Nitrogen isotope composition of organically and conventionally grown crops

Authentic samples of commercially produced organic and conventionally grown tomatoes, lettuces, and carrots were collected and analyzed for their delta15N composition in order to assemble datasets to establish if there are any systematic differences in nitrogen isotope composition due to the method of production. The tomato and lettuce datasets suggest that the different types of fertilizer commonly used in organic and conventional systems result in differences in the nitrogen isotope composition of these crops. A mean delta15N value of 8.1 per thousand was found for the organically grown tomatoes compared with a mean value of -0.1 per thousand for those grown conventionally. The organically grown lettuces had a mean value of 7.6 per thousand compared with a mean value of 2.9 per thousand for the conventionally grown lettuces. The mean value for organic carrots was not significantly different from the mean value for those grown conventionally. Overlap between the delta15N values of the organic and conventional datasets (for both tomatoes and lettuces) means that it is necessary to employ a statistical methodology to try and classify a randomly analyzed "off the shelf" sample as organic/conventional, and such an approach is demonstrated. Overall, the study suggests that nitrogen isotope analysis could be used to provide useful "intelligence" to help detect the substitution of certain organic crop types with their conventional counterparts. However, delta15N analysis of a "test sample" will not provide unequivocal evidence as to whether synthetic fertilizers have been used on the crop but could, for example, in a situation when there is suspicion that mislabeling of conventionally grown crops as "organic" is occurring, be used to provide supporting evidence.     

Nitrogen isotope relationships between crops and fertilizer: implications for using nitrogen isotope analysis as an indicator of agricultural regime

The effect of fertilizer type, amount of fertilizer applied, growing medium, and water type on the nitrogen-15 content of carrots, tomatoes, and lettuces has been investigated. Crops grown using synthetic nitrogen fertilizer were isotopically lighter than those grown using pelleted chicken manure. For example, for equivalent amounts of nitrogen applied, carrots grown with ammonium nitrate fertilizer had delta15N values between 3 per thousand and 4 per thousand lower than those grown using pelleted chicken manure. Plants grown in peat-based compost were generally found to be isotopically lighter than those grown in composted bark based compost. Results suggest that nitrate content and the delta15N of the nitrate in irrigation water may also influence crop delta15N. Wider implications of using crop delta15N more generally as an indicator of whether synthetic nitrogen fertilizers have been applied to a crop and the possible application and limitations of using crop delta15N as an indicator of agricultural regime (organic/conventional) are discussed.     

The feasibility of using delta15N and delta13C values for discriminating between conventionally and organically fertilized pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the feasibility of using leaf and fruit delta15N and delta13C values to discriminate between conventionally and organically fertilized peppers, when conventional management involves the application of organic amendment for soil preparation. All of the treatments involved adding horse manure to the soil before applying different rates of synthetic N fertilizers: 0 (T1 and T2), 150 (T3), and 300 kg ha(-1) (T4). The difference between T1 and T2 was that no synthetic fertilizer had been applied to plot T1 during the 5 years prior to the experiment. Significant differences were found in the delta15N values of leaves and fruit from the plants grown under organic or mixed fertilization. The results indicate the possibility of using 15N natural abundance as an indicator of fertilization management. On the other hand, delta13C values did not contribute any additional information for discriminating between the organically and the synthetically and organically fertilized peppers.     

Nitrogen isotopes as a screening tool to determine the growing regimen of some organic and nonorganic supermarket produce from New Zealand

An isotopic study was performed on nine varieties of organically and conventionally grown vegetables from an organic food market and a chain supermarket in New Zealand. The main aim of the study was to assess the applicability of stable nitrogen isotopes as a screening tool to differentiate between organic and conventional growing conditions of various vegetable types sampled directly off supermarket shelves. This could be further used as the basis of a simple authentication tool to detect noncompliant organic farming practices and false labeling of organic produce. In this study, nitrogen isotopes are found to be an excellent way of identifying faster growing organic vegetables (maturity time to harvest of <80 days), as these vegetables tend to be significantly more enriched in (15)N than conventionally grown vegetables and natural soil N. For slower growing organic produce (maturity time to harvest of >80 days), more information would be required to understand isotopic variations and fractionation effects between vegetables and soil over time as the technique does not discriminate organic from conventional regimens for these vegetables with as much certainty.     

