调查与种子库萌发试验相结合的方法,通过研究不同植被类型地上植物群落与土壤种子库特征及二者的关系,探讨了其植被恢复效益及潜力。结果表明:研究区人工植被恢复下地上植物群落中共47种植物,分属16科40属,土壤种子库共14种植物,分属5科13属,其中均以禾本科、菊科、藜科、豆科占主导地位; 灌木植被的地上植被和土壤种子库的物种多样性均表现为最优; 地上植被与土壤种子库密度的变化范围为88.48～495.47株/m²,74.74～1422.91粒/m²,且均在草地类型下最大。土壤种子库和地上植被的相似性普遍较低,相似性系数仅为0.16～0.23。因此,风沙黄土区排土场的植被恢复与重建需要加强保护与管理,可以考虑构建以草灌配置为主的人工植被恢复模式,保障群落的恢复潜力,并提高群落多样性与稳定性,亦可考虑引入外源种子库提升群落恢复的潜力。     

汶川地震不同次生地质灾害类型区土壤种子库特征

为了解地震后次生地质灾害土壤种子库特征及其植被恢复特点,在四川省北川县采用野外取样和在当地自然环境下萌发相结合的办法,研究了5种不同灾害类型(包括滑坡、崩塌、泥石流、落石及堰塞湖)土壤种子库大小、物种组成及其与地上植被之间的关系。研究结果表明,不同灾害类型土壤种子库密度介于30133.33±6776.03~93383.33±26499.81粒/m2方差分析显示,只有落石损毁类型种子库密度与其它几种灾害类型差异显著,各灾害类型土壤种子库种子密度在0-5cm和5-10cm土层之间无明显分层区别。土壤种子库中一年生和多年生草本所占比例为90.48%,灌木所占比例为9.52%,没有观察到乔木种。各土壤种子库之间Sorensen相似性指数较高,为0.529~0.714土壤种子库与相应样地地上植物之间相似性不高,相关性也不密切,其相似性指数介于0.167~0.292。建议灾害损毁地植被恢复以自然恢复为主,若采取简易的水土保持措施和适量客土措施,将会促进种子的萌发和植被的更新种子库中缺乏乔木种,快速乔木化需要人工输入种子雨。     

子午岭天然柴松林土壤种子库

采取子午岭天然柴松林地3个坡位与1个对照区共4个大样地54个小样方的土壤样品,通过室内种子萌发和地上植被调查相结合的方法对其种子库进行研究,以揭示其土壤种子库特征及与地上植被的关系。结果显示：1）土壤种子密度平均为1 496.7粒/m^2,最小为1 240.0粒/m^2,最大为1 785.0粒/m^2,荒山对照区为510.0粒/m^2;2）种子库的垂直分布格局显示,近90%的种子储存于枯枝落叶层和0-7.5 cm土层中;3）研究中共统计到植物种32种,分属于20科,其中多年生草本和常绿灌木种子比例最高,分别占种子库种子总数的48.3%和41.9%;4）不同坡位的物种丰富度指数介于2.523-3.082之间,而物种多样性指数介于1.458-1.781之间,其中中坡物种丰富度指数最大而多样性指数最小,上坡多样性指数和均匀度指数都最大;5）各坡位地上植被主要建群植物种中,除白颖苔草、大披针苔草、胡枝子、唐松草在对应坡位的土壤种子库中出现且分别占该坡位种子库的19.7%、2.1%和0.8%、1.7%和3.1%0、.4%外,其他建群种如榛子、子、地榆等在种子库中均未出现,种子库不能很好地反映地上植被组成,部分未出现物种与其自身萌发性质有关;6）土壤种子库中柴松种子所占比例约为0.6%（地上植被调查发现）,柴松林下有更新幼苗,约5-7粒/m^2,说明种子库具有潜在萌发能力,森林具备一定的自我更新能力。     

