晋陕峡谷河流阶地枣林土壤水分有效性及干燥化分析

选取晋陕峡谷河流阶地枣林土壤作为研究对象,采用土壤水分有效性指标A_w、土壤干燥化强度指数（SDI）等,定量研究河流阶地0~500 cm土层土壤水分有效性及干燥化的空间差异。结果表明：不同阶地土壤水分有效性A_w具有显著性差异（P<0.05）,一级阶地（0.36）显著高于二级（0.08）和三级（0.14）阶地。不同深度土壤水分有效性差异为：0~200 cm土层土壤,除60~100 cm土层外,各层一级阶地显著高于二级、三级阶地（P<0.05）;110~300 cm、310~500 cm土层土壤水分有效性分别表现为一级阶地最低（最大值-0.06）和最高（最大值1.04）的水分状况(P<0.05)。对土壤水分有效性分级,一级阶地多处于无效水和富余水状态,二、三级阶地多处于难效水状态。200~500 cm土层土壤平均干燥化强度为：三级阶地（69.87%）>二级阶地（69.23%）>一级阶地（-24.78%）。综合考虑土壤水分相关指标及植被生长规律,河流三级阶地更适合枣树生长,而一级、二级阶地需加强灌溉管理,并增加适当的农艺措施才能满足枣树的正常生长发育条件。     

不同滴头流量和灌水量下农田土壤湿润体特征及其估算模型

为了准确估算滴灌条件下农田土壤湿润体,利用亮蓝染色剂示踪技术分别在陕西杨凌(粘壤土)、甘肃武威(沙壤土)和宁夏盐池(沙土)3个试验站点开展了农田滴灌试验。试验设不同灌水量和滴头流量,研究不同土壤质地条件下灌水量和滴头流量组合对农田土壤湿润体的影响,进而探求不同土壤质地的土壤湿润体估算模型。结果表明：在相同的土壤条件下灌水后农田土壤形成的湿润体随灌水量的增加而增大,在相同灌水量下增加滴头流量能够显著增加水平方向的湿润距离,相较于小滴头流量(1.38 L·h^-1)而言,大滴头流量(3.0 L·h^-1)形成宽浅形湿润体。在相同的灌水量和滴头流量下,农田土壤湿润体的垂向湿润距离随土壤饱和导水率(K_s)的增加而增加,随灌水前土壤有效持水能力(Δθ)的增加而减小,而水平方向的湿润距离随土壤饱和导水率(K_s)和有效持水能力(Δθ)的增加而减小。在试验的基础上,利用土壤饱和导水率(K_s)、灌水前土壤有效持水能力(Δθ)、灌水量(v)和滴头流量(q)建立了湿润体垂直和水平方向湿润距离的估算模型(幂函数连乘模型),并结合湿润体形状利用椭圆方程描述湿润体的轮廓形状(湿润体估算模型)。经试验数据验证,农田土壤湿润体估算模型能够很好估算湿润体轮廓,模拟值和试验实测值的决定系数(R²)在0.93~0.99之间,均方根误差(RMSE)在1.3~4.1 cm之间。     

沼液穴灌入渗特征及Philip入渗模型拟合

为探求沼液穴灌条件下土壤入渗特征及适宜入渗模型,通过室内试验研究了沼液配比（沼液∶水,体积比,1∶4、1∶6、1∶8及纯水）、穴孔直径（3、5、7 cm）和土壤容重（1.35、1.45 g·cm-3）对土壤入渗特征的影响,利用数理统计方法分析影响沼液穴灌入渗的因素和湿润体变化规律,同时应用Philip入渗模型对沼液穴灌累积入渗量进行了拟合分析。结果表明：沼液穴灌累积入渗量均随沼液配比和土壤容重的增大而降低,随着穴孔直径的增加而增大,当入渗历时180 min时,土壤容重1.35 g·cm^-3和1.45 g·cm^-3的CK处理累积入渗量分别是沼液配比为1∶4、1∶6、1∶8处理的3.62、3.12、2.77倍和3.47、2.64、2.16倍;湿润体形状随穴孔直径的增加逐渐由水平轴大于垂直轴的椭球体趋向于水平轴小于垂直轴的椭球体,土壤容重1.35 g·cm^-3和1.45 g·cm^-3对应各穴孔直径（3、5、7 cm）的垂向最大湿润距离（V）与水平最大湿润距离（H）的比值(V/H)分别为0.929、1.081、1.111和0.957、1.048、1.064;幂函数能够准确描述湿润锋最大湿润距离与时间的函数关系;建立的多元线性方程能够较好描述累积入渗量与土壤容重、穴孔直径和沼液配比的关系,偏回归系数检验均达到显著或极显著水平;Philip入渗模型能够准确描述沼液穴灌累积入渗量随时间的变化规律,决定系数（R²）在0.98以上;Philip入渗模型中的土壤吸渗率(S)随穴孔直径的增大而增加,随沼液配比和土壤容重的增加而降低;土壤稳定入渗率（A）为负值与沼液的粘性及所含有的有机悬浮颗粒有关。基于以上分析,在农业生产中建议实施方案为：土壤容重1.35 g·cm^-3、穴孔直径5 cm、沼液配比1∶6和土壤容重1.45 g·cm^-3、穴孔直径7 cm、沼液配比1∶8。     

