小偃22小麦粉馒头加工技术研究

为了提高馒头的加工品质,满足中国馒头加工业的迫切要求,以小偃22小麦粉为材料,研究其馒头加工的加水量、和面时间以及大豆蛋白、小麦胚芽、卵磷脂对馒头品质的影响.结果表明,加水量、和面时间以及大豆蛋白、小麦胚芽、卵磷脂的添加量对馒头回复性、内聚性和咀嚼性影响显著或极显著.随加水量增加,馒头的内聚性和回复性先增后减,咀嚼性呈减小趋势;随和面时间与大豆蛋白添加量的增加,馒头内聚性和回复性均减小,咀嚼性均先减后增;随小麦胚芽添加量的增加,馒头的内聚性与回复性先减后增,咀嚼性先减后增;随卵磷脂添加量的增加,内聚性先增后减,咀嚼性先减后增,回复性减小.优质馒头制作的适宜加水量、和面时间以及大豆蛋白、卵磷脂和小麦胚芽添加量分别为粉质吸水率的80%、4 min、2%、0.4%、8%.     

优质强筋小麦陕253的面包加工技术研究

为给优质强筋小麦品种的面包加工提供理论依据,以面包硬度、内聚性、胶粘性、咀嚼性、弹性、回复性作为评价指标,研究了陕253面粉加水量及和面时间的最佳值,在此基础上通过正交试验来确定最佳的添加剂组合.单因素分析结果表明,在绝大多数情况下,加水量及和面时间对陕253面包加工品质有显著或极显著的影响,且不同参数对加水量及和面时间反应趋势不同.添加一定量的改良剂可以改善面包的品质,但添加量过多对面包品质有负效应.正交试验结果表明,陕253面粉最佳加水量为小麦粉质量的62%,最佳和面时间为9 min;添加剂最优组合为卵磷脂1.3%、谷朊粉4%、小麦胚芽粉5%.     

添加大豆蛋白对乳清干酪产品品质的影响

向乳清中分别添加0.2%、0.3%、0.4%、0.5%和0.6%大豆蛋白,研究了大豆蛋白添加量对乳清干酪产品品质的影响.结果表明:添加大豆蛋白可以提高乳清干酪的硬度、弹性、胶着性和咀嚼性,改善乳清干酪的质构特性.当大豆蛋白添加量为0.3%(w/w)时,乳清干酪产品品质最佳.     

乙酸甲酯对大豆蛋白胶胶膜快干性的影响

提出了大豆蛋白胶胶膜概念,通过单因素试验研究了乙酸甲酯对大豆蛋白胶胶膜快干性及胶膜胶合强度的影响.结果表明:乙酸甲酯可以显著提高胶膜的快干性,且随着添加量的增加而增快,综合考虑乙酸甲酯大豆蛋白胶膜的干燥速率及胶合强度的影响,100 g大豆蛋白胶添加15 mL乙酸甲酯为最适添加量.     

热处理对小麦和面特性的影响

本文选取面筋强度不同（强面筋、中强面筋和弱面筋）的３ 个小麦品种作为试验材料,分析了热处理对小麦和面特性的影响。结果表明,３ 个品种１１０℃高温处理的和面时间、７ｍ ｉｎ 尾高和带宽增加,峰高不变;加水湿润小麦,和面图指标发生变化的处理温度降低。对于强面筋和中强面筋小麦,高温处理引起和面时间延长,并不能达到改良小麦烘焙品质的效应;对于弱面筋小麦,高温处理延长了和面时间,小麦品质出现改善趋势。     

热处理对小麦和面特性的影响

本文选取面筋强度不同（强面筋、中强面筋和弱面筋）的３个小麦品种作为试验材料,分析了热处理对泪科和面特性的影响。结果表明：３个品种１１０℃高温处理的和面时间、７ｍｉｎ尾高和带宽增加,峰高不变;加水湿润小麦,和面图指标发生变化的处理温度降低。对于强面筋和中强面筋小麦,高温处理引起和面时间延长,并不能达到改良小麦烘焙品质的效应;对于弱面筋小麦,高温处理延长了和面时间,小麦品质出现改善趋势。     