北京山区不同质地类型自然边坡土壤种子库特征

为了解北京山区土质边坡和土石边坡土壤种子库特征,在北京市鹫峰、百花山和云蒙山采用野外调查和室内萌发试验相结合的办法,研究这3个区域中土质边坡和土石边坡土壤种子库大小、物种组成及其与地上植被之间的关系。各个研究区的土壤种子库共包含54种植物,隶属于26科53属,其中有30种灌木,23种草本,1种蕨类,未观察到乔木种;土壤种子库密度介于(16 166.67±2 165.16)~(20 612.50±2 717.32)粒/m~2;各个试验地0—5cm土壤层与5—10cm土壤层种子库的种子数量垂直分布有一致的规律性,0—5cm土壤层种子库密度略高于5—10cm土壤层;土壤种子库与相应样地地上植被之间相似性指数介于0.390~0.492。通过研究发现,所选地区土壤种子库中包含大量植物种子,在合适的环境条件下,可以顺利萌发,能够满足一般情况下的生态修复要求,可以考虑作为客土在北京山区的环境修复中发挥作用。     

陕北安塞退耕地持久土壤种子库与地上植被的对应关系

通过研究陕北安塞退耕3~31 a的阴阳坡10个样地的持久土壤种子库特征及其与地上植被的关系,分析持久土壤种子库在植被恢复中的作用。结果表明：调查样地持久土壤种子库由15个科36个物种组成,种子密度在1 908~12 617粒/m2之间,1年生物种占80%,随着退耕演替的进行,种子库中1年生物种比例呈下降趋势,多年生物种比例呈上升趋势,地带性物种在持久种子库中的比例也随退耕时间的延长而增加,物种数和种子库密度均随退耕演替先增大后降低;持久土壤种子库与地上植被的相似性较低,Serensen相似性系数为0.21~0.42;通过对适宜物种的确限度及土壤种子库大小的分析,认为该区退耕地的持久土壤种子库具有一定的植被恢复潜力。     

基于遥感和CASA模型的西江流域NPP时空分布特征研究

基于EOS/MODIS遥感资料,采用CASA模型分析西江流域陆地植被净第一性生产力（NPP）的时空变化特征。结果表明:西江流域平均植被NPP为400～500 gC/（m²·a）,上游地区偏低,为200～300 gC/（m²·a）,中下游地区较高,平均500～600 gC/（m²·a）,部分地区可达到800 gC/（m²·a）以上;植被NPP季节变化显著,夏季最高,春、秋季节次之,冬季最低小;西江流域植被NPP的空间差异明显,在5-10月,上游地区植被NPP较低,中下游地区较高;在1-3月,上游地区尤其是南盘江流域的植被NPP较高,中下游地区尤其是中游地区明显较少。西江流域植被NPP的空间特征还表现在汛期空间差异大,枯水期空间差别小。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区红砂灌丛土壤种子库及其自然更新潜力评估

[目的]对黄土丘陵沟壑区红砂灌丛植被土壤种子库的特征及红砂灌丛植被自然更新潜力进行分析和评估,以说明红砂灌丛土壤种子库在植被恢复与重建中的重要作用。[方法]采用土壤种子库"萌发法"(每个地段10个2m×2m样方内分表土层0—2cm和2—5cm土层采集土样)及野外植被调查方法,对黄土丘陵沟壑不同坡位红砂灌丛土壤种子库进行研究。[结果]黄土丘陵沟壑区红砂灌丛植被土壤种子库发芽试验共观察到的4 251株幼苗,分属于9个物种。土壤种子库密度在100~1 000粒/m2,物种数在0.8~1.2种/0.01m2,下坡段的土壤种子库平均种子密度和平均物种数均比上坡段高。3个坡段的2个层次的平均种子密度和平均物种数均随土层加深而减小。3个坡段土壤种子库和地上植被的组成物种多为草本植物和红砂灌丛,地上植被与其土壤种子库的密度及物种数均呈不显著相关;物种组成的Sorensen相似性指数较高,均达到0.60以上,且土壤种子库比地上植被具有更高的物种丰富度。[结论]黄土丘陵沟壑区红砂灌丛具有依靠土壤种子库实现自然更新的潜力,但由于物种组成种类较少,现存灌丛植被一旦遭到破坏,仅靠土壤种子库恢复现存植被是困难的,需要在对自然恢复潜力评估的基础上,积极采取人工保护促进自然恢复的策略。     