脐橙品质与自然土壤中稀土元素相关性分析

在赣南稀土高背景区和稀土低背景区不同地质环境脐橙果园分别取岩石、土壤、脐橙植物样24组,用ICP-MS法测定其中15种稀土元素的含量;检测脐橙果实有机营养物质总糖、总酸、粗纤维、维生素C、类胡萝卜素、氨基酸等含量,并对稀土元素在土壤和脐橙植物体内的含量与脐橙有机营养物质含量的相关性进行了研究。结果表明,稀土高背景区脐橙稀土含量非常低,而各项有机营养物质指标均略高于稀土低背景区脐橙,表明稀土元素有益于脐橙有机营养物质的形成和提高;通过相关性分析和通径分析,表明稀土中与脐橙有机营养物质相关程度最高的是轻稀土元素Pr、La、Nd、Ce。     

Determination of the 2H/1H and 15N/14N ratios of Alkylpyrazines from coffee beans (Coffea arabica L. and Coffea canephoravar. robusta) by isotope ratio mass spectrometry

The delta15N(AIR) and delta2H(VSMOW) data for several alkylpyrazines formed during the roasting process of coffee are reported. Samples of commercially available roasted (n = 9) as well as self-roasted (n = 8) coffee beans (Coffea arabica L. and Coffea canephora var. robusta) of different origins were investigated. By use of extracts prepared by simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE) and subsequently fractionated by liquid chromatography on silica gel, on-line capillary gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry was employed in the combustion (C) and pyrolysis (P) modes (HRGC-C/P-IRMS) to determine the delta15N(AIR) and delta2H(VSMOW) values, respectively. In addition to the constituents of coffee beans, data for commercial synthetic alkylpyrazines and substances declared to be "natural" were determined. The delta15N(AIR) data for coffee alkylpyrazines under study-2-ethyl-5-methylpyrazine (1) and 2-ethyl-6-methylpyrazine (2) (measured as sum 1/2), 2-ethyl-3-methylpyrazine (3), 2-methylpyrazine (4), 2,5-dimethylpyrazine (5) and 2,6-dimethylpyrazine (6) (measured as sum 5/6), and 2,3-dimethylpyrazine (7), as well as 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine (8)-varied in the range from +8.3 to -10.2 per thousand, thus revealing their biogeneration from amino acids (delta15N(AIR) ranging from +8 per thousand to -10 per thousand). The delta2H(VSMOW) values were determined in the range from -5 per thousand to -127 per thousand. Owing to the analytical differentiation observed between coffee alkylpyrazines and synthetic/"natural" samples of 3, 4, and 7, authenticity assessment of coffee-flavored products seems to be promising, provided that extended data will be available in the future. In the literature, there were no IRMS data available for the alkylpyrazines (1-8) under study.     

Authenticity assessment of gamma- and delta-decalactone from prunus fruits by gas chromatography combustion/pyrolysis isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C/P-IRMS)

