Research advances in genetics and breeding ofpopulus davidiana dode in China

In this paper a general introduction is given to research advances in genetics improvement and breeding of Chinese aspen (Populus davidiana Dode) in China. This introduction includes natural distribution and collection, conservation, gene diversity, provenance trial, crossing breeding, vegetative propagation and disease resistant etc. Based on the current situation of forest tree breeding in China, some strategic suggestions concerning the future development of Chinese aspen genetics improvement in China are presented, taking into consideration the existing domestic demands of forestry production and international trends in forest tree breeding. Responsible Editor: Chai Ruihai     

Genomic selection in forest tree breeding: the concept and an outlook to the future

Using large numbers of DNA markers to predict genetic merit [genomic selection (GS)] is a new frontier in plant and animal breeding programs. GS is now routinely used to select superior bulls in dairy cattle breeding. In forest trees, a few empirical proof of-concept studies suggest that GS could be successful. However, application of GS in forest tree breeding is still in its infancy. The major hurdle is lack of high throughput genotyping platforms for trees, and the high genotyping costs, though, the cost of genotyping will likely decrease in the future. There has been a growing interest in GS among tree breeders, forest geneticists, and tree improvement managers. A broad overview of pedigree reconstruction and GS is presented. Underlying reasons for failures of marker-assisted selection were summarized and compared with GS. Challenges of GS in forest tree breeding and the outlook for the future are discussed, and a GS plan for a cloned loblolly pine breeding population is presented. This review is intended for tree breeders, forest managers, scientist and students who are not necessarily familiar with genomic or quantitative genetics jargon.     

美国东部黑核桃在我国林业建设中的应用前景、存在问题及对策

美国东部黑核桃是一经济价值极高的硬阔叶材树种,它在我国林业建设（用材林、农用防护林、经济林）中有着广阔的应用前景,国内引种工作取得了显著成绩,但也出现了盲目引进、苗木生产有待规范等问题。文中针对这些问题提出了黑核桃引种要适地适树、合理规划、加强良种繁育工作等建议。     

生物技术在林木育种中的应用

林木种质资源是一种重要的生物资源,具有独特的属性和非常重要的作用.生物技术的发展又为林木种质资源的创新提供了新的途径.近年来,林木遗传育种工作发生了深刻的变化,本文从对优质、高产、抗性和稳定林木新品种需求的紧迫性出发,分析了我国林木遗传育种工作的现状,提出了以细胞工程和基因工程为主体的生物技术、常规育种和林木种质资源保存等方面的工作,是新世纪中国林木育种技术需求的重点内容.现代生物技术正日益应用于林业生产的各个领域,并取得了重大成果,为林业育种技术的改造、更新和林业新技术革命提供了可能.对细胞工程和基因工程在林木遗传育种中的应用进行了概述,以期为相关研究提供参考.     

林木遗传育种基础研究热点述评

林木由于世代周期长、个体高大、遗传负荷高等自身固有的一些特性,一直被认为是一种非常难以操作的遗传学材料,导致林木遗传育种在基础研究方面远远滞后于模式动、植物和其他重要作物,成为限制林木遗传改良进程的主要因素。分子育种是突破林木育种周期长的关键技术,通过基因组学研究,分析和阐明林木基因的功能是进行林木分子育种设计的前提。近年来随着生命科学领域新技术的快速发展,林木遗传育种基础研究也出现一些新的热点。本文主要阐述林木基因组和功能基因组学、连锁与关联分析、木材形成机制及分子育种技术的研究进展,虽然目前相关研究成果实际应用的条件还不成熟,但作为技术储备是急需加强的研究方向。     

欧洲落叶松引种研究

树木引种驯化在林区新的发展形势下尤为重要,它不但可以为林区发展商品林提供新的选择,而且为丰富林区的树种组成、开展遗传育种等林学工作提供了新的种质材料。欧洲落叶松生长快、抗性强、耐干旱瘠薄、耐高寒,是国内外松属植物引种工作中较为成功的一例。本文实录了欧洲落叶松引种驯化情况,以供参考。     