影响馒头品质的相关指标分析

为给优质馒头专用小麦的培育和馒头品质改良提供参考依据,以来源于北方冬麦区、黄淮冬麦区、西南冬麦区和长江中下游冬麦区的128个小麦品种(系)为材料,利用感官评价与质构仪测试相结合的方法,分析影响馒头品质的相关指标。结果表明,馒头感官品质中,除馒头的比容与色泽、结构、弹韧性、黏牙性和气味的相关性不显著外,其他指标间均为极显著正相关;馒头质构指标中,馒头的硬度与内聚性和咀嚼性分别呈极显著负相关和正相关;馒头质构指标中的黏附性、弹性、硬度和咀嚼性与馒头感官品质的相关指标显著相关,可以在一定程度上补充或矫正相关的感官评价分析。同时,筛选出感官品质较好的材料有中优9507、CMT-3T88和陕182等,质构指标较好的材料有扬00-126、新麦19和新春9号等,这些材料适合制作优质手工馒头;尤其是筛选出的感官品质和质构指标均较好的材料Kn3106、川麦107、新春9号和新麦19,可作为小麦优质资源加以利用。参试材料的面粉白度较低(平均值为73.83)且高白度材料较少;面粉白度高于80的小麦品种(系)仅有T21-6和武汉麦,这些材料可作为高白度小麦优质资源加以利用,有助于改良馒头的色泽品质。     

面筋蛋白对小麦粉理化性质及面包烘焙品质的影响

为明确不同类型小麦的面粉改良方案,为我国优质面包专用粉的生产提供理论与技术支持,以三个筋力不同的小麦品种宁麦13、扬麦16和郑麦9023为材料,通过洗面筋法提取各供试材料的湿面筋,将其冷冻干燥后按照7%、8%、9%、10%、11%的添加比例与各自面粉进行配比,对配粉的面包烘焙品质、面粉理化性质和面团流变学特性进行了测定分析。结果发现,随着面筋蛋白添加量的提高,配粉的蛋白质、湿面筋、谷蛋白大聚体(GMP)含量和沉降值逐步上升;粘度参数和面团弱化度有所下降;糊化温度和糊化时间呈上升趋势。在同一添加量下,强筋小麦的烘焙品质和面粉理化性质始终优于中筋小麦和弱筋小麦。随着面筋蛋白添加量的提高,面包体积、弹性、回复性、内聚力增大,而硬度、咀嚼性减小,感官品质得到改善。面筋蛋白添加量超过一定范围(宁麦13、扬麦16添加9%,郑麦9023添加8%),面包品质改良效果变缓,且色泽不断加深。综上所述,适量添加面筋蛋白可改变面粉的理化性质,提高其面包烘焙品质;配粉的蛋白质含量为18%左右是最经济的面包烘焙品质改良方案。     

山西主栽小麦品种蒸煮食品加工性比较

为了解近年山西主栽小麦品种的品质性状及蒸煮面食制品加工适宜性、筛选优质面条和馒头小麦品种,以晋麦95号为对照,对山西省近五年21个主推小麦品种的籽粒、面粉品质性状及面条、馒头加工品质特性进行了系统检测与分析。结果表明,山西省近五年主推小麦品种多为中强筋品种,所占比例为 63.6%,大部分品质性状的遗传多样性较为丰富;适宜制作面条的小麦品种有15个,占所有品种的68.2％。21个主推小麦品种馒头综合评分平均为82.0分,变化范围77.0～88.5分;达到良好馒头标准（80～90分）的共有14个品种;晋麦92、晋麦47、运旱139-1、运旱805、济麦23、品育8012、运旱618、晋麦101的馒头感官评分均高于对照。面条、馒头感官评分与小麦面粉的形成时间、稳定时间呈极显著正相关( P<0.01 ),与弱化度呈显著负相关( P<0.05 ),与质构参数（TPA）的内聚性、胶黏性和咀嚼度均呈极显著正相关( P<0.01 )。山西近五年主推小麦品种有较好的蒸煮加工品质特性。     

施氮量对不同叶绿素含量小麦生长、产量和品质的影响

为探究陕西关中地区施氮量对不同叶绿素含量小麦生长、产量和品质的影响,并筛选出适宜高光效小麦的较佳施氮量,以西农979、冀麦5265及其黄绿叶突变体为供试材料,设置4个施氮水平:0kg·hm~(-2)(CK)、120 kg·hm~(-2)(N_1)、240 kg·hm~(-2)(N_2)和360 kg·hm~(-2)(N_3),分析施氮量对不同叶绿素含量小麦光合能力、氮利用、产量及其构成因素和品质的影响。结果表明,施氮量对小麦生长特性和产量有显著影响,随着施氮量的增加,西农979和冀麦5265黄绿叶突变体的旗叶面积、SPAD值、光合速率以及穗数、穗粒数、产量和品质等指标均呈先增后减的趋势,并在N_2处理下达到最大值;而冀麦5265的各项指标则呈现增加趋势,在N_3处理下达到最大值。西农979和冀麦5265及其黄绿叶突变体的氮肥偏生产力均随着施氮量增加而减小,氮素利用效率则均随着施氮量增加而呈现先减后增趋势。综上所述,在关中平原地区,西农979和冀麦5265黄绿叶突变体兼顾产量、品质与施肥效益的最佳施氮量为240 kg·hm~(-2),冀麦5265为360kg·hm~(-2)。     

