阔叶林采伐迹地省力化更新技术与效益评价

根据山区劳动力不断减少和林业作为生态建设主体的要求，提出了阔叶林采伐迹地的省力化更新方法。试验表明，阔叶林采伐迹地，不炼山、不整地，充分利用林地原有植株的天然更新能力，只经过定向抚育改造，比重新营建人工林可减少人工75～93工／hm^2，节约成本3615～3990元/hm^2，并减轻了营林过程中造成的水土流失。省力化更新幼林林分生长量大，干材产量是重新人工造林的2．60倍；改造后第6年间伐，间伐材作香菇栽培基质用材利用。保留阔叶树种2500～3000株／hm^2培育大径材，12年生年生长量与对照杜英人工林、杉木人工林相当，但林地的生物多样性得到了较好保护。     

杉木皆伐更新地山核桃与杉木萌芽林复合混交经营试验

对杉木人工林皆伐迹地进行山核桃与杉木萌芽林复合混交经营试验结果表明，在复合混交经营模式中山核桃保存率高，生长好，虽然始果期迟，但结实量高。12a伐去杉木后，盛果期较纯林早，经济效益也比山核桃纯林高。     

杉木人工林迹地更新树种选择研究

在杉木人工林皆伐迹地上，对４个速生优质用材料树种（种源）进行了栽培试验。经过１４年的试验研究表明：连栽杉木造林成活率、保存率较低，生长不如长一代林，更新困难；而使用秃杉（Ｔａｉｗａｎｉａ ｆｌｏｕｓｉａｎａ云南种源）、柳杉（Ｃｒｙｐｔｏｍｅｒｉａ ｆｏｒｔｕｎｅｉ浙江天目山种源）造林适应性强、生长快、产量高，１４年生单株立木材积分别比杉木提高１７８．０％和３２７．６％，这是杉木人工林皆伐迹地较理想     

阔叶林采伐迹地人工促进更新效果研究

通过对常绿阔叶林采伐迹地人工促进更新而形成的米槠林群落特征的研究，分析比较了人工促进更新林分与杉木人工林的生物量及生态，经济效益。结果表明，人工促进更新的米槠群落和生产力和经济效益均高于杉木人工林，林分总管蓄积量比杉木林高11．87％，总生物量比杉木林高22．10％；人工促进更新的投资利润率和财务内部收益率分别比杉木人工林高4％和11．03％。     

塞罕坝森林可持续经营对策探讨

根据塞罕坝林场森林经营的实际情况，按照森林可持续经营的观点，对塞罕坝林场今后的森林经营提出了科学规划、合理布局，改进次改迹地和次生林的抚育经营管理，实行采伐迹地更新项目责任承诺制，对偏远难地段的人工林间伐加大采伐强度，人工林间伐适当保留林下灌木与人工林经营采伐避免集中连片等有针对性的可持续经营对策。     

华北落叶松人工林不同间伐水平下林下植物多样性研究——以山西关帝山龙兴林场为例

抚育间伐是森林经营的重要技术措施之一,是保持和提高森林生物多样性和森林可持续经营的重要途径。因此,通过间伐试验和定点观测阐明间伐对林下植物多样性的作用,不同间伐强度影响林下植物多样性的差异,不同间伐强度影响林下植物多样性的持续时间和动态变化,对揭示经营活动在森林生物多样性形成和维持机制中的作用,具有重要理论和实践意义。通过对关帝山林区龙兴林场华北落叶松人工林的不同强度间伐试验和6年定点观测,采用植物种类组成和物种多样性指数对比分析法、群落相似性Sorensen指数分析法,以揭示不同强度间伐对华北落叶松人工林林下植物种类组成、植物物种多样性的影响及其动态趋势,研究结果表明:间伐会显著增加华北落叶松人工林的林下灌木和草本植物种类,且间伐强度越大种类增加越多,间伐还能显著提高华北落叶松人工林的林下植物多样性,不仅间伐与未间伐之间有显著差异,不同间伐强度之间林下植物多样性指数的差别也很明显,而中度和强度间伐的效应更显著;在伐后6年内林下植物种数和多样性指数都在持续增加,伐后6年的效应仍然显著。间伐林分与对照林分相比,林下植物共有种和相似性系数显著降低,而且间伐强度差别越大,共有种和相似性系数越低。     

