7种苹果矮化砧木在珠美海棠上的嫁接表现

珠美海棠(Malus zumi)作为高盐碱地苹果砧木的首选,以珠美海棠作基砧,嫁接苹果矮化砧木‘T337’‘SH6’‘SH38’‘SH40’‘77-34’‘马克’‘GM310’等组合进行试验,筛选出在珠美海棠上嫁接综合性状表现良好的矮化砧木有‘SH40’‘T337’和‘马克’。     

几种苹果矮化砧木枝条与叶片的解剖结构研究

为给苹果矮化砧木的筛选与鉴定提供依据，通过测定１０种苹果砧木枝条与叶片的解剖结构，发现：不同矮化类型砧木枝条的材皮比范围为２．０５～３．２９，材皮比与砧木的矮化程度呈显著负相关；ＳＨ系砧木随矮化程度的升高，导管占木质部的百分比及射线宽度变小；不同砧木叶片的栅栏组织厚度大于海绵组织厚度，极矮化砧木叶片的栅栏组织厚度大于矮化、半矮化砧木的栅栏组织厚度；叶片的栅海化随砧木的矮化程度升高而增大。     

油茶高接换冠嫁接成活率影响试验

用长林系油茶4号、18号、21号、40号和55号5个优良新品种作接穗,对低产的普通油茶林进行高接换冠,开展砧木生长势、嫁接部位直径大小、嫁接高度、保留技数量和接穗新鲜程度5个因子对嫁接成活率的影响试验.结果表明,油茶砧木生长势越强嫁接成活率越高,砧木嫁接部位直径3～8cm嫁接成活率较高,接穗采集后越早嫁接成活率越高,砧木的嫁接高度、保留枝条数量对成活影响差异不显著.油茶砧木生长势强、嫁接部位直径3cm以上、接穗采集当天嫁接的成活率在90％以上.     

八棱海棠与M9T337砧木的木质部水力结构特征

以八棱海棠和M9T337砧木为试验材料，通过测量其根和茎的导管直径和导管密度，计算其根和茎的比导水率和脆弱性指数，比较2种砧木水力学特征的差别。结果表明，八棱海棠的导管直径和比导水率大于M9T337砧木，具有更强的导水能力。M9T337砧木的导管密度大于八棱海棠，抗栓塞能力显著高于八棱海棠。因此，2种砧木乔化或矮化机制受其水分输导能力的影响，M9T337砧木的水分输导能力低可能是其实现矮化效果的重要原因。     

经济林砧木矮化性研究的早期鉴定方法

矮化密植栽培是世界经济林生产发展的必然趋势 ,利用矮化砧木和紧凑型品种是实现矮化密植栽培的主要途径。如何找出一个可靠的、简单易行的、早期鉴定矮化性状的方法是十分重要的。该文从遗传和形态、酶、解剖构造、电阻率、病毒等方面进行全面系统的综述 ,为经济林矮化生理的深入研究、矮化品种的选育鉴定提供科学的参考。1　遗传和形态的研究有研究报道 :砧木使嫁接树矮化是砧木的遗传性 ,其表现是生成浅的根群 ,枝条开张或自然下垂[1 ] ,砧木依其自己本身的遗传特性可以明显的影响嫁接树 ,但只从外观形态不能完全说明问题 ,如 M1 2 苹果…     

油茶嵌合嫁接好

油茶嫁接是建立无性繁系种子园、采穗圃,改造低产林和劣株的一个技术手段。用选出来的优株枝条做接穗,一般油茶作砧木,通过嫁接后,能保持母本的优良特性,具有生长快、结实早、产量高的优点,同时使树形矮化,适于密植间种,摘果方便,修枝,防治病虫等管理。但长期以来,由于油茶不易愈合,给嫁接工作带来很大困难。在毛主席无产阶级革命路线指引下,我们经过几年的摸索于1975年3月和6月采用嵌合嫁接法,以本场初复选普通油茶23个优株枝条作接穗,以9年生的油茶幼林作砧木,共嫁接1,820枝,其中人畜破     

