日粮不同来源氮和碳水化合物比例对中性洗涤纤维体外降解率的影响

本试验的目的是研究日粮纯化大豆蛋白与尿素蛋白比例和NDF、淀粉与蔗糖比例及其组合对NDF和DM体外降解率的影响,为优化高产泌乳期荷尔斯坦奶牛的日粮结构提供营养参数。试验将纯化大豆蛋白和尿素分别组合成80∶20、50∶50和20∶80三个比例,将干草中提取的NDF、玉米淀粉和蔗糖分别组合成10∶85∶5、10∶80∶10、10∶75∶15、30∶65∶5、30∶60∶10、30∶55∶15、50∶45∶5、50∶40∶10和50∶35∶15九个比例,然后按3×9因子实验设计。应用体外尼龙袋发酵技术,研究了奶牛日粮不同来源氮和碳水化合物及其比例对中性洗涤纤维体外降解率的影响。结果表明,过量补充尿素及随着日粮中淀粉和蔗糖比例的增加,日粮纤维的体外降解率下降。建议在泌乳期奶牛的全混合日粮中尿素的补充量应低于干物质的2.8%,非结构性碳水化合物的含量不能超过干物质的45%。     

日粮精粗比、能量和酵母培养物添补对体外干物质降解的影响

本试验采集泌乳期奶牛的瘤胃液,按2×4×2因子设计,用体外尼龙袋发酵技术研究了60:40和50:50两种精粗比日粮,棉籽油作为能源在奶牛日粮中分别添补0%、2.5%、5%、10%和在日粮中分别添加0%、0.5%的酵母培养物及其互作对体外干物质降解率的影响。体外实验结果表明,对于高产泌乳期奶牛而言,精粗比为60:40的奶牛日粮其干物质降解率高于50:50的精粗比日粮;奶牛日粮中添补植物油和酵母培养物均能显著提高体外干物质降解率(P<0.05);日粮精粗比与能量的互作对6小时的干物质降解率有显著影响(P<0.01);日粮能量添补与酵母培养物添补亦对体外干物质降解率有显著互作影响(P<0.05);而日粮精粗比与酵母培养物添补的互作影响则不明显;植物油作为奶牛日粮能源其添补量不宜超过10%。     

粗饲料种类、可代谢蛋白质浓度、碳水化合物来源对奶牛养分消化率及生产性能的影响

本试验采用中心组合试验设计对粗饲料来源、可代谢蛋白质(MP)浓度、碳水化合物种类及其互作效应对奶牛养分消化率和生产性能的影响进行了评价。所有日粮(干物质基础)均有50%由苜蓿青贮、玉米青贮构成的粗饲料、10.7%的瘤胃降解蛋白质(RDP)、4.1%~7.1%的瘤胃未降解蛋白质(RUP)、8.8%~12%的MP和22%~30%的淀粉组成。本试验共有15种日粮,试验牛分为6个区组,每个区组6头荷斯坦奶牛,分别进行3个为期21 d的试验。每期按特定顺序饲喂3种日粮后测定试验牛的产奶量、乳成分、采食量及主要营养物质消化率,还考虑了几个主要影响因素间的互作效应。结果表明:日粮淀粉浓度对奶牛养分消化率和生产性能影响较小;用苜蓿青贮代替玉米青贮可降低奶牛的氮消化率、提高中性洗涤纤维(NDF)消化率,还能增加奶牛对日粮干物质(DM)和日粮消化能(DE)摄入量,从而提高能量校正乳(ECM)、乳脂及乳蛋白产量;增加日粮MP浓度可提高奶牛对氮的消化率、ECM和乳蛋白产量,但乳蛋白含量的变化远小于NRC所推荐模型的预测值;DE浓度随淀粉浓度升高呈线性升高,但同时受粗饲料种类和MP浓度互作的影响,即日粮MP浓度较低时,DE浓度会随苜蓿青贮比例升高而降低,而日粮MP浓度较高时,DE浓度会随苜蓿青贮比例升高而升高。     

用体外产气法评价精粗饲料的组合效应

以3头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛作为供体动物,利用体外产气法,通过产气量、干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的降解率、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)产量这五个指标的测定,评价精粗比(玉米:稻草)为0:100、20:80、30:70、50:50、100:0的五种饲料组合的营养价值及组合效应.结果表明,随着体外培养时间的延长,各精粗比日粮体外累积产气量及DM、OM、NDF降解率、TVFA产量均呈上升趋势;随着精料水平的提高,累积产气量不断升高,DM和OM的降解率均呈上升趋势,NDF降解率下降,乙酸含量减少,丙酸含量增加.精粗比为30:70的混合日粮多项组合效应值最高,组合效应最好.     

