新疆北屯绿洲弃耕农田的植被变化特征

在北屯绿洲选择了3组不同年限的次生盐渍化弃耕农田,分别计算了样地内每种植物的重要值,采用Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数、Simpson指数测定了生物多样性.结果表明:3组群落组成存在显著差异,优势种更替明显.3组群落构成依次为,一年生草本、一年生草本 多年生小半灌木、多年生草本 灌木.物种多样性表现为2年群落＞5年群落＞13年群落;群落均匀度表现为2年群落＞5年群落,而5年与13年群落相当,但是生态优势度却表现出与物种多样性相反的趋势,即2年群落＜5年群落＜13年群落.     

臭柏群落演替过程中土壤环境的变化

在臭柏群落演替过程中土壤含水量总的趋势为先上升后下降。在进展演替阶段呈上升趋势,逆行演替阶段逐渐下降。0~5 cm表层土壤的含水量变化不明显,上层5~30 cm的土壤含水量有明显的先上升后下降的趋势,而深层的土壤含水量变化不大。从土壤剖面来讲,随着土层的加深土壤含水量在逐渐的下降。随着进展演替土壤颗粒组成发生变化,砂粒含量趋于减少、粉粒和粘粒增多、有机质含量逐渐增加、C/N下降,逆行演替阶段与其相反;臭柏群落的演替对有机质积累的影响主要集中在土壤表层0~50cm土层内;物种丰富度、盖度与土壤粘粒、C、N、K、P呈正相关。由此可见,臭柏群落进展演替的系统内容与基质的改造和土壤发育密切联系,它们之间彼此影响,相互配合。     

民勤绿洲不同年限退耕地土壤养分变化及其相关性分析

以石羊河下游的典型区—民勤退耕地为研究对象,对石羊河下游地区不同恢复年限退耕地土壤养分变化情况及其养分与退耕时间之间相关性进行分析,结果表明:1土壤中N肥含量随退耕年限的增加呈波动式上升趋势,但在同一年限退耕地中随土层的加深而逐渐减小,退耕后1~10 a,N含量变化的幅度较小;15~30 a,N含量变化的幅度相对较大;50 a后,趋于稳定;P含量在各个演替阶段土壤层次上均呈A(0~10 cm)B(10~20 cm)C(20~30 cm)D(30~40 cm)规律性分布,退耕后1~10 a,A、B两层P含量的差异较大,C、D两层受退耕时间的影响较小;15~50 a间,A、B、C、D四个土层P含量变化的幅度相对较小;K的含量表现出和P同样的规律性;有机质含量在退耕后1~7 a间变化幅度较大,10~50 a间变化幅度较小。1~5 a间,A、B、C、D四层含量变化呈逐层递减的趋势;7~50 a间,A层变化较大,B、C、D三层趋于稳定。2养分与退耕年限相关性分析表明:退耕1 a,速效磷、有机质含量与退耕时间呈显著负相关;5~10 a间,各养分与退耕时间均呈显著正相关且差异不显著;15~20 a间,各养分与退耕时间之间存在显著差异,30~50 a间,速效钾、速效磷、有机质含量与退耕时间差异不显著,50 a时差异显著。     

Response of C:N:P in the plant-soil system and stoichiometric homeostasis of Nitraria tangutorum leaves in the oasis-desert ecotone,Northwest China