南亚热带米老排人工林皆伐迹地天然更新研究

基于南亚热带米老排人工林落种后皆伐迹地的天然更新调查资料,对其皆伐迹地天然更新幼树的树种、起源、数量、空间格局、分布频度和树高结构进行研究,结果表明:(1)皆伐迹地上绝大多数的天然更新树种为米老排树种;(2)在0~10 m空间尺度内,米老排种子更新幼树的分布为聚集分布(P0.01);(3)米老排种子更新幼树的数量和频度,可达到森林天然更新的良级标准,亦符合采伐迹地人工更新成林的验收标准;(4)种子天然更新幼树树高的分布近似正偏山状的weibull密度函数;(5)在米老排人工林皆伐作业后1.5年左右,对采伐迹地天然更新幼树进行间苗定株较为适宜;(6)对米老排人工林适时适地的采用小面积皆伐、非炼山方式清理迹地剩余物、保护和利用迹地天然更新幼树的方式,可有效实现采伐迹地的森林更新。     

杉木迹地更新留萌与毛竹复合经营试验

通过留萌种竹，实行毛竹与杉木萌芽林复合经营，更新杉木人工林皆伐迹地可以有效地解决杉木二代林生产力低、效益差、毛竹造林投入大、成林慢、收益缓的问题，提高了林地利用率，具有显著的经济和生态效益。     

南方日本落叶松中小径材培育效益初报

以长岭岗林场21,22a生两块日本落叶松人工林作研究对象,用3次间伐和皆伐获得的木材经济效益为依据,计算得出南方高山地区营造的日本落叶松人工林中小径材的经营初步效益,22a生日本落叶松人工林从间伐到皆伐的效益达到5．31万元／hm2,投入产出比为1．00：98．30;21a生日本落叶松人工林从间伐到皆伐的效益达到4．65万元／hm2,投入产出比为1．00：37．79。探讨分析了南方高山地区营造的日本落叶松人工林中小径材的经济效益,为南方高山地区经营日本落叶松中小径材提供参考依据。     

杉木人工林的育林干扰对长期立地生产力的影响

系统研究并综合分析了炼山、整地、幼林抚育、间伐及采伐等育林干扰对杉木人工林长期立地生产力的影响,研究了每一种干扰在生态系统生物量和养分迁移中的作用,并分别板页岩、花岗岩两类不同岩性发育的红黄壤进行有机质和养分损耗的估算.板页岩发育的黄红壤人工林生态系统有机质和养分主要损失于炼山及皆伐作业,而花岗岩发育的黄红壤人工林生态系统有机质和养分主要损失于炼山烧失,水土流失和皆伐作业.母岩为板页岩的19a生杉木林,从造林到皆伐共损耗养分2 371.96kg*hm-2,损耗有机质34.06t*hm-2;母岩为花岗岩的27a生杉木林,共损耗养分3 276.09kg*hm-2,损耗有机质35.07t*hm-2.按传统的营林作业,干扰严重,如不进行养分补充,杉木人工林地力难于维护.     

Silviculture as a disturbance regime: the effects of clear-cutting,planting and thinning on polypore communities in mixed forests

The structure of modern forest landscapes is profoundly affected by human-caused disturbances, particularly forest management; however, the effects and prospects of individual silvicultural techniques are insufficiently understood. This study distinguishes the effects of clear-cutting, planting and thinning on species richness and community composition of polypore fungi. In 2008–2009, 181 forest compartments (ranging from naturally regenerated deciduous stands to planted Picea abies stands and 0–137 years post clear-cutting) were explored in a hemiboreal landscape subjected to even-aged management. Altogether 104 polypore species were recorded. For species richness, time since clear-cutting was the most influential factor at both stand and landscape scales, followed by thinning. Clear-cuts had distinct polypore communities (including several red-listed species) whose species richness declined in time. Following 20 years post clear-cutting, species richness started to increase along different community–composition pathways determined by regeneration type. The communities developed after planting were moderately species rich at stand scale but homogeneous over larger areas. Thus, at landscape scale, mature unmanaged naturally regenerated stands hosted most species; thinning reduced species richness by approximately 15%, and among thinned stands, planted areas had a further 9–22% fewer species than naturally regenerated areas. In such variably managed landscape, silviculture appeared to create particularly distinct communities in young stands on nutrient-rich soils, which naturally provide polypores with a rich supply of small deciduous snags absent from stands artificially planted with P. abies and intensively thinned.     