一维代数模型在砂质盐碱土改良中的适应性研究

为探讨一维代数模型在砂质盐碱土改良过程的适应性,以PAM和旱地龙改良剂为材料,各设3种施量（PAM 0.01%、0.04%、0.08%;旱地龙75、150、375 g·m^-2）进行室内垂直一维积水入渗试验。结果表明,施加化学改良剂对砂质盐碱土起减渗作用;由试验实测资料推求出一维代数模型中的土壤水分运动参数：土壤饱和导水率K_s随着改良剂施量的增加呈先降低后升高的趋势,与对照处理相比,其平均降低比率PAM和旱地龙处理各为36.9%和35.71%;模型中综合形状系数α变化趋势随改良剂施量的增加均呈增大-减小趋势;而吸力系数β随改良剂的种类及施量的增加变化趋势不明显;模型适应性检验中PAM、旱地龙处理中最大相对误差分别为-4.66%、-9.81%,其余处理的相对误差均小于5%,表明使用该模型能够有效地描述改良剂施加条件下砂质盐碱土的入渗过程,且该模型在PAM施加过程中适用性较好。     

地表滴灌条件下滴头流量对土壤水分入渗过程的影响

在新疆林业科学院枣树示范基地进行原状土的滴灌入渗试验,研究砂壤土在不同滴头流量条件下地表滴灌湿润体特征值的变化规律。结果表明：地表滴灌条件下,当滴头流量增加时,湿润体的形状大小会随着滴头流量的增大而增大,水平、垂直方向上湿润锋的运移距离随着滴头流量的增加而不断增大;湿润锋的运移速率、入渗距离比值与水分入渗时间符合幂函数关系;湿润锋水平方向的运移速率比垂直方向上的要大,但是持续的运移时间没有垂直方向上的长;土壤含水率的变化随着滴头流量的增加而增加,距离滴头距离越近含水率变化幅度也越大,当q≥8 L·h^-1时,滴头正下方约40 cm左右的土层含水率达到最大值。     

基于SRFR软件垄沟灌土壤水分入渗参数反推方法评价

以民勤绿洲沟灌水流推进试验实测资料为依据,建立了垄作沟灌土壤水分入渗Kostiakov模型,并利用WinSRFR数值模拟软件反向率定沟灌Kostiakov入渗模型中入渗系数k和入渗指数α,模拟分析不同沟底宽灌水沟裸地条件下水流推进和消退过程,并通过实测与模拟的水流推进过程相匹配来反向率定在动水头影响下的土壤入渗参数。结果表明,通过相对误差K、均方根误差RMSE以及不同灌水沟在30 cm处的水深变化过程来评价得到的入渗参数的精确度,表明利用大田实测与WinSRFR模型反推的入渗参数模拟的水流推进和消退过程较为一致。WinSRFR软件反推法求得的沟灌土壤水分入渗参数模拟结果满足试验精度要求,大大减小了入渗参数确定的工作量。     

祁连山八宝河流域典型草地土壤入渗特征

利用Guelph入渗仪,对祁连山八宝河流域典型草地的土壤入渗进行了调查,并基于Kostiakov模型和Horton模型对其入渗特征进行拟合。结果表明,峨堡样区土壤初始入渗率平均为1.66 cm·min^-1,稳定入渗率为0.99 cm·min^-1;阿柔样区土壤初始入渗率平均为0.47 cm·min^-1,稳定入渗率为0.21 cm·min^-1。入渗率随着海拔的升高而升高,与土壤含水量成正相关关系。整个入渗过程可分为三个阶段：0～10 min为入渗速率急剧变化阶段,10～30 min为入渗速率缓慢变化阶段和30 min以后逐渐达到稳定入渗阶段。Kostiakov模型在阿柔样区拟合效果较好;而Horton模型适合在峨堡样区使用。     