Nitraria tangutorum nebkhas are widely distributed in the arid and semi-arid desert areas of China. The formation and development of N. tangutorum nebkhas are the result of the interaction between vegetation and the surrounding environment in the process of community succession. Different successional stages of N. tangutorum nebkhas result in differences in the community structure and composition, thereby strongly affecting the distribution of soil nutrients and ecosystem stability. However, the ecological stoichiometry of N. tangutorum nebkhas in different successional stages remains poorly understood. Understanding the stoichiometric homeostasis of N. tangutorum could provide insights into its adaptability to the arid and semi-arid desert environments. Therefore, we analyzed the stoichiometric characteristics of N. tangutorum in four successional stages, i.e., rudimental, developing, stabilizing, and degrading stages using a homeostasis model in an oasis-desert ecotone of Northwest China. The results showed that soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) contents and their ratios in the 0-100 cm soil depth were significantly lower than the averages at regional and global scales and were weakly influenced by successional stages in the oasis-desert ecotone. TN and TP contents and C:N:P in the soil showed similar trends. Total carbon (TC) and TN contents in leaves were 450.69-481.07 and 19.72-29.35 g/kg, respectively, indicating that leaves of N. tangutorum shrubs had a high storage capacity for C and N. Leaf TC and TN contents and N:P ratio increased from the rudimental stage to the stabilizing stage and then decreased in the degrading stage, while the reverse trend was found for leaf C:N. Leaf TP content decreased from the rudimental stage to the degrading stage and changed significantly in late successional stages. N:P ratio was above the theoretical limit of 14, indicating that the growth of N. tangutorum shrubs was limited by P during successional stages. Leaf N, P, and N:P homeostasis in four successional stages was identified as 'strictly homeostasis'. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that soil acidity (pH) and the maximum water holding capacity were the main factors affecting C:N:P stoichiometric characteristics in N. tangutorum leaves. Our study demonstrated that N. tangutorum with a high degree of stoichiometric homeostasis could better cope with the arid desert environment.     

古尔班通古特沙漠不同类型生物结皮对草本植物多样性影响

选择古尔班通古特沙漠的北部(一号点)、中部(二号点)、南部(三号点)3个不同样点的裸沙和藻结皮、地衣结皮与苔藓结皮3种生物结皮类型,对比研究了草本植物多样性的差异性及其主要环境影响因素。结果表明:(1)不同生物结皮类型的土壤理化性质有明显差异,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾含量以及黏粒、粉粒和细沙的含量随生物结皮演替显著上升,而中沙和粗沙的含量呈显著下降趋势,在沙漠不同区域呈现明显的空间异质性,二号样点中裸沙和藻结皮的养分含量和pH明显低于一号点和三号点。(2)草本植物的物种丰富度和Shannon-Wiener指数随生物结皮发育呈明显上升趋势,草本植物的物种组成、群落结构在不同类型生物结皮和沙漠不同区域均具有显著差异。(3)在土壤理化特征中,有机质、速效P和全K含量,以及pH和粉粒含量是影响草本植物分布的关键因子。(4)不同类型生物结皮之间的微地形和种类组成差异、种子生物学特性以及生物结皮在不同尺度下的土壤环境异质性共同影响草本植物在生物结皮中的物种组成和丰度,最终导致草本植物群落结构在生物结皮中的演替变化。     

宁夏平原沟渠边坡植物群落多样性的影响因子分析

沟渠边坡是物种传播的廊道之一,在物种传播与演替进程中起重要的作用。采用主分量分析和PCA排序的方法,对宁夏平原沟渠边坡的优势植物群落与其环境影响因子进行了定量分析。结果表明：宁夏平原沟渠边坡植物群落的主要影响因子是土壤水分和土壤有机质,且土壤盐分与植物群落的优势度和生物多样性之间有Y2=0.516-0.005X1+0.506X2的关系,可以根据此模型对宁夏平原沟渠湿地的土壤盐分和植物种群多样性及生态优势度做出具体的数学解释。同时表明,沟渠边坡水分梯度和土壤养分是决定其植物分布的主要影响因素。沟渠作为干旱半干旱区绿洲的重要水利设施,从获取最大用水效率、减少水分损失角度,可以高效地通过植物群落控水控肥;而从沟渠强化水文生态效益的角度,则可以提高沟渠湿地的水文循环效率。     