南方不同林龄杉木人工林林下物种多样性比较

在湖南株洲市攸县地区,选择4个不同年龄阶段的杉木人工林,采用空间代替时间的方法,研究林下植物组成及多样性变化。结果表明:不同年龄阶段的杉木人工林林下植被的物种丰富度差异不大,在2 700m2样地内有植物22～33种,但其优势物种的生物生态学特性差异较大,各年龄阶段的杉木人工林林下优势物种分别为,葛藤(Pueraria thunbergiana)和铁芒萁(Dicranopteris dichotoma);断肠草(Gelsemium elegans)和蕨(Pteridium aquilinum);圆锥山蚂蝗(Desmodium elegans)和蕨;六月雪(Serissa serissoides)和蕨。不同林龄林下植被的生物多样性差异不大,以广黄分场杉木人工林林下物种多样性指数最高,其灌、草层物种种数均值分别为18.3和11.3,物种多样性指数H均值分别为2.136 3和1.961 0。可见,人工林林分郁闭度和冠层结构左右着林下植物的组成及分布。     

Effects of the clear-cutting of a Douglas-fir plantation (Pseudotsuga menziesii F.) on the chemical composition of soil solutions and on the leaching of DOC and ions in drainage waters

The effects of the clear-cutting of a 70-year-old Douglas-fir plantation on the chemical composition of soil solutions and on leaching of nutrients in drainage waters were observed by a continuous monitoring, six years before and three years after the cutting. Forest harvesting was made with very limited soil disturbances. Results showed that the concentration of weakly fixed solutions did not change but that the concentration of gravitational solutions of the upper soil layers drastically fell down after the cutting. The limited increase in nutrients leached with drainage waters was only due to the increase in the water flux, which is difficult to quantify because of the presence of ground vegetation. The monitoring of numerous fluxes before and after the clear-cutting could explain the specific behaviour of the soil solutions. The limited losses of nutrients the after clear-cutting in a potentially responsive ecosystem were unexpected. The initial hypothesis was that the decrease in the mineralization and nitrification rates observed after the cutting was related to a stimulating effect of Douglas-fir on the activity of soil nitrifyers.     

建溪流域植被调查

对闽江流域建溪支流两岸300m范围内的植被进行了调查,以物种多样性指标测定了森林群落主要类型的数量特征,结果表明:由于受到人为的破坏和影响,建溪流域植物多样性程度较低,阳性、中性偏阳的植物种类偏多。建溪流域植物群落以杉木、马尾松人工群落为主。天然阔叶林乔木层的物种较2种人工林群落乔木层丰富,且均匀程度也高。3种类型群落的灌木层在物种多样性方面相差不大,表现出一定的相似性,但常绿阔叶林群落灌木层的分布较其它2者均匀。草本层的物种丰富度以两个人工林群落为高,但分布不均,且主要以芒萁为主,表明了群落生境的干旱性和瘠薄性。     

Effects of disturbance history and environmental factors on the diversity and productivity of understory vegetation in a cool-temperate forest in Japan

We assessed the species richness and aboveground productivity of understory plants in nine types of forest stand (116 plots in total) that had different disturbance histories that were combinations of the frequency of plantation (clear-cutting, site preparation, planting), typhoon damage, and selective cutting. We established two 1 m × 1 m quadrats to measure species richness and productivity and one 1 m × 30 m belt to measure species richness in each plot. Canopy leaf area index (LAI), soil NH₄⁺, soil C/N ratio, slope angle, and slope aspect were measured as current environmental factors affecting each plot. The variance in species richness was better explained by disturbance history (69% in quadrats; 86% in the belt) than by current environmental factors. Species richness and the Simpson index decreased as the frequency of plantation increased. In contrast, the variance in productivity was better explained by current environmental factors (82%), especially canopy LAI (45%), than by disturbance history. The relations of species presence and productivity to the explanatory variables differed among species, although there were some common responses within life forms. The effects of disturbance on species diversity remained for 20–80 years. Forest management should therefore take into account the long-term effects of disturbance history to maintain understory plant diversity.     