用体外产气法评价精粗饲料的组合效应

以3头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛作为供体动物,利用体外产气法,通过产气量、干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的降解率、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)产量这五个指标的测定,评价精粗比(玉米:稻草)为0∶100、20∶80、30∶70、50∶50、100∶0的五种饲料组合的营养价值及组合效应。结果表明,随着体外培养时间的延长,各精粗比日粮体外累积产气量及DM、OM、NDF降解率、TVFA产量均呈上升趋势;随着精料水平的提高,累积产气量不断升高,DM和OM的降解率均呈上升趋势,NDF降解率下降,乙酸含量减少,丙酸含量增加。精粗比为30:70的混合日粮多项组合效应值最高,组合效应最好。     

玉米青贮基础日粮中蛋白质和淀粉对采食量、产奶量、乳脂脂肪酸组成的影响

试验选取12头奶牛采用正反交设计模型(基础日粮为玉米青贮),分3期试验(每期试验历时3周)研究不同蛋白质和淀粉浓度对采食量、产奶量、乳脂脂肪酸组成的影响。日粮组成为45%玉米青贮、5%铡短麦秸和50%精料的全混合日粮(以干物质计)。4种日粮处理能量均相同,但粗蛋白质和淀粉含量不同(以干物质计):低蛋白低淀粉(LPLS;含14%粗蛋白质和15%淀粉);低蛋白高淀粉(LPHS;含14%粗蛋白质和25%淀粉);高蛋白低淀粉(HPLS;含16%粗蛋白质和15%淀粉)以及高蛋白低淀粉(HPHS;含16%粗蛋白质和25%淀粉)。试验结果表明:LPLS处理组干物质采食量、产奶量、乳蛋白、乳糖均降低,其原因可能是日粮缺乏瘤胃微生物需要的可降解蛋白和供应动物机体的生糖营养素;而HPLS和LPHS处理组之间差异不显著,说明此类日粮能提供满足瘤胃微生物需要的可降解蛋白,同时也不降低采食量;同时也表明此类日粮提供了充足的生糖营养素,节省了氨基酸,满足了奶牛泌乳中期的氨基酸需要。当日粮进一步增加蛋白质含量可导致奶牛血浆尿素含量上升,降低了日粮中氮向乳中氮的转化效率。日粮不同浓度淀粉和蛋白影响乳脂脂肪酸组成,且前者影响大于后者。另外,随着日粮淀粉含量的增加降低了日粮多不饱和脂肪酸向乳中转化的表观转化率,且间接表明增加了日粮脂肪酸向脂肪组织的转化。同时,本试验结果还进一步表明,动物组织中十五烷酸和十七烷酸是从头合成。     

甘蔗渣作为粗饲料对奶牛生产性能、养分消化和采食行为的影响

文章旨在评价甘蔗渣作为粗饲料对泌乳奶牛采食量、消化率、采食行为、泌乳量、乳成分及微生物蛋白合成等方面的影响。试验选择10头初始体重为(450±25.6)kg,泌乳天数为(143.7±30.7)d的杂交奶牛为研究对象,试验采用5×5拉丁方设计,饲喂周期为5个21 d(1~14 d为适应期,15~21 d为数据采集期)。试验日粮分为对照日粮、45%、50%、55%和60%甘蔗渣日粮。结果:对照组与45%和50%甘蔗渣组干物质、有机物、总可消化养分摄入量、干物质和有机物消化率无显著差异(P>0.05),而55%和60%甘蔗渣组干物质和有机物消化率最低(P<0.05)。甘蔗渣组与对照组对中性洗涤纤维摄入量和表观消化率的影响具有显著差异(P<0.05),其中45%甘蔗渣组奶牛的非纤维碳水化合物摄入量和消化率与对照组相似(P>0.05)。日粮甘蔗渣添加水平对营养物质的摄入量和消化率呈显著线性降低(P<0.05)。60%甘蔗渣组较对照组显著降低了奶牛反刍时间,显著提高空闲时间(P<0.05)。奶牛的反刍时间、反刍和采食效率随日粮甘蔗渣添加水平的升高显著线性降低(P<0.05),而空闲时间随饲粮中甘蔗渣含量的增加线性增加(P<0.05)。结论:日粮添加甘蔗渣降低了奶牛日产奶量,但添加水平为45%~50%时可以使奶牛泌乳量达到12 kg/d。     

不同温度挤压膨化玉米在泌乳奶牛瘤胃内干物质和淀粉降解规律的研究

本试验选用3头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的泌乳前期荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物,在精粗比为55∶45的日粮条件下,采用尼龙袋法测定了不同温度挤压膨化加工处理的玉米在奶牛瘤胃内干物质和淀粉的降解规律。试验结果表明,玉米经过挤压膨化加工处理,能明显提高干物质和淀粉在泌乳奶牛瘤胃中的降解率(P<0.05)。随着挤压膨化温度的不断升高,干物质和淀粉的瘤胃降解率线性下降。     

奶牛常用饲料瘤胃干物质和淀粉降解规律的研究

以3头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的泌乳前期荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物,在精粗比为55∶45的日粮条件下,采用In sacco法测定了奶牛常用饲料瘤胃内干物质和淀粉的降解规律。试验结果表明,不同饲料的干物质和淀粉在奶牛瘤胃中的降解率不同。能量饲料中,麸皮的干物质和淀粉的瘤胃降解率均高于玉米;蛋白质饲料中,干物质和淀粉的降解率顺序是豆粕>胡麻饼>棉粕;常用粗料中,玉米青贮的干物质和淀粉的降解率均高于青干草。     

奶牛常用饲料干物质和淀粉瘤胃降解规律的研究

以3头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的泌乳前期荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物，在精粗比为55：45的日粮条件下，采用Insacco法测定了奶牛常用饲料瘤胃内干物质和淀粉的降解规律。试验结果表明。不同饲料干物质和淀粉的降解率不同。能量饲料中，麸皮干物质和淀粉的瘤胃降解率高于玉米：蛋白质饲料中，干物质和淀粉的降解率由高到低顺序依次是豆粕〉胡麻饼〉棉粕：常用粗料中，玉米青贮干物质和淀粉的降解率均高于青干草。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.