Plant community dynamics in arid lands: the role of desert ants

Ants (Formicidae, Hymenoptera) play an important role in seed bank, seedling establishment andplant composition of arid ecosystems. Thus, knowing plant-ant interaction provides useful information formanagers to design restoration and conservation plans. In this study, the roles of desert harvester ants (Messorintermedius and Messor melancholicus) and scavenger ants (Cataglyphis nodus and Lepisiota semenovi) on plantcommunities were investigated in arid ecosystems of southeastern Iran. Two vegetation types weredistinguished in the study area and the nest density of ant species was determined. Furthermore, plantcomposition and soil seed bank were estimated at different distances from the ant nests. Results showed thatthe density of M. intermedius and M. melancholicus nests was higher in dwarf shrub-shrub vegetation type and thedensity of C. nodus and L. semenovi nests was higher in dwarf shrub vegetation type. The harvester and scavengerants had enhanced the seed bank to 55% and 70%, respectively. Therefore, the role of scavenger ants on theplant communities' seed bank was greater than that of harvester ants. Although the scavenger ants were moreinfluential on the annuals and the invasive plant species, the radius impact of the harvester ants on theperennials was greater, i.e., a positive interaction existed between the perennial plants and the harvester ants. C.nodus and L. semenovi played an important role in enhancing the ecosystem's potential for restoration throughestablishment of pioneer species in early stage of succession. The activity of M. intermedius is crucial for thedevelopment and maintenance of climax plant communities in arid ecosystems through assisting the plantspecies' establishment in late stage of succession. It is essential to preserve the diversity of these key ant speciesfor the maintenance and sustainability of shrubs in arid ecosystems.     

贺兰山西坡草地植物多样性与其叶片C∶N∶P计量比的关系

植物生态化学计量学特征的地理学分布规律及其影响因素的研究是生态学研究的热点问题之一。以贺兰山西坡不同海拔高度7个群落为对象,研究群落物种多样性与植物叶片碳（C）[JP20]∶[JP]氮(N)[JP20]∶[JP]磷(P)计量特征的关系。结果表明：贺兰山低海拔区域,植物群落物种丰富度与群落植物叶片N[JP20]∶[JP]P及其变异系数间无显著相关关系,没有支持“群落植物叶片N[JP20]∶[JP]P介于14～16时,群落植物丰富度最高;N[JP20]∶[JP]P＜14或N[JP20]∶[JP]P＞16时,群落植物丰富度均较少”的模型,以及“群落植物丰富度与群落植物叶片N[JP20]∶[JP]P变异系数正相关”的假设。其原因在于所调查样地群落植物丰富度均较低,且各样地物种丰富度相对集中,梯度较小（9～16种）。     

农牧交错带不同植被群落对土壤微生物量碳氮磷的影响

为了解荒漠化土地植被恢复对土壤微生物量的影响,以地处毛乌素沙地南缘的榆林市沙生植物园植被恢复30年的乔木、灌木和草地3种植被群落下土壤为研究对象,分析了植被恢复对土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷含量及比值的影响及其与土壤理化性质的相关性。结果表明,农牧交错带荒漠化土地植被恢复可以明显提高表层土壤微生物碳、氮、磷的含量。土壤微生物量碳以灌木林地为最高,含量为288.35 mg·kg-1,显著高于草地和乔木,分别是乔木林地和草地的3.99和2.10倍;土壤微生物磷在三种植被群落间差异不明显;三种植被群落下土壤微生物碳氮比的高低为乔木林地草地灌木林地,土壤微生物碳磷比表现为草地略高于乔木林地和灌木林地。相关性分析结果显示微生物量碳、氮、磷与土壤理化性质相关性极为密切,其中与土壤养分各指标大多呈现极显著相关,与土壤容重多为极显著负相关。说明土壤微生物量可以作为评价土壤质量的生物学指标。     

Influence of groundwater depth on species composition and community structure in the transition zone of Cele oasis

The paper analyzes the hypothesis that the distribution of dominant plant species and characteristics of plant communities are related to groundwater depth. The results showed that variations of groundwater depth impacted distributions and characteristics of dominant plant communities. However, besides groundwater depth, the community composition and species diversity were also influenced by physiognomy of the habitat. Based on the similarity coefficient, the differences between dominant plant communities were significant at different groundwater depths. Compared with other results relating to desert vegetation and groundwater depth, variations of community distribution were similar at the large spatial scale. However, in this extremely arid region, there were significant differences in community type and community succession when compared with other arid regions, especially in relationship to deep groundwater depth. With groundwater depth from deep to shallow, communities transformed with the sequence of Alhagi communities, Tamarix spp. communities, Populus communities, Phragmites communities, and Sophora communities. At groundwater depth of less than 6.0 m, the community type and composition changed, and the species diversity increased. Among these dominant species, Tamarix exhibited the biggest efficiency in resource utilization according to niche breadth, which means it possessed the best adaptability to environmental conditions at the oasis margins.     