喀斯特城市石漠苔藓植物多样性及水土保持

喀斯特城市石漠现象已成为中国西南喀斯特地区不可忽视的突出环境问题之一,以贵阳市为例探究喀斯特城市不同石漠地区苔藓物种多样性及其成土保水能力。结果显示,该城市石漠环境记录藓类植物有11科23属45种,未见苔类和角苔类。苔藓小生境和生活型多样性较单一,物种多样性较低,与人为干扰频度、石漠化程度及生存环境有着密切关系。苔藓水土保持功能在不同生活型和同种生活型下均无显著性差异,三种优势藓类成土量和最大持水量分别为北地对齿藓（387.35 g/m²,1 899.53 g/m²） > 穗枝赤齿藓（164.35 g/m²,1 398.3 g/m²） > 土生真藓（111.45 g/m²,684.42 g/m²）,对植被恢复具有潜在意义,可作为喀斯特石漠化地区植被恢复及防治水土流失的优势物种。     

塔里木河下游土壤种子库的季节差异分析

以因不合理的水土资源开发而出现严重生态退化的典型区--塔里木河下游为研究区,通过在塔里木河下游开展的土壤种子库实验,分析了塔里木河下游土壤种子库的基本特征和种子库密度、物种组成上的季节差异,并从土壤种子库的角度探讨了塔里木河下游生态恢复的可行性.(1)塔里木河下游土壤种子库的季节差异较大,如果排除放牧的影响,3月份土壤种子库的密度和物种丰富度总体上要小于8月份的土壤种子库;(2)从物种组成上看,3月份物种组成以一年生草本占优势,而胡杨和柽柳的种子基本上都出现在8月份的土壤种子库中;(3)随塔里木河下游地上植被群落退化程度的加重,种子库的密度和物种数均呈现明显的下降趋势;(4)鉴于土壤种子库无论在物种还是密度上均要远丰富于地上植被群落的事实,认为通过激活土壤种子库来实现下游生态的局部恢复在理论上是可行的.考虑到主要建群植物的生态恢复,建议今后的输水时间应该选择在8月到11月之间.     

子午岭林区林地和开垦地土壤侵蚀特征研究

利用大型坡面径流场和小流域的观测资料研究了子午岭林区林地开垦前后土壤侵蚀特征,其结果为林地土壤侵蚀很轻微,侵蚀强度小于15t/（km²·a）,径流模数小于2400m³/（km²·a）。地形和降雨特征对土壤侵蚀的影响不甚明显,植被和土壤成为影响土壤侵蚀的决定性因子。而当林地被开垦后,土壤侵蚀由自然植被覆盖下的自然侵蚀转变为人为加速侵蚀,侵蚀模数达1000t/（km²·a）以上,径流模数在27480m³/（km²·a）以上。降雨和地形特征对土壤侵蚀的影响非常明显。土壤加速侵蚀量与10min 或15min 最大雨强（Ⅰ₁₀或Ⅰ₁₅）的关系最为密切,坡面汇流增加,谷坡侵蚀产沙系数为27.7%。     

Similarity between the soil seed bank and the standing vegetation in the Strandveld Succulent Karoo,South Africa