影响嫁接成活的因素

嫁接能否成活受诸多因素的制约，除了砧木和接穗的亲和能力外，主要有以下几点：一、接穗接穗最好使用健壮母株外围阳面的、生长良好的、节间短而充实的1年生枝条。越是充实的幼嫩组织，伤愈能力越强，越利于愈合。早春休眠嫁接，要利用贮藏的枝条作接穗，这种休眠状态的枝条有利于嫁接成活，如果是已经打破了休眠，接芽呈萌动状态，嫁接后仅靠自身的养分、水分供应生长，愈伤组织不能充分愈合，嫁接不易成活。在生长季节内嫩枝嫁接，最好在新梢旺盛生长停止后进行，一般在5～6月以后嫁接为好。二、砧木早春嫁接，应在砧木根系进入活动状态…     

板栗矮化砧木选育研究进展

对中国板栗矮化砧木选育研究进展做了阐述,并对板栗、野板栗、茅栗、锥栗、日本栗等作砧木与板栗的嫁接亲和性及矮化效果等做了分析,同时指出了今后板栗矮化砧木的选育途径。     

''''沪005桃''''的优良矮化砧木选择

用新疆桃作砧木嫁接'沪005桃',移栽大田建立果园后,经过10余年的观察研究,反复对比试验,发现桃树改变了原有的特性(树体高大、枝条硬、果实发育期为62～65 d,果实核软,果实风味差、甜度小),即为树体主干低、冠幅小、主干有"大脚"、枝条柔软、枝节短等矮化现象,且嫁接后的'沪005桃'适应性强、耐瘠薄,抗旱、抗寒能力增强,其果实发育期推迟5 d,成熟期延迟.果实核变硬,风味提高,甜度大,色泽鲜艳.探索出桃树矮化砧木新种类.     

武当木兰嫁接育苗试验

以当地分布广、适应性强的木兰属植物为砧木,用武当木兰幼龄母树上部1 a生木质化枝条为接穗,从砧木种类选择、嫁接时期、嫁接方法及砧木粗度4个方面进行嫁接试验,分析影响武当木兰嫁接成活率的因素。结果表明:紫玉兰是武当木兰嫁接最适宜的砧木,在春季3月中旬,嫁接方法采用切接,选用砧木基径或粗度1cm以上嫁接成活率最高。     

Is rootstock-induced dwarfing in olive an effect of reduced plant hydraulic efficiency?

We investigated the hydraulic architecture of young olive trees either self-rooted or grafted on rootstocks with contrasting size-controlling potential. Clones of Olea europea L. (Olive) cv 'Leccino' inducing vigorous scion growth (Leccino 'Minerva', LM) or scion dwarfing (Leccino 'Dwarf', LD) were studied in different scion/rootstock combinations (LD, LM, LD/LD, LM/LM, LD/LM and LM/LD). Shoots growing on LD root systems developed about 50% less leaf surface area than shoots growing on LM root systems. Root systems accounted for 60-70% of plant hydraulic resistance (R), whereas hydraulic resistance of the graft union was negligible. Hydraulic conductance (K = 1/R) of LD root systems was up to 2.5 times less than that of LM root systems. Total leaf surface area (A(L)) was closely and positively related to root hydraulic conductance so that whole-plant hydraulic conductance scaled by A(L) did not differ between experimental groups. Accordingly, maximum transpiration rate and minimum leaf water potential did not differ significantly among experimental groups. We conclude that reduced root hydraulic conductance may explain rootstock-induced dwarfing in olive.     

元宝枫嫁接技术研究

元宝枫的嫁接活率依砧木类型、砧木龄级、嫁接时间及嫁接方法的不同而有明显的差异。条件适宜，方法得当时，嫁接苗成活率可达８０％以上。嫁接苗在接后第三者有４３％植株开花结果，结果年限比实生苗早２年以上，试验证明，采用嫁接技术繁殖质优、早果元宝枫苗木，方法可行，值得推广。     

Scion-rootstock interaction affects the physiology and fruit quality of sweet cherry