Authenticity assessment of gamma-decalactone (1) and delta-decalactone (2) from peach (Prunus persica var. persica), apricot (Prunus armeniaca), and nectarine (Prunus persica var. nectarina) was performed using gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-IRMS) in the combustion (C) and pyrolysis (P) mode. In addition, commercially available synthetic (nature-identical) 1 and 2 as well as biotechnologically produced samples (declared to be "natural") were characterized by their delta(2)H(V)(-)(SMOW) and delta(13)C(V)(-)(PDB) values. For the Prunus fruits under study, rather narrow ranges of delta(13)C(V)(-)(PDB) and delta(2)H(V)(-)(SMOW) data of 1, varying from - 34.6 per thousand to - 38.4 per thousand and -160 per thousand to -206 per thousand, respectively, were obtained. Synthetic references of 1 showed delta(13)C(V)(-)(PDB) and delta(2)H(V)(-)(SMOW) data ranging from -27.4 per thousand to -28.3 per thousand and -151 per thousand to -184 per thousand, respectively. Samples of 1 declared to be "natural" exhibited ranges from -28.1 per thousand to -29.2 per thousand and -192 per thousand to -286 per thousand for delta(13)C(V)(-)(PDB) and delta(2)H(V)(-)(SMOW), respectively. For 2 from peach, apricot, and nectarine, delta(13)C(V)(-)(PDB) values ranging from -34.0 per thousand to -37.9 per thousand were determined; the delta(2)H(V)(-)(SMOW) values ranged from -171 per thousand to -228 per thousand. The delta(13)C(V)(-)(PDB) and delta(2)H(V)(-)(SMOW) data for synthetic 2 were -28.2 per thousand and -171 per thousand, respectively, that is, similar to those of 2 from "natural" origin, ranging from -27.7 per thousand to -30.1 per thousand and -185 per thousand to -230 per thousand for delta(13)C(V)(-)(PDB) and delta(2)H(V)(-)(SMOW), respectively. GC-C/P-IRMS allowed clear-cut analytical differentiation of the synthetic and "ex-plant" origin of 1 and 2, whereas narrow ranges of delta(13)C(V)(-)(PDB) and delta(2)H(V)(-)(SMOW) data were found for samples of synthetic and "natural" origin.     

柑桔皱皮果与果皮及其细胞壁矿质元素关系的研究

对红 1 7甜橙、红江橙及红江橙正常果与皱皮果、红江橙阴面果与阳面果的果皮及其细胞壁N、P、K、Ca、Mg的含量进行了分析 ,探讨这些矿质元素与柑桔成熟期皱皮果形成的关系。结果发现红 1-7甜橙皱皮果发生率较低 ,仅为 7.34% ,而红江橙皱皮果发生率高达 28.06% ;皱皮现象 86%以上出现在果实的阴面果皮。果皮N、P含量与柑桔皱皮果的形成没有相关性 ,K在皱皮果中的含量比正常果高 ,而在阳面果皮比阴面果皮高 ;Mg在皱皮果和阴面果皮及其细胞壁的含量都比在正常果和阳面果皮稍低 ,但Mg的含量与皱皮果率的相关性不显著 ;Ca在正常果和阳面果皮及其细胞壁的含量都明显高于皱皮果和阴面果皮 ,皱皮果率与Ca的含量呈显著的负相关     

Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Stocks under Tropical Organic and Conventional Cropping Systems in Northeastern Brazil

Soil organic matter (SOM) is an essential ecosystem component whose dynamics are affected by soil management practices. To evaluate the impact of two agricultural systems (organic and conventional) on soil organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks in a sandy soil, samples were collected from the Amway Nutrilite Brazil farm and from the Central Pivot Horticultural Farmers Association farm, both situated in the Chapada da Ibiapaba region, Ceará State, Brazil. The first area has a large‐scale Caribbean Cherry fruit production system under organic management, whereas the second represented a conventional soil cultivation condition, characterized by the use of chisel plow and disc plow, mineral fertilization, and herbicides application. Plots with and without green manure fertilization were compared in the organically cultivated systems by using soil samples collected in the rows and between the rows. Areas under native forest were also sampled to determine the steady‐state condition. Total organic C and N contents in the soil (SOC, TN) and in the humic substances were determined at the 0‐ to 5‐, 5‐ to 15‐, 15‐ to 30‐, and 30‐ to 50‐cm soil layers. In addition, oxidizible organic C fractions were measured to calculate the carbon management index (CMI). In general, total SOC levels were low, ranging from 2.5 to 12.6 g kg^?1 in the whole soil profile among the organic systems. In the upper soil layer, SOC and TN stocks were greater in the rows in response to organic fertilization. The conventional system presented lower variation on the SOC contents throughout soil layers when compared to the native forest area, indicating the direct effect of plowing on the downward SOC distribution. The CMI data confirmed the reestablishment of SOM levels in the rows of the organic managed systems in relation to the reference area, whereas the reduction of the CMI in the conventional system suggests a decline in the soil quality and greater potential for increased C losses to the atmosphere.     

