高原引进兔部分血液学指标的测定

用间接测定法（T1824）对引进海拔3000m的加里福尼亚兔和当地饲养多年的中国白兔，青紫蓝兔部分血液学指标进行了测定。结果所测兔红细胞比容、血浆容积、红细胞容积和总血量与低海拔地区兔相比均有不同程度增高，其中所测兔红细胞比容、血浆容积和总血量在其品种、性别之间差异显著（P＜0．05）或差异极显著（P＜0．01）。     

藏东南地区三个家兔引入品种的血液生化指标测定

对引入西藏东南部的加里福尼亚兔、青紫兰兔和中国白兔进行了12项血液生化指标的测定,结果表明除青紫兰兔的血沉较高外(P＜0.05),其它各项指标的测值均差异不显著(P＞0.05).这说明,三个引入家兔品种对高原缺氧生态环境有相似的适应能力.     

家兔在西藏海拔3000m条件下部分生理特性的试验观察

试验对海拔 3 0 0 0m的藏南谷地林芝引入家兔进行了部分生理指标的对比分析。测定了呼吸频率、心率、生理体温、血清蛋白质含量和血红蛋白含量。统计分析表明 :所测定项目的结果在 3品种兔之间均无明显差异 (P >0 0 5) ;但血红蛋白电泳分析 :3品种兔均呈现出A、A2 ,A33个区带 ,发现A3带以青紫兰兔最低 ,与其他 2品种兔差异极显著 (P <0 0 1 ) ;加里福尼亚兔A3带最高 ,显著高于中国白兔 (P <0 0 5)及青紫兰兔 (P <0 0 1 )。血清蛋白质电泳分析表明 :高原家兔的血清白蛋白均明显高于文献报道的低海拔饲养的新西兰白兔 ,血清总蛋白及其球蛋白含量明显下降     

肠阻塞骡暗红舌色和青紫舌色的的血液动力流变学的研究

将无创伤性血液动力流变学技术和方法应用到家畜舌色的研究中，对45匹健康成年骡和47匹肠阻塞骡的舌色与血液动力流变学之间的相关性进行了研究。结果表明，暗红舌色组和青紫舌色组PR、CO、CI、EWK、BLK、FEK、BV、η、MRT、MST均显著或非常显著地高于正常组（P＜0．05或P＜0．001），SV、SI、VPE、LVWI、PP、MSP、VER、MHR显著或非常显著的低于正常组（P＜0．05或P＜0．001），其余参数差异不显著（P＞0．05）；青紫舌色组PR、η、MRT和MST显著高于暗红舌色组（P＜0．05或P＜0．001），MHR显著低于暗红舌色组（P＜0．05）。其余参数差异不显著（P＞0．05）。     

引入西藏高原的家兔血液生化参数的比较研究

对引入西藏高原多年的加利福尼亚兔和中国白兔的12项血清生化指标进行测定,并与SPF新西兰兔进行比较。结果显示：①3个品种公兔之间,加尼福利亚兔与中国白兔比较,AST、TP、ALB、GLO、A／G、GLU、CRE、LDH差异极显著（P〈0．01）,TG、BUN差异显著（P〈0．05）,其中TP、ALB、A／G、CRE、CHOL、LDH表现极强的公兔特征,而ALT、GLU母兔明显高于公兔;加利福尼亚兔与SPF新西兰兔比较。ALT、A／G、CRE、TG、BUN差异显著（P〈0．05）,AST、CHOL、LDH差异极显著（P〈0．01）;中国白兔与SPF新西兰兔比较,ALT、AST、TP、ALB、GLO、A／G、CRE、CHOL、TG差异极显著（P〈0．01）;②3个品种母兔之间,加利福尼亚兔与中国白兔比较,ALT、GLO、CRE、TG差异显著（P〈0．05）,AST、TP、BUN、LDH差异极显著（P〈0．01）,加利福尼亚兔与SPF新西兰兔比较,ALT、TP、ALB、GLO、A／G、BUN、CRE、LDH差异极显著（P〈0．01）,AST、TG差异显著（P〈0．05）;中国白兔与SPF新西兰兔比较,ALT、TP、ALB、GLO、A／G、CRE、CHOL、TG、LDH差异极显著（P〈0．01）,BUN、AST差异显著（P〈0．05）。     