The similarity in species composition and abundance between the soil seed bank and its associated vegetation was studied in six vegetation units of the Strandveld Succulent Karoo, South Africa. A total of 103 taxa were recorded in the vegetation, of which 34 taxa were also present in the seed bank. Five taxa were unique to the soil seed bank. In general, the taxa most abundant in the vegetation were also recorded in the seed bank and vice versa. Mean seed bank density varied between different plant types. Perennial taxa were most abundant in the vegetation, while annual taxa were most abundant in the seed bank. Annual taxa (excluding grasses) yielded the highest similarity between vegetation and seed bank (67ċ9 per cent), while that of perennial (excluding grasses) and grass taxa were 34ċ2 per cent and 40ċ0 per cent respectively. An overall similarity of 47ċ0 per cent between the seed bank and its associated vegetation was obtained for this part of the Strandveld Succulent Karoo. The seed bank of the study site will be a good source of future annual vegetation, but not of perennial vegetation. Topsoil replacement, sowing and transplanting of selected species will be essential for the success of post‐mining revegetation efforts following complete destruction of the existing vegetation. Annual species may be recruited from the soil stored seed bank, while many perennial species will have to be reintroduced by means of sowing and/or transplanting. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

汶川地震灾区典型区不同植被类型土壤种子库特征——以北川县苏保河、魏家沟流域为例

为了解汶川地震灾区典型区不同植被类型土壤种子库特征及其与灾害受损程度间的关系,采用野外调查取样和室内试验相结合的方法,研究了北川县苏保河与魏家沟流域4种植被类型(未受损林地、受损林地、灾后恢复草地和灾后裸地)土壤种子库的物种组成、种子密度、多样性及其与地上植物群落的关系。结果表明:4种植被类型样地中,土壤种子库密度为212.5~1 758.3个·m-2,每样带(200 m2)平均物种数为4.3~14.7个。4种植被类型土壤种子库的组成物种多为多年生或一年生草本植物,土壤种子库与相应地上植被的物种数仅受损林地与灾后恢复草地中呈显著相关;物种组成的Sorensen相似指数除裸地低于0.250外,其余均高于0.250。基于以上分析结果,在灾区进行植被恢复,需要考虑次生灾害对植被的持续破坏可能性,采用工程措施及人为引种的方式增加成活率和延续性。     

汶川地震生态治理区土壤种子库及其与地上植被的关系

为了比较地震灾区不同气候类型植被恢复区土壤种子库时空分布特征,采用野外调查取样和室内试验相结合的方法,研究了四川省汶川县威州镇和绵竹市汉旺镇4类生态治理区[干旱干暖河谷受损治理区(DHD)、干旱干暖河谷未受损区(DHU)、亚热带湿润季风气候受损治理区(HMD)、亚热带湿润季风气候未受损区(HMU)]土壤种子库的萌发动态、数量特征、物种组成、多样性特征及其与地上植被之间的关系。结果表明:未受损区具有2个萌发高峰期,受损治理区只有1个萌发高峰期,不同气候类型治理区土壤种子库在不同土壤深度表现出不同的萌发潜力;4类治理区土壤种子库平均密度为192~1 544粒·m?2,表层密度和平均密度均为未受损区受损治理区,干旱干暖河谷气候区亚热带湿润季风气候区;4类治理区共有50种植物萌发,草本植物占显著优势;HMU、HMD、DHU、DHD地上植被与土壤种子库物种组成的S?rensen相似性系数分别为26.23%、44.9%、30.77%、16.00%,Jaccard相似性系数分别为15.09%、28.95%、18.18%、9.09%;不同类型样地土壤种子库特有种和共有物种均表现出不同的生活型格局。基于以上分析结果,在灾区进行植被恢复时,应该考虑治理区的气候环境,因地制宜的进行人工引种和制定恢复措施。     

Seed bank development after the restoration of alluvial grassland via transfer of seed-containing plant material