Relationship between ecological stoichiometry and plant community diversity in the upper reaches of Tarim River,northwestern China

Changes in ecological stoichiometry reflect nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P)and both N and P limitations in a plant community,which in turn affect plant diversity of the community.However,the relationship between plant community diversity and ecological stoichiometry has not yet been fully researched in arid and semi-arid regions.Ecological stoichiometry and plant community diversity indices of eighteen communities in the upper reaches of Tarim River,northwestern China,were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance in 2016.The correlation between ecological stoichiometry and plant community diversity was assessed by redundancy analysis(RDA).Results indicated that the Margalef index was significantly correlated with carbon(C)and P concentrations,the Simpson index and Shannon-Weaner index were significantly correlated with plant C concentration,and the Pielou index was significantly correlated with plant C and N concentrations.Moreover,C:N and C:P ratios had significant impacts on plant community diversity.Our results highlight the importance of ecological stoichiometry in driving plant community diversity in the upper reaches of Tarim River,northwestern China.     

高寒草甸不同类型草地土壤机械组成及肥力比较

研究了青藏高原高寒草甸不同类型草地土壤机械组成和土壤养分变化特征,并用相关分析探讨了土壤理化特征、土壤机械组成对不同草地类型群落物种组成、生物量变化的响应。结果表明:不同草地类型土壤机械组成分布大致是矮嵩草草甸:粉粒>细砂粒>粘粒>粗砂粒;高山嵩草草甸:细砂粒>粉粒>粘粒>粗砂粒;藏嵩草沼泽化草甸:细砂粒>粉粒>粘粒>粗砂粒;金露梅灌丛:粉粒>粘粒≥细砂粒>粗砂粒。矮嵩草草甸、高山嵩草草甸为粉砂质粘壤土,藏嵩草沼泽化草甸为壤土,金露梅灌丛为壤质粘土。矮嵩草草甸、高山嵩草草甸和金露梅灌丛土壤颗粒分布相对比较均匀(除藏嵩草沼泽化草甸外),主要集中在<0.5mm的范围内,土壤粘粒含量普遍大于20%。土壤全量养分和速效养分以及土壤物理特征均影响着高寒草甸不同草地类型土壤质量和土壤结构。土壤结构和养分状况是判断高寒草甸生态系统生态功能维持的关键指标之一。     

西部退耕还林还草后鼠类群落改变的现状调查

对青海省大通县退耕还林还草地及周边农田鼠类群落组成进行调查研究,在退耕还林还草地共捕获鼠类6种728只,以根田鼠和高原鼢鼠为优势种;农田中共捕获各种鼠类3种75只,以长尾仓鼠为优势种。比较发现,退耕还林还草后,鼠类群落组成发生了明显的变化,与之相适应,鼠害治理应针对不同的鼠类种群和危害程度采取相应的控制措施。     

Ecological stoichiometry and biomass response of Agropyron michnoi Roshev. under simulated N deposition in a sandy grassland,China

Sandy grassland in northern China is a fragile ecosystem with poor soil fertility. Exploring how plant species regulate growth and nutrient absorption under the background of nitrogen (N) deposition is crucial for the management of the sandy grassland ecosystem. We carried out a field experiment with six N levels in the Hulunbuir Sandy Land of China from 2014 to 2016 and explored the Agropyron michnoi Roshev. responses of both aboveground and belowground biomasses and carbon (C), N and phosphorus (P) concentrations in the plant tissues and soil. With increasing N addition, both aboveground and belowground biomasses and C, N and P concentrations in the plant tissues increased and exhibited a single-peak curve. C:N and C:P ratios of the plant tissues first decreased but then increased, while the trend for N:P ratio was opposite. The peak values of aboveground biomass, belowground biomass and C concentration in the plant tissues occurred at the level of 20 g N/(m²·a), while those of N and P concentrations in the plant tissues occurred at the level of 15 g N/(m²·a). The maximum growth percentages of aboveground and belowground biomasses were 324.2% and 75.9%, respectively, and the root to shoot ratio (RSR) decreased with the addition of N. N and P concentrations in the plant tissues were ranked in the order of leaves>roots>stems, while C concentration was ranked as roots>leaves>stems. The increase in N concentration in the plant tissues was the largest (from 34% to 162%), followed by the increase in P (from 10% to 33%) and C (from 8% to 24%) concentrations. The aboveground biomass was positively and linearly correlated with leaf C, N and P, and soil C and N concentrations, while the belowground biomass was positively and linearly correlated with leaf N and soil C concentrations. These results showed that the accumulation of N and P in the leaves caused the increase in the aboveground biomass, while the accumulation of leaf N resulted in the increase in the belowground biomass. N deposition can alter the allocation of C, N and P stoichiometry in the plant tissues and has a high potential for increasing plant biomass, which is conducive to the restoration of sandy grassland.     