Dough and bread made from high- and low-protein flours by vacuum mixing: Part 2. Yeast activity,dough proofing and bread quality

The combined effects of reduced mixer headspace pressure and mixing duration on the yeast activity, proofing and quality of dough and bread made from both high-protein flour (HPF) and low-protein flour (LPF) were addressed in this study. Rheofermentometer analysis showed that a reduction in mixer headspace pressure up to 0.08 MPa did not affect the overall gassing power of yeast in either of the two dough matrices. An increase in mixing duration sped up the mass transfer rate of CO₂ at the initial stage of fermentation, leading to a faster expansion of dough volume at the beginning. Moreover, an increase in mixing time promoted dough development and gas inclusion, which resulted in a increased volume of dough and bread, as well as a softer texture of both baked bread and steamed bread. In general, reduced headspace pressure produced baked bread of smaller volume, denser structure and harder texture. On the other hand, vacuum mixing produced steamed bread with softer texture without significantly changing the bread’s volume and porosity.     

Extensional rheological properties in mixed and fermented/rested dough and relationships with steamed bread quality

In this study, sixteen wheat varieties for cultivation in China were examined for the flour characteristics using the farinograph, extensograph and rheofermentometer, uniaxial extensional rheology employing the extensograph and the Kieffer extensibility rig and biaxial extension by uniaxial compression of mixed dough with and without yeast, rested and fermented dough, and steamed bread quality including specific volume and texture properties. Three statistical analysis methods including Pearson correlation, principle component and stepwise multiple regression analysis were carried out to correlate dough properties with steamed bread quality. Biaxial extension viscosity was positively correlated with texture properties (hardness and chewiness) of steamed bread (r = 0.521–0.685, p < 0.05). Based on the correlation coefficients and the model (r² = 0.852, p = 0.003) obtained using stepwise multiple regression analysis, the best predictors for specific volume of steamed bread were the maximum resistance to extension of rested dough (r = 0.664, p < 0.01) and total work for breakage of fermented dough (r = 0.662, p < 0.01). Principal component analysis of rheological properties of fermented dough and flour characteristics provided more useful information for discriminating wheat flour quality and help breeders to select most convenient wheat flour for the steamed bread making.     

Effect of inulin with different degree of polymerization on plain wheat dough rheology and the quality of steamed bread

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different polymerization degree of inulin on plain wheat dough rheology and quality of steamed bread. It was found the water absorption of dough decreased with the increasing of short-chain (FS) and natural inulin (FI) and increased with the increasing of long-chain inulin (FXL) higher than 7.5%. Three kinds of inulin all increased the development time, stability and farinograph quality number and decreased softening degree of the dough. When proof time was less than 90min, the extensibility increased with the substitution of 5% of FS, 5% of FI and 2.5% of FXL. The resistance to extension, ratio number of resistance to extensibility and energy all increased with the increasing of FS and FI as well as the time. While the energy increased with FXL substation at 45min and dropped thereafter, regardless of the concentration. The addition of inulin all enhanced the brightness, specific volume and hardness of steamed bread and decreased the water content, vaporization enthalpy, springiness, recovery, and cohesiveness. During the storage, inulin reduced the change rates of relative hardness, recovery, and cohesiveness and increased the change rate of relative enthalpy, which restrained the staling rate of steamed bread.     

豆渣馒头加工工艺研究

研究了豆腐渣粉、谷朊粉、酵母添加量对馒头感官品质和质构特性(TPA)的影响,通过单因素和正交试验确定豆渣馒头的最佳工艺条件,并采用环境扫描电镜研究豆渣馒头的微观结构.结果表明:小麦面粉85 g、豆腐渣粉15 g、谷朊粉1g、活性干酵母0.6g、发酵时间120 min时制作的豆渣馒头具有良好的品质和口感.电镜分析显示,豆...     