不同栽培模式及施氮对玉米-小麦轮作体系土壤肥力及硝态氮累积的影响

以在陕西关中土垫旱耕人为土区进行的连续6年定位试验为对象,研究了长期覆盖栽培及施氮量对玉米?小麦轮作体系下土壤有机质、全氮及土壤剖面硝态氮残留量和分布的影响。结果表明,不同栽培模式对土壤有机质和全氮含量的影响为覆草垄沟常规节水,其中覆草模式影响达显著水平。增施氮肥不同程度地提高了土壤有机质和全氮含量。经过12季玉米-小麦的轮作,不同栽培模式0～200cm土壤剖面硝态氮残留量为垄沟节水覆草常规,垄沟和节水栽培模式与常规栽培硝态氮累积量差异达显著水平。随种植年限和施氮量增加,0～200cm土壤中硝态氮累积量明显增加,施240kg·hm-2N(N240)处理0～200cm土壤硝态氮累积量显著高于施120kg·hm-2N(N120)处理。不同施氮量下硝态氮在0～200cm土壤剖面的分布存在差异,与不施氮(N0)和N120处理相比,N240处理下各栽培模式在120cm以下的土壤硝态氮含量随深度增加而显著增加。     

Tequila authenticity assessment by headspace SPME-HRGC-IRMS analysis of 13C/12C and 18O/16O ratios of ethanol

By use of headspace SPME sampling and a PLOT column, on-line capillary gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry was employed in the combustion (C) and the pyrolysis (P) modes (HRGC-C/P-IRMS) to determine the delta(13)C(VPDB) and delta(18)O(VSMOW) values of ethanol in authentic (n = 14) and commercial tequila samples (n = 15) as well as a number of other spirits (n = 23). Whereas with delta(13)C(VPDB) values ranging from -12.1 to -13.2 per thousand and from -12.5 to -14.8 per thousand similar variations were found for 100% agave and mixed tequilas, respectively, the delta(18)O(VSMOW) data differed slightly within these categories: ranges from +22.1 to +22.8 per thousand and +20.8 to +21.7 per thousand were determined for both the authentic 100% agave and mixed products, respectively. The data recorded for commercial tequilas were less homogeneous; delta(13)C(VPDB) data from -10.6 to -13.9 per thousand and delta(18)O(VSMOW) values from +15.5 to +22.7 per thousand were determined in tequilas of both categories. Owing to overlapping data, attempts to differentiate between white, rested, and aged tequilas within each of the two categories failed. In addition, discrimination of tequila samples from other spirits by means of delta(13)C(VPDB) and delta(18)O(VSMOW) data of ethanol was restricted to the products originating from C(3) as well as C(4)/CAM raw materials.     

Microbial and biochemical soil quality indicators and their potential for differentiating areas under contrasting agricultural management regimes