Water utilization of typical plant communities in desert steppe,China

Water is a limiting factor in the restoration and construction of desert steppe. Exploring plant water sources is necessary to understand soil-plant interactions and species coexistence; however, water sources of major plant communities within the desert steppe of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China remain poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed the water uptake of plants in four typical communities: Agropyron mongolicum Keng.; Sophora alopecuroids Linn.; Stipa breviflora Griseb., and Achnatherum splendens (Trin.) Nevski communities. Stable isotopes δD and δ¹⁸O in the xylem of plant and soil water at different soil depths were analyzed. An IsoSource model was used to determine the soil depths from which plants obtained water. Results showed that A. mongolicum community obtained water predominantly from 0-20 and 40-80 cm depth, S. alopecuroids community from 0-20 cm depth, S. breviflora community from 0-40 cm depth, and A. splendens community from 0-20 and 80-140 cm depths. S. alopecuroides had a wider range of soil depths for water extraction, i.e., utilizing different water sources depending on habitat, and the plasticity of its water uptake pattern determined its role in different communities. Water source of plants relayed heavily on the distribution of their roots. Competition for soil water exists between different plant life forms in the sierozem habitat (A. mongolicum, S. alopecuroids, and S. breviflora communities), and in the sandy soil habitat (A. splendens community). The use of soil water by A. splendens community is more spatially differentiated, and shrubs and herbs can coexist stably. Under the pattern of extended drought period in the future, sierozem habitat may be more favorable for the formation of a dominant monoculture community type of perennial fibrous plants. In aeolian sandy soil habitat, A. splendens had a strong competitive advantage, and the growth of shallow-rooted plants was easily suppressed.     

Plantations of native shrub species restore soil microbial diversity in the Horqin Sandy Land,northeastern China

Caragana microphylla Lam., a leguminous shrub species, plays an important role in revegetation in the degraded ecosystems of the Horqin Sandy Land, Northeastern China. Large areas planted with this shrub have been artificially established as sand binders for soil protection, which might change the composition of soil bacterial communities with the development of sand dune stabilization. In this paper, we investigated the diversity and composition of native soil bacterial communities in the C. microphylla plantation for sand fixation using polymerase chain reaction with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis（PCR-DGGE） to understand the influence of this plantation on sandy soil ecosystem development. We collected soil samples from plantations with an age sequence of 0, 9, 16, and 26 years, as well as from the natural community, to identify the differences among soil bacterial communities. The result showed that bacterial abundance and community composition in the sandy land were affected by the age of the C. microphylla plantation. Moreover, bacterial diversity decreased with increasing plantation age, and the composition of the bacterial community in the 26-year plantation was similar to that in the natural community. Phylogenetic analysis of bands excised from the DGGE gels showed that members of alpha Proteobacterium, gamma Proteobacterium, Gemmatimonadetes and Chloroflexi were dominant in the sandy land. The stabilization of moving sand dune and development of sand-fixed plantation resulted in an increase of soil fertility, which could drive the structural evolvement of soil bacterial community, and it needs over 20 years for the soil bacterial community to form a stable structure, similar to the case for the natural vegetation.     