Water relations, leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, light canopy transmittance, leaf photosynthetic pigments and metabolites and fruit quality indices of cherry cultivars 'Burlat', 'Summit' and 'Van' growing on five rootstocks with differing size-controlling potentials that decrease in the order: Prunus avium L. > CAB 11E > Maxma 14 > Gisela 5 > Edabriz, were studied during 2002 and 2003. Rootstock genotype affected all physiological parameters. Cherry cultivars grafted on invigorating rootstocks had higher values of midday stem water potential (Psi(MD)), net CO(2) assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance (g(s)), intercellular CO(2) concentration (C(i)) and maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) (F(v)/F(m)) than cultivars grafted on dwarfing rootstocks. The Psi(MD) was positively correlated with A, g(s) and C(i). Moreover, A was positively correlated with g(s), and the slopes of the linear regression increased from invigorating to dwarfing rootstocks, indicating a stronger regulation of photosynthesis by stomatal aperture in trees on dwarfing Edabriz and Gisela 5. The effect of rootstock genotype was also statistically significant for leaf photosynthetic pigments, whereas metabolite concentrations and fruit physicochemical characteristics were more dependent on cultivar genotype. Among cultivars, 'Burlat' leaves had the lowest concentrations of photosynthetic pigments, but were richest in total soluble sugars, starch and total phenols. Compared with the other cultivars, 'Summit' had heavier fruits, independent of the rootstock. 'Burlat' cherries were less firm and had lower concentrations of soluble sugars and a lower titratable acidity than 'Van' cherries. Nevertheless, 'Van' cherries had lower lightness, chroma and hue angle, representing redder and darker cherries, compared with 'Summit' fruits. In general, Psi(MD) was positively correlated with fruit mass and A was negatively correlated with lightness and chroma. These results demonstrate that: (1) water relations and photosynthesis of sweet cherry tree are mainly influenced by the rootstock genotype; (2) different physicochemical characteristics observed in cherries of the three cultivars suggest that regulation of fruit quality was mainly dependent on the cultivar genotype, although the different size-controlling rootstocks also had a significant effect.     

木质素磺酸盐及其接枝产物作沙土稳定剂的研究

概述了沙土稳定高分子材料的分类及其应用；研究了禾草类木质素横酸盐及接枝产物对流动沙土的稳定作用，认为木质素磺酸盐本身不是适用的沙土稳定剂；通过对其粗产品直接进行接枝改性，产物的沙土稳定效率得以明显提高，应用试验表明，改性产物用量在10g/m^2时，沙土可以抵御风速为76km/h的侵蚀；而接枝非离子型单体可以进一步提高沙土的抗水蚀效果；最后提出了对适用的沙土稳定剂的一些要求。     

干旱胁迫下4种楸树嫁接苗叶绿素含量的变化

为了提高楸树嫁接苗的抗旱性,用盆栽自然干旱法对4种砧木嫁接的豫楸1号幼苗(砧1为金丝楸,砧2为灰楸,砧3为豫楸1号,砧4为梓树)进行干旱胁迫试验。在试验过程中,系统测定了叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素(a b)含量及叶绿素(a/b)比值的变化。结果表明:4种砧木嫁接的豫楸1号幼苗随干旱胁迫的加剧叶绿素a含量均出现逐渐降低的趋势,含量从高到低依次为砧1嫁接苗、砧3嫁接苗、砧4嫁接苗、砧2嫁接苗,其中砧1与砧2嫁接苗间叶绿素a含量差异显著;叶绿素b含量在干旱胁迫期间总的变化趋势为先增加后降低,但变化幅度均不大;叶绿素(a b)含量变化趋势与叶绿素a含量变化趋势相同,其中砧1与砧2嫁接苗叶绿素(a b)含量差异显著;叶绿素(a/b)比值的变化趋势与叶绿素b含量变化相反。以叶绿素a、叶绿素(a b)含量的变化趋势及叶绿素(a/b)比值为依据来确定不同砧木嫁接的豫楸1号幼苗抗旱能力从强到弱依次为砧1嫁接苗、砧3嫁接苗、砧4嫁接苗、砧2嫁接苗。     

涝渍胁迫对豫楸1号4种砧木嫁接苗氧化酶活性的影响

对涝渍胁迫条件下豫楸1号4种砧木嫁接苗保护酶（SOD、POD、CAT）活性的测定结果表明：在涝渍胁迫下,豫楸1号4种砧木嫁接苗SOD活性呈现先上升后降低,Ⅱ号与Ⅲ号间差异极显著（p〈0.01）;POD和CAT活性随涝渍胁迫呈现出先升高后降低的变化趋势。     