In the attempt to ensure long-term-conservation of flood meadows along the northern Upper Rhine transfer of seed-containing plant material was successfully applied since 2000. In this highly dynamic habitat, many typical plant species rely on a persistent seed bank for re-establishment after disturbance. But in contrast to the re-established above ground vegetation, seed bank composition remains unknown. Thus the main aims of the study were to elucidate the current seed bank composition and to assess patterns of seed and species traits. To this end we sampled above ground vegetation and seed bank on plant material plots and on control plots left to natural recruitment.Although the seed bank was still dominated by agrestal and ruderal plant species, it already contained seeds of transferred species. Analyses revealed that on the plant material plots seed density of plant material species declined significantly with soil depth, just as similarity between above ground vegetation and seed bank declined. In contrast, the seed bank on control plots comprised significantly lower numbers of transferred species. We found a vertical pattern of seed bank composition: in general, the upper seed bank layer comprised more elongated and large seeds of long-lived, competitive species able to build up transient seed bank. The lower soil layer was dominated by seeds of short-lived, agrestal and ruderal species, producing small, round and long-term persistent seeds.The present study shows that the build up of a seed bank typical of flood meadows is a time-consuming process. Thus restorative management in the early phase of vegetation development should focus on fostering high seed production of transferred species.     

The feasibility of using soil seed bank for natural regeneration of degraded sandy grasslands

Desertification in degraded grasslands is manifested through the development of bare sandy patches, which eventually lead to habitat fragmentation. The ability of these bare sandy patches to regenerate naturally through in-situ soil seed banks is not well understood. To fill this knowledge gap, we randomly selected 24 bare sandy patches with areas ranging from 19 to 898 m² in a desertified grassland of the Horqin sandy land, Northern China to determine whether soil seed bank can be used for natural regeneration of bare sandy patches. Species composition and density of soil seed bank as well as aboveground vegetation composition, abundance and coverage were investigated. We then determined their relationships with in-situ habitat characteristics. Our observations showed that the studied area had low soil seed bank density and species richness, as well as depauperate soil seed bank communities. Consequently, local soil seed bank was not able to provide sufficient seed source for natural regeneration. This was indicated by the relationships between aboveground vegetation, soil seed bank and the in-situ habitat characteristics. For bare patches with an area between 300 m² and 900 m², increase the soil seed bank density and species richness should be the main restoration measures. For bare patches with a small area of less than 50 m², restoration of vegetation density should be the main measure. Our data highlighted that different extents of desertification, indicated by different bare patches, are requiring distinct restoration measures.     

Management effects on the vegetation and soil seed bank of calcareous grasslands: An 11-year experiment

Calcareous grasslands, most of which are man made and therefore depend on some kind of human interference for their maintenance, are among the most species-rich communities on Earth at a small scale. For many centuries, most of these grasslands have been used as extensive pasture. However, after 1900, and particularly from 1940 onwards, livestock grazing has declined throughout Europe leading to the abandonment of low intensity grasslands over large areas. To conserve the remaining grasslands or to restore recently abandoned grasslands, better insights about the effects of grassland management on above and belowground species diversity are needed. Here, we describe the results of an 11-year experiment to investigate the role of grassland management (grazing, mowing and abandonment) in determining species composition and diversity both in the aboveground vegetation and the seed bank of a calcareous grassland in Belgium. Species diversity declined by about 60% 11 years after abandonment, from 29 species m⁻² to as few as 12 species m⁻². Plots that were grazed remained constant in species richness, whereas mown sites lost about 20% of their original species. Abandoned plots were largely dominated by a few grass species, in particular Festuca rubra. Concomitant with changes in the aboveground vegetation, both the number of species found in the seed bank and seed density (number of seeds m⁻²) had changed significantly 11 years after abandonment. Species diversity and seed density were significantly lower in abandoned plots than in grazed or mown plots. We conclude that abandonment of calcareous grasslands may lead to rapid decline of plant species diversity both in the aboveground vegetation and in the seed bank. As a result, seed banks probably have a limited role to play in the restoration of recently abandoned grasslands.