对常用潜水蒸发经验模型中E0值的探讨

为提高潜水蒸发计算精度，利用潜水蒸发强度、埋深为零时的土面蒸发强度和水面蒸发强度的实测资料对阿维里扬诺夫公式、叶水庭公式和雷志栋公式中E₀值的选取进行了探讨，同时对比分析了E₀分别为水面蒸发强度和埋深为零时土面蒸发强度两种情况下的潜水蒸发强度。结果表明，针对新疆地区粘壤土类型，对于上述三种公式，若用埋深为零的土面蒸发强度代替水面蒸发强度，计算结果会产生误差，精度偏低，应选用E₀为水面蒸发强度进行计算，获得了η与地下水埋深的指数函数关系。该研究为潜水蒸发经验模型中E₀值的选取提供参考，同时为求解雷志栋公式中参数η提供一种新方法。     

非水相污染物在黄土性土壤中的入渗试验研究

对两种非水相流体(NAPL)(煤油和四氯乙烯)在3种不同质地的黄土性土壤(沙土、黄绵土和土娄土)中的非饱和入渗特征进行了试验研究。结果表明:非水相污染物在土壤中的入渗与水分入渗规律相类似,累积入渗量曲线均很好地符合考斯加柯夫公式(F=atα);随着土壤质地的加重,入渗速率降低,表现为沙土>黄绵土>土娄土;两种污染物(煤油和四氯乙烯)在土壤中的入渗速率表现为相同温度下粘滞性较大的煤油入渗速率明显地小于粘滞性较小的四氯乙烯;对于同一质地土壤,随着土壤容重的增大,污染物迁移的速率降低,土壤的压实对污染物的迁移有抑制作用。     

基于FlexPDE的膜孔灌土壤水分运动数值模拟

基于实测扩散率资料和土壤水分特征曲线,利用FlexPDE软件对膜孔灌溉的土壤水分运动进行模拟,探索恒定水头条件下膜孔灌溉土壤水分入渗特性和剖面水分分布特征。结果表明：FlexPDE软件模拟粉粘壤土（处理2、3）和砂壤土（处理1、4）的含水率与实测之间的平均相对误差分别为5.930%、8.340%、9.600%和14.040%,其中粉粘壤土模拟与实测土壤含水率相对误差小于5%、10%和20%的比例分别为40%、68%和84%,砂壤土相对误差小于5%、10%和20%的比例分别为12%、40%和72%,粉粘壤土的模拟效果较砂壤土理想;基于模拟获取的土壤储水量与土壤实测累积入渗量呈线性关系,相关系数均大于0.9,且二者与入渗时间呈幂函数关系,随入渗时间增加而增大,但增速逐渐变缓;利用FlexPDE预测分析膜孔间距、膜孔直径和入渗水深对粉粘壤土膜孔灌溉单向交汇时刻、水分分布和储水量的影响,发现膜孔间距对于交汇初期土壤的水分分布影响较大,膜孔直径对于土壤交汇时间以及储水量影响显著。     

层状非均质包气带渗透性特征及其对降水入渗的影响

不同的岩性界面影响了降水在包气带中的入渗、运移与再分布过程,其影响机制仍是有待研究的学科前沿问题。针对上述问题,基于层状非均质包气带6 m×4 m×5 m样方,开展了多场次自然降水入渗过程的原位试验监测,研究结果表明层状非均质结构对降水入渗过程和速率影响明显:(1)地层分界面处土壤含水率呈现陡降变化特征;(2)220 cm深度以上包气带中土壤含水率对降水入渗响应变化敏感,呈含水率陡变的多峰谷式脉冲响应变化特征,其中20～100 cm地层土壤含水率变化幅度为22.58%～29.76%,120～200 cm地层土壤含水率变化幅度为13.74%～20.74%;220 cm深度以下包气带中土壤含水率对降水入渗响应滞缓,年内呈现平缓单峰响应变化特征,反映了多场次降雨的累积效应,其中220～400 cm地层土壤含水率变化幅度为2.3%～12.15%,430～460 cm地层土壤含水率变化幅度为2.5%～3.41%;(3)层状非均质结构阻滞了水分的运移(湿润锋通过亚砂土-粉砂界面时,平均运移速度由10.53 cm·d~(-1)下降为0.77 cm·d~(-1);湿润锋通过亚砂土-亚粘土界面时,平均运移速度由12 cm·d~(-1)下降为1.86 cm·d~(-1)),当岩性界面处水分不断蓄积克服阻力后才能向下运移;受上部界面水分蓄积的影响,下部层状非均质结构的阻滞作用将被减弱甚至不明显。     