内蒙古和林格尔地区柠条锦鸡儿生化成分分析

本文对内蒙古和林格尔地区柠条锦鸡儿中常量、微量金属元素,氨基酸,全氮,有机质及其生长土壤含水量,有机质,全氮等进行了详细的测试分析。结果表明:柠条锦鸡儿中常量元素含量:根、老枝、新枝中为Ca>K>Al>Na>Mg型,侧枝为Ca>K>Al>Mg>Na型。Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu等微量元素在植物体不同器官中含量顺序不同;各部分的氨基酸含量顺序为:侧枝>根>老枝>新枝,其中侧枝氨基酸含量最高,为7.476 mg/100 mg;植物含水量顺序:侧枝>根>老枝>新枝;新枝、根、老枝、侧枝C/N比分别是31.16、23.48、23.38和22.79。土壤含水量:20-30cm土层>40-50cm土层>表层土;土壤C/N在20-30cm土层最大。对柠条锦鸡儿及其生长土壤的生化成分分析结果,为改善西部地区生态环境,选择优良的防风固沙树种提供可靠依据。     

宁夏不同农业生态区土壤养分时空变化特征

根据宁夏耕地土壤监测结果,分析了不同农业生态区土壤氮磷钾养分含量的时空变化特征。结果表明,在1970～2000年的30a里,土壤全氮、全磷和全钾含量没有发生显著变化,而土壤碱解氮和有效磷含量呈较显著或显著增长态势,土壤速效钾含量在山区没有明显增减,而在灌区近15a呈明显下降态势。从两个地区比较来看,土壤氮磷钾养分含量总体上都是灌区高于山区,其中地区间差异最大的是土壤有效磷含量,具有极显著差异的是全氮、碱解氮和有效磷含量,全钾和速效钾含量在地区间存在较显著或显著差异,全磷量在地区间没有显著差异。从地区内变异系数来看,除土壤全钾外,其他都是山区显著大于灌区,山区变异系数的大小依次为全氮>有效磷>速效钾>碱解氮>全磷>全钾,灌区变异系数的大小依次为碱解氮>有效磷>速效钾>全氮>全磷>全钾。不论山区还是灌区,土壤全钾量的变异系数都是最小。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测稻田中吡嘧磺隆和苯噻酰草胺残留

采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS),建立了稻田水、土壤、水稻植株、稻秆、稻壳及糙米基质中吡嘧磺隆和苯噻酰草胺的残留分析方法。样品经20 m L V(乙腈)∶V(水)=70∶30的混合溶液提取,提取液用20 mg石墨化碳黑(GCB)与30 mg乙二氨基-N-丙基硅烷(PSA)净化,HPLC-M S/M S检测。吡嘧磺隆在上述各基质中的添加回收率在76%~107%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)在1.5%~14%之间,定量限为0.004~0.01 mg/kg;苯噻酰草胺的添加回收率在77%~101%之间,RSD在2.4%~13%之间,定量限为0.001~0.01 mg/kg。实现了对两种除草剂同时简便、快速测定的要求。采用该方法测定了26%吡嘧磺隆·苯噻酰草胺水面扩展粒剂在稻田施用后,其有效成分吡嘧磺隆和苯噻酰草胺在实际样品中的残留量。结果表明,两种除草剂均属于易降解农药,在本试验条件下其在糙米中的残留量均低于我国最大残留限量(MRL)(吡嘧磺隆0.1 mg/kg;苯噻酰草胺0.05 mg/kg)。     

黄土高原农牧交错带退耕坡地苜蓿-铁杆蒿群落养分分布特征

植物群落养分的空间分布反映了生态系统物质循环特征,可以为揭示生态系统资源的有效性及生态系统中植物群落的演替过程提供依据。本研究以黄土高原农牧交错带退耕坡地苜蓿-铁杆蒿群落为对象,分析其生物量和养分含量的空间分布特征。结果表明:退耕地苜蓿-铁杆蒿群落坡上部以苜蓿为主导物种,坡下部以铁杆蒿为主导物种,坡中部由二者共同主导。同一植物的生物量和N含量具有相似的空间结构,并且与植物种类有关;苜蓿和铁杆蒿P含量均以球状模型最佳,K含量的空间分布均以高斯模型最佳。苜蓿-铁杆蒿群落生物量和养分含量具有较强的空间依赖性,其空间变异主要由结构性因素决定。苜蓿和铁杆蒿生物量和养分含量的自相关性随距离变化表现出相似的趋势,但随生物量和养分种类的不同而异,且铁杆蒿生物量和养分含量的自相关性大于苜蓿。随着人工草地向天然草地的演替,群落生物量和养分含量的空间自相关性和空间依赖性逐渐增强。