广东山区3种不同人工林林下植物多样性初步研究

人工林林下植物多样性发展有利于提高人工林地力、维持群落健康和提高生态系统的稳定性。应用样方调查法,比较研究了广东山区马尾松林、湿地松林和杉木林等3种人工针叶林群落的林下植物多样性。结果表明,杉木林的林下植物丰富度较高,共记录了138种林下植物;马尾松林次之,林下植物共有135种;湿地松林的林下植物种类最少,仅53种。物种多样性指数总的变化趋势为杉木林>马尾松林>湿地松林。3种人工林群落之间的相似性系数均较低,表明这些人工林群落的林下植物种类差异明显。基于以上研究结果,文章探讨了影响人工林植物多样性的主要因素和提高人工林植物多样性的途径。     

松材线虫病疫木不同伐除方式对森林植物群落演替的影响

采用标准地调查法,对不同立地条件下松材线虫病除治迹地生态系统的植物种类丰富度、密度、多样性指数、均匀度指数及垂直结构情况进行调查和分析。结果表明:立地条件的差异和疫木不同采伐方式对植物群落次生演替的进程和方向都有不同程度的影响。立地条件较好,无论是皆伐、择伐还是不采伐,除治迹地植物群落乔木层和灌木层较受害前纯林的种类丰富度和多样性指数都有一定程度的增加;而立地条件较差的,经皆伐后,植物群落的种类丰富度和多样性指数不仅没有增加,反而降至极低,原有松林群落向灌丛方向退化。     

湖山林场赤杨叶人工林的径级结构和空间分布格局研究

2016年8月,采用固定样地调查的方法,在遂昌湖山林场的赤杨叶Alniphyllum fortunei人工林中建立1个50m×50m的监测样地,并进行了乔木层调查。结果表明:(1)共记录到乔木树种4种,分别为赤杨叶、杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata,黄檀Dalbergia hupeana和青冈Cyclobalanopsis glauca。(2)从空间分布看,该样地林分的混交程度较差,林木分化不明显,林分呈现均匀分布。(3)通过分析环境因子对赤杨叶胸径生长的影响,发现样地内只有土层厚度对赤杨叶的生长有显著影响(P<0.01)。为了促进遂昌湖山林场赤杨叶人工林的生长,本文认为该林分需要及时进行密度调控,并注意加强土壤管理。     

柳杉人工林皆伐后初期土壤有机碳和微生物量碳动态

本文研究了华西雨屏区柳杉人工林皆伐后1年内土壤有机碳和微生物量碳动态。结果表明:柳杉人工林皆伐林地土壤平均有机碳含量比对照(未皆伐林地)减小2.01 gC.kg-1,但差异不显著,而土壤平均有机碳储量及微生物量碳分别比对照减少20.97 tC.hm-2、6.68 mg.kg-1(P0.05);皆伐林地土壤有机碳含量及微生物量碳均随季节的变化而逐渐降低,但有机碳储量随季节的变化无明显减少趋势;皆伐林地土壤四季的有机碳含量、碳储量和微生物量碳差异不显著。皆伐对柳杉人工林土壤有机碳储量的影响主要表现在0~20 cm土层(P0.05);皆伐林地和对照在0~40 cm土层的微生物量碳和有机碳含量都表现出显著相关性(P0.05),但对照的相关性高于皆伐林地。总之,柳杉人工林转变为采伐迹地后,其初期土壤有机碳储量和微生物量碳都明显减少。     

The role of different sources of tree regeneration in the initial stages of natural forest recovery after logging of conifer plantation in a warm-temperate region

We analyzed the role of regeneration type (surviving from advanced regeneration, resprouting from advanced regeneration, or newly recruited seedlings) in determining the quantity and quality of individuals in reestablishing a natural forest following clear-cutting of a conifer plantation. We experimentally clear-cut a plantation and undertook a detailed tree census before and after clear-cutting. After clear-cutting, a species composition partially representing warm-temperate evergreen broadleaf forest was present in the form of surviving and resprouted individuals originating from advanced regeneration that had established in the Chamaecyparis obtusa plantation. On the other hand, seedlings that established after clear-cutting were dominated by pioneer species, and the number of seedlings was far greater than the number of individuals originating from advanced regeneration. Our results suggest that the role of regeneration type would differ in relation to the objectives for forest recovery. When any kind of woody cover of the ground surface after clear-cutting would suffice, we suggest that the contribution of pioneer seedlings originating from buried seeds would be important. If the recovery objective is to form a simple evergreen broadleaf forest, such as a coppice woodland, all three sources of regeneration would play a similar role, provided the understory before clear-cutting was as well developed as the one in this study. If rapid establishment of a lucidophyllous forest with diverse species composition is desired, the role of the surviving and resprouting individuals originating from the advanced regeneration would be much more important.