细胞骨架抑制剂、电激活液对兔卵孤雌激活和发育的影响

应用细胞骨架抑制剂细胞松弛素B和秋水仙素处理兔成熟卵母细胞，然后采用电激活的方法激活兔卵母细胞，观察细胞骨架抑制剂对兔卵母细胞孤雌激活和孤雌发育的影响，结果表明：应用不同的电激活液，即甘露醇、Zimmerman氏和山梨醇对兔卵母细胞的孤雌激活效果无显著性差异（P〉0．05）；用7．5μg&#183;mL^-1细胞松弛素B处理卵母细胞后孤雌激活，其2-细胞胚率（82．2％）和囊胚发育率（43．4％）与对照组（76．4％和51．5％）相比无显著性差异（P〉0．05）；用1μg&#183;mL^-1秋水仙素处理兔卵母细胞，兔卵母细胞孤雌激活后的2-细胞胚率（64．9％）和囊胚发育率（23．8％）明显下降，与对照组相比存在显著性差异（P〈0．05）；用细胞松弛素B和秋水仙素共同处理的2-细胞胚率（62．5％）和囊胚发育率（30．9％）与秋水仙素单独处理的结果无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。因此，秋水仙素对兔卵母细胞的孤雌激活影响比CB更大。通过免疫荧光和激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察发现，细胞骨架抑制剂处理后，经孤雌激活获得的囊胚中，微丝和微管结构未见异常。     

缺氧条件下引入家兔血量的实验研究

在海拔3000m的西藏高原林芝，用间接测定法（T1824）对引入高原的加尼福尼亚兔、中国白兔和青紫兰兔的红细胞压积、血浆容积、红细胞容积、血液总量分别测定。结果表明，红细胞压积、血浆容积、血液总量在兔品种、兔性别之间具有引入时间先后和性别的差异性，而红细胞压积差异不明显，与低海拔家兔相比都有不同程度的增加，这对引入家兔适应高海拔、低氧分压的特定生态环境具有重要意义。     

野生葎草对家兔生产性能及血清生化指标的影响

选择2月龄比利时兔30只，研究自由采食条件下葎草对家兔生产性能及血清生化指标的影响。结果表明：试验组平均日增重、干物质采食量、料肉比和屠宰率均有高于对照组的趋势，但差异都不显著（P〉0．05）；试验组家兔血液中碱性磷酸酶、谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶的含量显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）。     

48小时母仔分离对自由哺育或控制哺育母兔性能的影响

本试验估测了48小时母仔分离（Doe-Litter Separation,DLS)对不同哺育方式（自由或控制）的母兔进行周期发情的效果。结果表明：控制哺育相对于自由哺育来说，可提高哺育母兔繁殖率（68．62％和46．00％，P＜0．01），降低1－9日龄期间仔兔死亡率（8．00％和10．74％，P＜0．05），同时也提高了母兔淘汰率（67．92％和56．41％，P＜0．05）和乳房炎的发病率（15．09％和11．11％，P＜0．05）。当母仔分离的方法使用在自由哺育方式中时，母兔的发病率和繁殖率均能得到极显著的改善（74．18％和53．72％，P＜0．01；69．23％和46．00％，P＜0．01）。然而，当母仔分离的方法使用在控制哺育方式中时，母兔的发情率和繁殖率的改善不及自由哺育中的应用效果（73．35％和58．47％，P＜0．05；77．77％和69．62％，P＞0．05）。48小时母仔分离时自由或控制两种哺育方式来说，均能显著降低哺乳期间仔兔的死亡率（18．69％和22．35％，P＜0．05；15．47％和19．52％，P＜0．05），尤其是9－42日龄期间仔兔的死亡率（8．15％和14．29％，P＜0．01；8．57％和11．98％，P＜0．01）。哺育方式和母仔分离对哺乳母兔窝产仔数、窝产活仔数、断奶个体重和断奶前日增重均无明显影响。     