枣疯病和泡桐丛枝病原植原体分离物的组织培养保藏和嫁接传染研究

分别从河北唐县赞皇大枣、辽宁凌源梨枣和河南濮阳扁核酸3个品种的枣疯病和来自山东、江西和北京的不同无性系的泡桐丛枝病树上采集丛枝枝条作为组织培养材料,获得的枣疯病和泡桐丛枝病组培苗皆表现典型的丛枝症状。其中感染植原体的赞皇大枣组培苗(Ft)和扁核酸组培苗(HPD)在未加任何激素的MS培养基和其它培养基交替继代培养1a以上仍能维持丛枝苗生长;而发病梨枣(LD)除产生丛枝外,还出现叶片黄化和植株矮化、枯梢等衰退症状。泡桐丛枝病植原体可在不同无性系组培苗上通过各种培养基交替和单纯的MS培养基继代培养,并已在实验室内连续保藏达10a,其引致丛枝症状的能力无明显的改变。用枣树Ft染病材料作接穗,以健康冬枣(DJ)和抗病婆枣(W14)砧木进行组培苗间嫁接传病试验,可使部分DJ和W14发病;而嫁接未发病的砧木多数像健苗一样正常生长。用感染山东泡桐丛枝病植原体ZD株系丛枝组培苗为接穗,嫁接健康泡桐无性系组培苗致使无性系MB33、TY2T和C125发病。用植原体16SrDNA通用引物进行PCR,确证了泡桐和枣树发病苗和嫁接发病组培苗体内存在植原体。用DAPI荧光显微镜技术比较组培苗韧皮部筛管中的植原体浓度,结果显示,Ft和嫁接发病冬枣(DJ-Ft)筛管中植原体浓度相对较高,但仍低于各泡桐无性系染病丛枝组培苗;HPD和LD浓度中等,而发病的W14砧木含有植原体的筛管数量较少、且浓度很低。在嫁接不成功或未发病的DJ和W14砧木组织及健康对照组织中皆检测不到植原体荧光。     

水涝胁迫对豫楸1号嫁接苗MDA和质膜透性的影响

通过对水涝胁迫条件下豫楸1号4种砧木嫁接苗MDA和质膜透性的测定,结果表明：在整个涝渍胁迫期间,豫楸1号4种砧木嫁接苗的质膜透性和MDA含量均呈上升趋势。I号与II号间的MDA差异达到显著水平（p〈0.05）     

涝胁迫对豫楸1号4种砧木嫁接苗渗透调节物质的影响

通过对涝渍胁迫条件下豫楸1号4种砧木嫁接苗渗透调节物质（Pro、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白）活性的测定,结果表明：在持续涝渍胁迫下,3种渗透调节物质的变化趋势基本一致,整体变化趋势为先上升后下降,只是峰值出现的时间有差异。     

Daily shoot extension growth of peach trees growing on rootstocks that reduce scion growth is related to daily dynamics of stem water potential

We studied relationships between diurnal patterns of stem water potential (PsiSTEM) and stem extension growth of the same scion cultivar growing on three rootstocks with differing size-controlling potentials. The peach trees (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) used in this field experiment consisted of an early-maturing freestone cultivar, 'Flavorcrest,' grafted onto three different rootstocks: Nemaguard (a vigorous seed-propagated control, P. persica x P. davidiana hybrid), Hiawatha (an intermediate vigor rootstock, derived from an open pollinated seedling of a P. besseyi x P. salicina hybrid) and K-146-43 (a semi-dwarfing rootstock, P. salicina x P. persica hybrid). Diurnal patterns of PsiSTEM and stem extension growth were measured on six dates (March 29, April 12, April 26, May 10, May 24 and June 18) during the primary period of peach shoot extension growth. Rootstocks clearly affected diurnal patterns of PsiSTEM and stem extension growth. Trees on K-146-43 had the lowest midday PsiSTEM and stem extension growth. Differences among rootstocks in the amount of diurnal oscillation in PsiSTEM explained stem extension rate differences induced by the three rootstocks. The sensitivity of shoot extension growth to tree water relations tended to decrease as the season progressed and was not apparent by mid-June. The results of the study indicate that water relations may play an important role in the dwarfing mechanism induced by size-controlling peach rootstocks.