Effect of soil solarization on the survival of fungal antagonists of Verticillium dahliae1

Talaromyces flavus, a fungal antagonist of Verticillium dahliae, naturally occurring in clay loam artichoke fields or sandy loam olive groves, is able to survive following application of soil solarization. Survival was almost always linked to an increase in T. flavus populations detected in the rhizosphere of artichoke plants or olive trees with a verticillium wilt history as compared with the untreated control soils. It was evident that soil solarization resulted in the control of the disease in artichoke fields and the recovery of olive trees from V. dahliae infection. It was furthermore proved that solarization had a beneficial long-term effect in controlling V. dahliae for a period of 2 or 3 consecutive years. This could at least partially be attributed to the activity of T. flavus in inhibiting the germination of microsclerotia or causing their death. Aspergillus terreus, another potential V. dahliae antagonist, was also found to survive and occasionally increase following the application of the technique.     

Activity,adsorption, mobility and field persistence of sulfosulfuron in soil

Petri dish bioassays, based on root response of corn grown in soil or in perlite, were used to study the activity, adsorption, mobility and field persistence of sulfosulfuron in a silty clay loam and a sandy loam soil. Both bioassays indicated that activity of sulfosulfuron increased with increasing herbicide concentration, and to a slightly greater degree in sandy loam soil than in silty clay loam soil. More sulfosulfuron was adsorbed on the sandy loam (not biologically available) than on the silty clay loam soil. Consequently, slightly greater amounts of sulfosulfuron were leached through the silty clay loam than through the sandy loam soil. Biologically available sulfosulfuron was not detected at depths below 40 cm after application in sandy loam, but this was not the case for the silty clay loam soil. In 2002, all sulfosulfuron rates showed field persistence of less than 5 months. On the other hand, in 2003, biologically available sulfosulfuron was detected in the 0–10-cm soil depth 150 days after application. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 6, 2004.     

Soybean Brown Stem Rot, Phytophthora sojae, and Heterodera glycines Affected by Soil Texture and Tillage Relations

ABSTRACT Investigations were conducted to determine whether the effects of tillage practices on the prevalence of brown stem rot of soybean (caused by Phialophora gregata), Heterodera glycines, and Phytophthora sojae were confounded by soil texture in samples collected in the fall of 1995 and 1996. Soil and soybean stem samples, along with tillage information, were collected from 1,462 randomly selected fields in Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, and Ohio in collaboration with the National Agricultural Statistics Service. The incidence of brown stem rot was determined from 20 soybean stem pieces collected from each field in a zigzag pattern. The detection frequency of P. sojae (expressed as percent leaf disks colonized) and population densities of H. glycines were determined from soil cores also collected in a zigzag pattern. The soil samples were grouped into various textural classes, and the effect of soil texture and tillage relations on the activities of each pathogen were determined. Both tillage and soil texture affected the incidence of brown stem rot; however, there was no interaction between tillage and soil texture. Conservation tillage had a greater (P < 0.05) incidence of brown stem rot in clay loam and silty clay loam than did conventional tillage. The detection frequency of P. sojae was not affected by tillage, but a tillage x texture interaction (P = 0.013) indicated that the effect of tillage depended on soil texture. There was a greater (P < 0.05) detection frequency of P. sojae in conservation tillage than in conventional tillage in silt loam and loam soils. However, in sandy loam, the detection frequency of P. sojae was greater (P = 0.0099) in conventional tillage than in conservation tillage. Population densities of H. glycines were significantly affected by both tillage and soil texture, but overall, there was no tillage x texture interaction. There was an inverse relationship between population densities of H. glycines and percent clay (r = -0.81, P = 0.01) in no-till fields, but little or no change in nematode densities was observed with increasing clay content in tilled fields. Population densities of H. glycines were less (P < 0.05) in no-till fields than in tilled fields in silty clay loam and clay soils. There was no difference in H. glycines densities between the tillage categories in soils sandier than silty clay loam or clay. The findings emphasize the need for cautious interpretation of the effects of tillage practices on diseases and pathogens in the absence of information on soil texture.     