“1,2，1”哺乳法对仔兔生长发育的影响

选经产母兔同期产仔90窝，每窝选留仔兔6只，随机分为3组，进行3个时期不同哺乳次数试验。结果表明：睡眠期，每天哺乳1次与2次的窝重、窝增重和死亡率均差异不显著（P〉0．05）；开眼期，每天哺乳2次。Ⅰ、Ⅲ组窝重和窝增重显著高于哺乳1次的Ⅱ组（P〈O．05），各组死亡率差异不显著；追乳期、每天哺乳2次与1次，窝增重和仔兔死亡率均差异不显著（P〉0．05），但每天哺乳2次的断奶窝重，Ⅰ、Ⅲ组显著高于每天哺乳1次的Ⅱ组（P〈O．05），Ⅰ、Ⅲ组间差异不显著（P〉0．05）。Ⅰ组成活率虽高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组，但差异均不显著（P〉0．05）。由此可见，仔兔阶段3个时期的哺乳次数以“1，2，1”较适宜。     

母兔超数排卵影响因素的研究

采用国产促性腺激素对新西兰白兔进行超数排卵试验,研究激素、季节及兔龄对超排效果的影响。结果发现:①FSH组(30.05±8.97个/只)平均排卵数显著高于PMSG组(22.46±5.18个/只)(P＜0.05)。②母兔在春季、夏季、秋季、冬季的平均排卵数为32.34±5.58、15.96±4.11、24.18±4.95和22.61±3.75个/只,春季的处理效果显著优于其他3个季节(P＜0.05),而秋季和冬季处理组之间没有显著差异(P＞0.05),但都显著高于夏季(P＜0.05)。③经产母兔超排处理后的平均排卵数(30.56 ± 6.79个/只)显著高于青年母兔平均排卵数(21.60 ± 3.66个/只)(P＜0.05)。以上结果表明,SH超排效果优于PMSG,且在春季对母兔进行超排处理比较合适,经产母兔比青年母兔超排效果更好。     

长毛兔Kappa-casein基因多态性与生产性能关系的研究

实验对176只长毛兔群体的Kappa-casein基因的基因型和基因频率进行了检测,结果表明:等位基因A和B的频率分别为0.79与0.21,基因型BB在长毛兔群体中的频率为0.09,远低于基因型AA的频率0.66。同时对Kappa-casein基因与长毛兔的生产性能进行分析,表明Kappa-casein基因AA基因型和BB基因型的长毛兔在315日龄体重、21日龄窝重上差异显著(P<0.05),AB基因型和BB基因型的长毛兔产仔数差异显著(P<0.05)。     

杂交狼尾草对肉兔生长性能和脂肪酸组成的影响

采用随机区组设计,将30只福建黄兔分为3个组,分别在饲粮中添加10%、30%和50%的杂交狼尾草(Pennisetum americanum ×P.purpureum)草粉,试验期60 d,测定饲喂不同水平杂交狼尾草草粉饲粮条件下,肉兔的主要生产性能和肌肉中脂肪酸组成的变化。结果表明,随着日粮中杂交狼尾草用量的增加,处理2(30%)和处理3(50%)组肉兔的净增重和平均日增重显著低于处理1(10%)组(P＜0.05),各处理组屠宰率差异不显著;随着日粮中杂交狼尾草用量的增加,兔肉的饱和脂肪酸含量降低,多不饱和脂肪酸含量显著升高(P＜0.05),PUFA/SFA比值和n 3/n 6比值显著升高(P＜0.05),其中处理2和处理3兔肉α 亚麻酸分别比处理1升高了240.35%和452.63%(P＜0.05)。说明杂交狼尾草能为肉兔所利用,使其α 亚麻酸显著升高,进而改善兔肉的品质。     

Establishment of the Rex Rabbit Fluorosis Model and Detection of the Fluoride Content in Organs