The aim of this study was to examine interrelationships between functional biochemical and microbial indicators of soil quality, and their suitability to differentiate areas under contrasting agricultural management regimes. The study included five 0.8 ha areas on a sandy-loam soil which had received contrasting fertility and cropping regimes over a 5 year period. These were organically managed vegetable, vegetable-cereal and arable rotations, an organically managed grass clover ley, and a conventional cereal rotation. The organic areas had been converted from conventional cereal production 5 years prior to the start of the study. All of the biochemical analyses, including light fraction organic matter (LFOM) C and N, labile organic N (LON), dissolved organic N and water-soluble carbohydrates showed significant differences between the areas, although the nature of the relationships between the areas varied between the different parameters, and were not related to differences in total soil organic matter content. The clearest differences were seen in LFOM C and N and LON, which were higher in the organic arable area relative to the other areas. In the case of the biological parameters, there were differences between the areas for biomass-N, ATP, chitin content, and the ratios of ATP: biomass and basal respiration: biomass. For these parameters, the precise relationships between the areas varied. However, relative to the conventionally managed area, areas under organic management generally had lower biomass-N and higher ATP contents. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus colonization potential was extremely low in the conventional area relative to the organic areas. Further, metabolic diversity and microbial community level physiological profiles, determined by analysis of microbial community metabolism using Biolog GN plates and the activities of eight key nutrient cycling enzymes, grouped the organic areas together, but separated them from the conventional area. We conclude that microbial parameters are more effective and consistent indicators of management induced changes to soil quality than biochemical parameters, and that a variety of biochemical and microbial analyses should be used when considering the impact of management on soil quality.     

Variation of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen stable isotope ratios in an American diet: fast food meals

The stable isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen provide insights into a heterotrophic organism's diet and geographic origin. Although the contribution of food delta (2)H and delta (18)O to the final tissue signal will not vary for constrained diets, it will for animals eating varied diets, that is, humans. This study surveyed the isotopic range in one portion of the American diet, fast food meals. Hamburger patties, buns, and French fries from national chain restaurants across the United States and from local restaurants (Salt Lake City, UT, and Charleston, SC) were analyzed for delta (2)H, delta (13)C, delta (15)N (patties only) and delta (18)O values. Patties and buns from local Utah restaurants were more depleted for delta (2)H, delta (13)C, and delta (18)O values than samples from other restaurants. There were no significant differences in delta values among French fries. All three components of the fast food meal displayed significant linear delta (2)H versus delta (18)O relationships (delta (2)H = 7.8delta (18)O - 237 per thousand, delta (2)H = 5.9delta (18)O - 258 per thousand, and delta (2)H = 3.3delta (18)O - 231 per thousand for patties, buns, and fries, respectively). The findings show that significant predictable variation exists in the stable isotopic composition of fast food meals. It is proposed that the variation in delta (13)C values of hamburger (beef) patties is indicative of differences in cattle-rearing practices, whereas delta (2)H and delta (18)O values are evidence of geographic variation in food sources. Although the patterns support the concept of a "continental" supermarket diet, there appears to be a strong regional component within the diet.     

Impact of organic and inorganic fertilizers on yield,taste, and nutritional quality of tomatoes

In a greenhouse experiment, tomato plants were grown in sand culture to test whether different fertilization regimes (mineral or organic fertilizers) at low (500 mg N plant^–1 week^–1) and high (750 mg N plant^–1 week^–1) nitrogen levels affected yield, nutritional quality, and taste of the fruits. In the mineral‐fertilizer treatments, nitrate‐ or ammonium‐dominated nutrient solutions were used. Organic fertilizer was supplied as fresh cut grass‐clover mulch (a total of 2.4 kg and 3.6 kg were given per plant at low and high N level, respectively) without (orgN) and with additional sulfur fertilization (orgN+S). Yields of red tomatoes from the organically fertilized plants were significantly lower (1.3–1.8 kg plant^–1) than yields from plants that received mineral fertilizer (2.2–2.8 kg plant^–1). At the final harvest, yields of green tomatoes in the organic treatment with extra sulfur were similar (1.1–1.2 kg plant^–1) to the NO ‐dominated treatments at both nutrient levels and the NH ‐dominated treatment at high nutrient level. Organic fertilizers released nutrients more slowly than mineral fertilizers, resulting in decreased S and P concentrations in the leaves, which limited growth and yield in the orgN treatments. Analysis of tomato fruits and plants as well as taste‐test results gave no conclusive answer on the relationship between sugar or acid contents in the fruits, macronutrient content of plant leaves and fruits, and perceived taste. Sugar contents were higher in the fruits given mineral fertilizer, whereas acid contents were higher in the fruits given organic fertilizer. Preference in taste was given to the tomatoes from plants fertilized with the nitrate‐dominated nutrient solution and to those given organic fertilizer with extra sulfur. Thus, a reduction in growth, which was expected to lead to a higher concentration of compounds like sugars and acids, did not result in better taste. Overall, it can be concluded that an appropriate nutrient supply is crucial to reach high yields and good taste.     