分子设计育种研究进展及其在林木育种中的应用

阐述了分子设计育种的概念、研究进展及其在动植物遗传育种中的应用。结合当前林木育种发展现状和育种目标, 介绍了开展林木分子设计育种的研究基础, 包括林木多基因转化技术研究、林木的分子标记辅助选择研究以及林木的生物信息学研究。针对林木分子设计育种现状, 分析了开展林木分子设计育种存在的相关问题, 并对今后的应用前景进行了展望。     

我国林木遗传改良的研究现状及展望

概述了我国林木遗传育种工作的发展现状，阐述了生物技术在林木遗传改良研究中的应用，提出了新世纪我国林木育种工作的战略重点。     

遗传工程在林业研究中的应用及进展

植物遗传工程研究在林业研究中的应用有两个方面。首先,遗传图谱的构建,是林木育种和基因转移的有利工具,使森林遗传学和林木育种学研究产生了新的飞跃,还为林木早期选择,提高选择效果,缩短选育周期提供了可能;其次,在森林病虫害防治中,通过植物遗传工程,克隆毒蛋白基因,并将抗虫基因转入植物细胞,得到抗虫转基因植株,从而为林木的抗病育种提供一个划时代的手段。     

吉林省林木种苗工作现状及发展对策

回顾总结了《中华人民共和国种子法》颁布施行以来吉林省林木种苗工作取得的成绩,针对存在的主要问题和"十二五"期间全省林木种苗发展的重点及目标,提出了全面提高林木良种选育水平、切实增强优良种苗生产能力、着力强化林木种苗市场监管、努力提高林木种苗综合服务水平、继续加大林木种苗政策扶持力度的发展对策。     

林木营养遗传和改良研究进展

就林木营养遗传研究进行综合评述,包括林木基因型对施肥反应的遗传差异、林木性状的遗传表达与营养环境、林木营养的遗传控制和变异机制等.鉴于我国现有林地和潜在造林地肥力普遍偏低,土壤缺氮少磷严重,在我国主要用材树种的现有育种程序中必须考虑营养性状的遗传改良.     

山东省针叶树种(球果类)遗传改良及评价

山东省林木遗传改良从建国后可以分成初始阶段(50~60年代)、全面发展阶段(70~80年代)和常规育种与生物技术相结合阶段(90年代以后)。近35年来山东林业科技针叶树遗传改良论文占3.06%,总体呈下降的趋势。本文对我省针叶树育种场建设、种源试验和种源选择、优树选择、杂交育种、子代测定、良种快繁技术、针叶树遗传改良项目、成果及品种等进行了回顾。同时对针叶树遗传改良策略、种源选择、种子园与遗传增益、现代育种技术在针叶树遗传改良上的应用和杂交育种等进行了讨论。     

Tree cavity densities and characteristics in managed and unmanaged Swedish boreal forest

In forests worldwide, ～10?40% of bird and mammal species require cavities for nesting or roosting. Although knowledge of tree cavity availability and dynamics has increased during past decades, there is a striking lack of studies from boreal Europe. We studied the density and characteristics of cavities and cavity-bearing trees in three categories of forest in a north-Swedish landscape: clearcuts with tree retention, managed old (>100 years) forest, and unmanaged old forest. Unmanaged old forests had significantly higher mean density of cavities (2.4?±?2.2(SD)?ha^?1) than managed old forest (1.1?±?2.1?ha^?1). On clearcuts the mean cavity density was 0.4?±?2.3?ha^?1. Eurasian aspen (Populus tremula) had a higher probability of containing excavated cavities than other tree species. There was a greater variety of entrance hole shapes and a higher proportion of cavities with larger entrances in old forest than on clearcuts. Although studies of breeding success will be necessary to more accurately assess the impact of forest management on cavity-nesting birds, our results show reduced cavity densities in managed forest. To ensure future provision of cavities, managers should retain existing cavity-bearing trees as well as trees suitable for cavity formation, particularly aspen and dead trees.     