In order to study the influence of different doses of sodium fluoride on rex rabbit,rex rabbit fluorosis model was established and the fluorine contents of blood,bone,liver,kidney and other organs in rex rabbit were examined to provide a theoretical reference for the further research. Rex rabbits (age (30±5) days,weight (1.1±0.2) kg) were divided into three groups:Control group,test group Ⅰ (10 mg/(kg·d) NaF group) and test group Ⅱ (20 mg/(kg·d) NaF group). The tests lasted 100 d. The results showed that,on the 100th day,fluoride contents of bone and tooth were significantly different (P<0.05),and they were positively correlated with the time and intake of fluoride;The fluoride contents of kidney and liver were slightly different (P>0.05),and they were not significantly different between both test groups (P>0.05).The fluoride contents of blood were not significantly different between group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ (P>0.05),but both had no significant changes compared with control group (P<0.05). Sodium fluoride as a fluoride source could be used to simulate the natural state of rex rabbit fluorine poisoning. The fluoride accumulating ability in bone and tooth were stronger while the ability in blood,liver and kidney were weaker.     

獭兔氟中毒模型的建立及各器官氟含量测定

为研究不同剂量氟化钠对獭兔的影响,试验建立獭兔氟中毒模型并对獭兔血液、骨骼、肝脏、肾脏等器官氟含量进行测定。试验獭兔日龄（30±5） d,体重（1.1±0.2） kg,数量24只,分为3组：对照组、试验Ⅰ组（10 mg/（kg·d）氟化钠组）和试验Ⅱ组（20 mg/（kg·d）氟化钠组）,试验共100 d。结果表明,试验第100天测定的骨骼和牙齿氟含量在各组之间均差异显著（P<0.05）,且骨骼和牙齿的含氟量随时间和摄入氟剂量的增加而递增;肾脏和肝脏氟含量在各组之间均差异不显著（P>0.05）;试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组间血液氟含量差异不显著（P>0.05）,但都与对照组差异显著（P<0.05）。氟化钠作为氟化物来源可用来建立獭兔自然状态氟中毒症,骨骼和牙齿累积氟能力强,血液、肝脏和肾脏累积氟能力弱。本试验为进一步研究獭兔氟中毒及其防制提供了理论参考。     

Fermentation of animal components in strict carnivores: a comparative study with cheetah fecal inoculum

The natural diet of felids contains highly digestible animal tissues but also fractions resistant to small intestinal digestion, which enter the large intestine where they may be fermented by the resident microbial population. Little information exists on the microbial degradability of animal tissues in the large intestine of felids consuming a natural diet. This study aimed to rank animal substrates in their microbial degradability by means of an in vitro study using captive cheetahs fed a strict carnivorous diet as fecal donors. Fresh cheetah fecal samples were collected, pooled, and incubated with various raw animal substrates (chicken cartilage, collagen, glucosamine-chondroitin, glucosamine, rabbit bone, rabbit hair, and rabbit skin; 4 replicates per substrate) for cumulative gas production measurement in a batch culture technique. Negative (cellulose) and positive (casein and fructo-oligosaccharides; FOS) controls were incorporated in the study. Additionally, after 72 h of incubation, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), including branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA), and ammonia concentrations were determined for each substrate. Glucosamine and glucosamine-chondroitin yielded the greatest organic matter cumulative gas volume (OMCV) among animal substrates (P < 0.05), whereas total SCFA production was greatest for collagen (P < 0.05). Collagen induced an acetate production comparable with FOS and a markedly high acetate-to-propionate ratio (8.41:1) compared with all other substrates (1.67:1 to 2.97:1). Chicken cartilage was rapidly fermentable, indicated by a greater maximal rate of gas production (R(max)) compared with all other substrates (P < 0.05). In general, animal substrates showed an earlier occurrence for maximal gas production rate compared with FOS. Rabbit hair, skin, and bone were poorly fermentable substrates, indicated by the least amount of OMCV and total SCFA among animal substrates (P < 0.05). The greatest amount of ammonia production among animal substrates was measured after incubation of collagen and rabbit bone (P < 0.05). This study provides the first insight into the potential of animal tissues to influence large intestinal fermentation in a strict carnivore, and indicates that animal tissues have potentially similar functions as soluble or insoluble plant fibers in vitro. Further research is warranted to assess the impact of fermentation of each type of animal tissue on gastro-intestinal function and health in the cheetah and other felid species.     