辽西北风沙地不同植物群落土壤入渗特性

采用野外双环入渗试验和室内土壤物理性质分析相结合的方法,研究辽西北风沙地不同植物群落(乔木林地、灌木林地、人工草地、荒草地)土壤入渗特征及影响因素。结果表明:不同植物群落的土壤初始入渗率、16min入渗率、稳定入渗率和累计入渗量等土壤入渗特征值均表现为荒草地人工草地灌木林地乔木林地;土壤入渗特征值与毛管孔隙度呈显著负相关,与饱和含水量、粉粒含量呈负相关,与土壤初始含水率、土壤容重、非毛管孔隙度、砂粒、粘粒含量呈正相关,但未达显著水平。不同植物群落下土壤入渗过程的拟合优度存在差异,Horton模型、G-P综合模型、Philip模型、Kastiakov模型的平均拟合优度依次为0.948、0.896、0.893、0.868,Horton模型相对误差为15.71%~68.61%,可作为辽西北风沙地不同植物群落土壤入渗过程的预测模型;主成分分析评价的土壤入渗能力排序为荒草地人工草地灌木林地乔木林地,初始入渗率、稳定入渗率、16 min入渗率和累积入渗量的主成分方差累积贡献率为99.628%,较好地表达了土壤入渗能力。     

考虑水分再分布的沟灌入渗模拟与春小麦垄作沟灌合理垄宽

垄作沟灌技术具有显著的节水增产作用,但在春小麦种植中应用尚缺乏参数设计方面的理论支撑。本研究采用粉砂质粘壤土与粘土两种典型土壤实测水分运动参数和HYDRUS软件,模拟了梯形灌水沟不同垄宽情况下的土壤水分运动和停水后水分再分布,研究了不同灌水量时湿润锋推进过程和水分再分布后的湿润体变化,分析了设计灌水定额下适宜作物生长湿润体范围,提出了粉砂质粘壤土和粘土宜采用的合理垄宽为20～50 cm和20～35 cm,这一结果为干旱区春小麦垄作沟灌技术推广提供了技术支撑。     

A Field Bioassay Approach to Assess the Toxicity of Insecticide Residues on Soil to Collembola

Field bioassays were conducted to assess the toxicity of three insecticides, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and pirimicarb, to four species of springtails, Isotoma viridis, Isotomurus palustris, Folsomia candida (Collembola: Isotomidae) and Sminthurus viridis (Collembola: Sminthuridae). Spray residues on two soil types (a sandy clay loam and a sandy soil) were obtained in the field, in the presence and absence of a wheat crop canopy, after spray application by a commercial tractor-mounted sprayer. Collembola were then confined for 24-h periods on the sprayed soils in a constant laboratory environment at 1, 2, 3, 8 and 15 days after treatment. Residual insecticide toxicity was compared between species, insecticides, soils and exposure conditions (crop or no crop) using the age of residue at which median mortality occurred (DAT₅₀). Cypermethrin and pirimicarb residues were of low toxicity, causing less than 10% mortality, whereas residues of chloryprifos were toxic to all four species of Collembola on both soil types and in both exposure treatments. Interspecific differences in collembolan susceptibility to chlorpyrifos residues gave the ranking (from most to least susceptible) S. viridis>F. candida>Isotomurus palustris>Isotoma viridis. Residues on the sandy soil were more toxic than those on the sandy clay loam. These results are discussed in terms of how field bioassay approaches may be used to determine pesticide residual toxicity to microarthropods. We conclude that field bioassays offer a feasible method for evaluating the toxicity of pesticides and the persistence of toxic effects on Collembola. Advantages and disadvantages of this method are considered.     

基于HYDRUS-1D的不同质地土壤入渗过程数值模拟

基于HYDRUS-1D软件,对不同土质(淤泥、粉砂壤土、砂质粘壤土)的灌溉方案进行了系统的数值实验,模拟灌溉结束时及灌溉结束24 h之后的土壤剖面含水量和土壤湿润锋的变化情况。结果表明:在不产生径流的情况下,灌溉结束24 h后土壤的含水量分布和湿润深度只与土壤种类和灌溉量有关,与灌溉速度无关;对透水性较好的土质,灌溉水分重分布明显,以粉砂壤土灌溉速率0.7 cm·h~(-1)和灌溉时间3 h为例,灌溉结束时和灌溉24 h后土壤湿润深度分别为9.2 cm和20.6 cm,有55.3%的灌溉水参加了水分重分布;土壤湿润深度与灌溉量之间存在线性关系,拟合直线的斜率介于5.15(淤泥)和5.95(砂质黏壤土)之间。