间作对土壤团聚体有机碳储量的影响及其氮调控效应

基于5年的田间小区定位试验,采用干筛法对不同施氮水平下的玉米单作、马铃薯单作和玉米马铃薯间作土壤进行团聚体分级并测定各粒级团聚体有机碳含量,研究间作对土壤团聚体有机碳储量的影响及其氮调控效应。结果表明:92%以上的土壤有机碳储藏在土壤大颗粒团聚体(2 mm)和小颗粒团聚体(2～0.25 mm)中。间作提高了土壤大颗粒团聚体(2 mm)和小颗粒团聚体(2～0.25 mm)的比例,但对不同粒级团聚体有机碳含量的影响与施氮量相关。对比2种单作,间作在低氮(N1)和常规施氮(N2)下增加了土壤总有机碳储量,在不施氮(N0)和高氮(N3)下无显著影响或降低有机碳储量。其中,间作通过增加土壤大颗粒团聚体(2 mm)的比例及其有机碳含量,在低氮(N1)时产生最强的间作固碳优势,土壤总有机碳储量分别较玉米单作和马铃薯单作提高24.8%和5.7%。因此,适量施用氮肥可以充分发挥间作效应,有效提高土壤有机碳储量。     

On-line gas chromatography combustion/pyrolysis isotope ratio mass spectrometry (HRGC-C/P-IRMS) of pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr.) volatiles

By use of extracts prepared by liquid-liquid separation of the volatiles from self-prepared juices of pineapple fruits (Ananas comosus) (n = 14) as well as commercial pineapple recovery aromas/water phases (n = 3), on-line capillary gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry was employed in the combustion (C) and the pyrolysis (P) modes (HRGC-C/P-IRMS) to determine the delta(13)C(VPDB) and delta(2)H(VSMOW) values of selected pineapple flavor constituents. In addition to methyl 2-methylbutanoate 1, ethyl 2-methylbutanoate 2, methyl hexanoate 3, ethyl hexanoate 4, and 2,5-dimethyl-4-methoxy-3[2H]-furanone 5, each originating from the fruit, the delta(13)C(VPDB) and delta(2)H(VSMOW) data of commercial synthetic 1-5 and "natural" (biotechnologically derived) 1-4 were determined. With delta(13)C(VPDB) data of pineapple volatiles 1-4 varying from -12.8 to -24.4 per thousand, the range expected for CAM metabolism was observed. Compound 5 showed higher depletion from -20.9 to -28.6 per thousand. A similar situation was given for the delta(2)H(VSMOW) values of 3-5 from pineapple ranging from -118 to -191 per thousand, whereas 1 and 2 showed higher depleted values from -184 to -263 per thousand. In nearly all cases, analytical differentiation of 1-5 from pineapple and natural as well as synthetic origin was possible. In general, natural and synthetic 1-5 exhibited delta(13)C(VPDB) data ranging from -11.8 to -32.2 per thousand and -22.7 to -35.9 per thousand, respectively. Their delta(2)H(VSMOW) data were in the range from -242 to -323 per thousand and -49 to -163 per thousand, respectively.     

Oxygen isotope ratios of juice water in Australian oranges and concentrates.