塞北兔与其他品种饲养对比试验研究

对塞北兔三系(A系、B系、C系)、布列塔尼亚兔和伊普吕兔等3个家兔品种进行饲养对比试验.结果表明:塞北兔三系与布列塔尼亚兔、伊普吕兔在试验期日增重和饲料报酬两项指标存在极显著差异(P＜0.01),塞北兔三系间差异不显著(P＞0.05).说明塞北兔三系的日增重和饲料报酬比布列塔尼亚兔、伊普吕兔具有极显著优势.     

嗜热毛壳菌纤维素酶对肉兔生长性能和消化性能的影响

24只新西兰肉兔分为4组,每组6只,研究日粮中添加5、10、15g/d·只纤维素酶与不加酶对其生长性能和消化性能的影响。结果表明:添加5、10、15g/d纤维素酶组平均日增重比对照组分别提高7.2%(P<0.01)、14.47%(P<0.01)、19.45%(P<0.01);兔粪中粗蛋白质含量比对照组分别减少了7.68%(P<0.05)、3.80%(P<0.05)、1.62%(P>0.05);中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的含量较对照组分别降低28.22%(P<0.01)、19.86%(P<0.01)、17.93%(P<0.01)和2.69%(P>0.05)、14.19%(P<0.05)、19.40%(P<0.05);经济效益以添加10g为最好,每千克增重节省成本0.59元。     

4个家兔品种MHC-DQA基因外显子2 Mbo Ⅱ酶切多态性分析

采用PCR-RFLP方法对4个不同品种家兔MHC-DQA基因外显子2的遗传多态性进行检测,并进行聚类分析。结果表明,在家兔MHC-DQA基因外显子2的第103 bp处表现出多态性;χ²适合性检验结果表明,Mbo Ⅱ酶切位点在齐卡大型新西兰白兔和齐卡巨型白兔群体均没有达到Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态(P＜0.05),而在齐兴肉兔和加利福尼亚兔群体均达到Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态(P＞0.05);聚类分析结果表明,齐卡大型新西兰白兔与齐卡巨型白兔亲缘关系最近。试验结果为进一步利用MHC进行抗病育种提供了分子生物学基础。     

Effects of sequential or group exposure to unrestrained estrual females on expression of sexual behavior in sexually experienced beef bulls

We tested the hypothesis that expression of sexual behavior in bulls is affected by the manner in which they are exposed to unrestrained, sexually receptive females. Twelve Angus bulls were used in a crossover design involving two treatments, each tested four times for a total of eight tests for each bull. Sexual interactions were quantified for each of four, 30-min periods under the following treatments: 1) exposure to each of four estrual females in sequence (SEQ); or 2) exposure to four estrual females as a group (GRP). Bulls were blocked into three testing groups, the order of which was stratified across eight test days. The order in which bulls were tested on a particular day had no effect on bulls' expression of mount interactions, or flehmen responses, suggesting that each group of bulls had similar sexual motivation at the beginning of each test. However, the bull testing order x treatment x time interaction influenced mounting interval (P = 0.08), copulation frequency (P <0.05), and copulation success ratio (P <0.05). When bulls were in GRP and tested first on test days, more (P <0.05) copulations were distributed to the first three females encountered compared with either the fourth female (P <0.05) or to each of the other females in SEQ (P <0.05). During later tests, other bulls in GRP were not able to copulate as frequently (P <0.05) with each female, displayed lower (P <0.05) copulation success ratios, and were allowed copulations by fewer (P <0.05) females during each 30-min test. When bulls were in SEQ, they displayed similar numbers of copulations regardless of the order in which they were tested, and had stable mounting intervals; however, copulation success ratio decreased (P <0.05) more rapidly during subsequent tests. Flehmen responses were initially displayed more frequently (P <0.05) when bulls were in GRP, but this effect diminished during subsequent 30-min tests. In conclusion, exposure of bulls to GRP induced greater sexual responsiveness than SEQ; however, this effect was due to enhanced sexual activity during the early stages of sexual encounters and with females that were not recently mated. Interestingly, bulls seem to repeatedly copulate with each individual female until, apparently, female sexual receptivity became attenuated. Thereafter, recently mated females allowed fewer episodes of repeated copulations, but they did not completely cease copulating with novel bulls.