遗传标记技术及其在林木遗传育种中的应用研究

论述了不同遗传标记技术的原理及特点，综述了遗传标记技术在林木遗传育种中的应用研究进展，为林木遗传学和育种学的研究提供参考。     

林木对低P胁迫的适应性机制和遗传学研究进展

土壤具有巨大P库,但有效P含量很低,培育有效利用土壤P素的林木基因型,可从根本上解决土壤有效P的缺乏。本文结合国内外植物营养遗传和改良研究成果,就林木有效利用土壤P素的基因型差异、对低P胁迫的适应机理、P效率的遗传控制、耐低P种质资源筛选和新品种培育等进行述评。基于资源与环境问题考虑,作者认为P效率应作为一个重要的林木育种目标,加强我国主要造林树种以P效率为主的营养利用效率遗传改良,以达到低投入、高产出、无污染的人工林可持续发展目标。     

世界林业专业学科研究概述

根据有关资料对世界林业专业学科研究介绍，结合山西省林业建设与发展，对林木遗传育种、苗木培育与造林技术、森林保护、森林经理等专业学科研究作了简要概述。     

Development of economic forest tree breeding objectives: review of existing methodology and discussion of its application in Swedish conditions

Abstract

Genetic selection in forest tree breeding requires multiple traits to be considered simultaneously. Based on an economic breeding objective, traits are weighted according to their economic importance to create an index used for selection. Economic breeding objectives have mainly been developed in animal breeding and have only recently been applied to forest tree breeding. A review of the general methodology highlights the decisions associated with developing economic breeding objectives and their effects. Furthermore, studies concerning economic forest tree breeding objectives provide a bulk of knowledge and practical experience for fast growing, short rotation species. We have identified and discussed challenges when applying this methodology in Swedish tree breeding. Major challenges are: (1) managing the uncertainty of future industrial uses of wood and industrial processing, originating from long rotations; (2) various issues associated with having a production system describing an entire nation; (3) the size and effects of the discount rate; (4) developing models capable of representing genetic changes in the complex and dynamic system of growing and harvesting trees. We believe that these challenges must be tackled by a joint multi-disciplinary effort, involving stakeholders and researchers in several areas (e.g. forest genetics, economics, wood engineering), to make significant progress.     

关于发展人工林与建立人工林业问题探讨

全世界森林面积为 34 5 4× 1 0 8hm2 ,其中 3%是人工林。人工林是重要的森林生态系统 ,在木材生产、环境保护和景观建设中具有重要功能和作用。人工林在生产功能方面的补偿作用 ,使天然林可以更好地发挥生态环境价值、森林娱乐和生物多样性保护功能。人工林可持续经营的前提是遗传材料的正确选择与营林实践艺术的结合以及保证这种结合的林业政策。愈来愈多地使用外来树种营建人工林是全球趋势。人工林对于环境和生物多样性的影响 ,可以通过合理的规划和经营措施得到解决。林木育种与遗传改良和经营制度的技术创新是不断提高人工林生态系统生产力的动力。人工林的可持续经营是一个十分复杂的问题 ,中国人工林实现可持续经营面临技术和体制两方面的挑战 ,但是 ,根本出路在于林业经济体制的改革 ,象农业那样 ,在市场经济环境中实行人工林产业化经营 ,建立人工林业 (Forestplantationindustry)。     

生物技术在林木遗传育种中的应用

简要介绍了我国林木育种的发展历程及取得的主要成就, 综述了近年来林木遗传标记技术、林木基因组研究、林木抗虫、抗病、抗逆境、品质改良、遗传转化等基因工程技术在林木遗传育种中的应用进展, 并探讨了生物技术与林木常规育种的关系。     

云南松种质资源与遗传多样性研究进展

云南松是分布于我国西南地区的重要造林树种,约占云南省森林分布面积的70%,是云南省重要的经济及用材树种.掌握云南松种质资源保存与利用现状,弄清种源间遗传多样性及遗传变异规律,是完善林木资源、开展林木良种选育的重要基础.因此,对我国近年来学者在云南松种质资源收集、保存及遗传多样性方面进行的研究工作进行了整理、分析.结果表明,对云南松的形态、生理、生态、遗传与种质资源保存等方面的研究已取得许多新的成果,揭示了云南松丰富的遗传资源及多样的地理种源.