Australian orange juices from major growing regions have been surveyed over a 5 year period with a view to establishing a database of (18)O/(16)O isotope ratios against which retail samples can be tested for authenticity. The (18)O/(16)O ratios were found to follow a consistent pattern that had both a cyclic seasonal and a regional influence. Oxygen delta values ranged from a summer maximum of >+15 per thousand for oranges from inland regions to a winter minimum of approximately +1 per thousand for oranges grown in coastal areas. However, over a shorter time period, the range of values was markedly less than this. Concentrated orange juices, pulpwashes, and peel extracts, as well as other citrus types, were also tested. The effect of some industry practices that have an effect on (18)O/(16)O ratios was also investigated.     

赣南红壤丘陵区137Cs示踪土壤侵蚀对土壤养分元素的影响

赣南红壤丘陵区是我国土壤侵蚀与土地退化比较严重的地区,以南丰县为例,应用137 Cs示踪技术探讨不同土地利用方式下土壤侵蚀与养分元素的关系。结果表明:(1)湿地松林、桔园、水田3种土地利用方式作用下土壤中137 Cs与养分元素分布差异显著,在垂直剖面上,湿地松林137 Cs含量呈指数递减分布,水田与桔园137 Cs含量因人为干扰在耕层内均匀分布;有机质与137 Cs有相似的分布特征;全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量均呈现一定表聚性。(2)位于坡地的2种土地利用方式中,湿地松林137 Cs、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质含量均表现为下坡>上坡>中坡;桔园137 Cs活度表现为中坡>下坡>上坡,全氮、碱解氮、速效磷表现为下坡>中坡>上坡,而速效钾、有机质最大值均出现在上坡。(3)相关性分析表明,土壤137 Cs与有机质、全氮、碱解氮显著正相关,表明小流域有机质、氮元素可能与137 Cs有相同的物理运移方式,pH与137 Cs显著负相关,速效磷、速效钾则与137 Cs不相关。(4)3种土地利用方式中位于小流域谷地的水田137 Cs、有机质、全氮、碱解氮含量最高,坡地上桔园坡面137 Cs与土壤养分元素含量均高于湿地松林地,表明一定程度的坡改梯桔园种植模式能有效缓解土壤侵蚀与养分流失,改善区域生态环境。     

不同品质冰糖橙果园土壤化学性质与微生物群落差异分析

为分析土壤化学性质和微生物群落对冰糖橙(Citrus sinensis)果实品质的影响,本研究在土壤类型、海拔、农事管理和树龄(10 年以上)均相同的情况下,分析了高品质(H)和普通品质(N)橙子树根围土壤化学性质差异,以及土壤细菌和真菌群落多样性和结构组成差异,并探讨了土壤化学性质和微生物群落结构组成与橙子品质的关系。结果表明,H组橙子树根围土壤中全钾含量显著高于N组土壤,有效锰含量显著低于N组土壤;此外,H组0~20 cm土层土壤有机质、交换性钙、交换性镁的含量和20~30 cm土层全氮和全磷含量显著高于N组相应土层土壤。高通量测序分析发现,两组土壤中细菌和真菌群落多样性和结构并无显著差异,但部分细菌和真菌类群的相对丰度发生了变化:绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)和纤线杆菌科(Ktedonobacteraceae)等细菌类群与丛赤壳科(Nectriaceae)、枝孢菌科(Cladosporiaceae)和葡萄穗霉科(Stachybotryaceae)等真菌类群在H组土壤中显著富集。通过PLS-PM对比分析土壤化学性质、微量元素和微生物群落对橙子品质的影响,发现土壤真菌和细菌群落对橙子品质影响较小;土壤化学性质(主要是全钾、全氮和有机质含量)和土壤微量元素(主要是交换性镁含量)对橙子品质具有较大的影响,土壤化学性质整体上表现为正效应,土壤微量元素整体上表现为负效应。本研究结果可为橙园土壤的合理施肥提供科学依据。