Phytate negatively influences wheat dough and bread characteristics by interfering with cross-linking of glutenin molecules

The influence of added phytate on dough properties and bread baking quality was studied to determine the role of phytate in the impaired functional properties of whole grain wheat flour for baking bread. Phytate addition to refined flour at a 1% level substantially increased mixograph mixing time, generally increased mixograph water absorption, and reduced the SDS-unextractable protein content of dough before and after fermentation as well as the loaf volume of bread. The added phytate also shifted unextractable glutenins toward a lower molecular weight form and increased the iron-chelating activity of dough. It appears that phytate negatively affects gluten development and loaf volume by chelating iron and/or binding glutenins, and consequently interfering with the oxidative cross-linking of glutenin molecules during dough mixing. Phytate could be at least partially responsible for the weak gluten network and decreased loaf volume of whole wheat flour bread as compared to refined flour bread.     

Relationship of Protein Quantity,Quality and Dough Properties with Chinese Steamed Bread Quality

Using selected Chinese and Australian wheats, flour protein content and composition of high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits were studied in relation to northern style Chinese steamed bread quality. Flour protein content had a significant impact on Chinese steamed bread quality. The Chinese wheats were characterised by shorter Farinograph dough development time and stability in comparison with the Australian wheats. Dough stickiness in the Chinese wheat cultivars was a significant factor deteriorating Chinese steamed bread quality. A significant negative correlation was found between Farinograph stability time and steamed bread quality in Australian wheats while a significant and positive correlation existed in Chinese wheats. It would be necessary to increase the dough strength of Chinese wheat cultivars in order to improve their steamed bread making quality.     

中麦175馒头和面条品质稳定性分析

为给优质小麦育种和生产提供参考依据,以优质小麦新品种中麦175于2010-2011年度在河北和北京14个地点的样品为材料,分析了磨粉品质、面粉和面片颜色、面团流变学和淀粉糊化特性、馒头和面条加工品质。结果表明,中麦175为馒头和面条兼用型优质品种,特点是软质、中偏弱的面筋强度、面粉颜色白,多数品质性状较稳定,籽粒硬度、PPO活性、面片a*值、稳定时间、拉伸面积、延展性和最大抗延阻力的变异系数较大,馒头加工品质地点间变异大于面条。磨粉品质和面团流变学参数对馒头加工品质有显著影响,籽粒硬度和出粉率对馒头表面颜色有显著负向影响,相关系数分别为-0.82(P<0.01)和-0.58(P<0.05);面粉L*值高,馒头加工品质好,二者相关系数为0.72(P<0.01);吸水率与馒头总分呈显著负相关(r=-0.84,P<0.01),稳定时间、拉伸面积、延展性和最大抗延阻力与馒头总分呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.85(P<0.01)、0.77(P<0.01)、0.62(P<0.05)和0.70(P<0.01)。降低PPO活性和吸水率,提高蛋白质含量、出粉率和黄色素含量可以改善面粉和面片颜色的亮白度,增加部分黄度,形成消费者可接受的奶白色。淀粉糊化特性对馒头和面条加工品质无显著影响。上述信息对改良小麦品质的稳定性有重要意义。     

Effect of the addition of extruded wheat flours on dough rheology and bread quality

Extruded wheat flours, due to their increased water absorption capacity, constitute an opportunity to increase bread output in bakery production. However extrusion may modify dough and bread characteristics. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the substitution of 5% of the wheat flour by extruded wheat flour (produced with different time-temperature extrusion treatments) on dough mixing, handling and fermentation behaviour and bread volume, shape, texture and colour. The RVA curves indicate that extrusion intensity increases with increasing temperature or water content. Water absorption capacity rises with increasing treatment intensity, but dough stability tends to decrease. Adding extruded flours decreases dough extensibility but increases tenacity and gas production. Differences in dough structure were observed on photomicrography, though there were no clear differences in bread quality. These results indicate that it is possible to obtain adequate dough and bread characteristics using dough with 5% extruded wheat flour.     

新疆冬小麦品种品质性状与面包、馒头、面条加工品质的关系

为了给优质面包、馒头、面条专用品种选育提供品质辅助选择指标,以30份新疆冬小麦品种(包括自育品种和引进品种)为材料,分析了新疆冬小麦品种品质性状与面包、馒头、面条加工品质的关系.回归分析结果表明,小麦籽粒性状、面粉品质、面团特性、淀粉糊化特性以及面粉色泽对新疆冬小麦品种面包、馒头和面条加工品质均有显著影响;面粉灰分、湿面筋、稀懈值、亮度和红度是影响面包、馒头和面条加工品质的共同品质性状;形成时间、稳定时间、延展度是影响面包和面条加工品质的共同品质性状;而籽粒性状仅对新疆冬小麦品种馒头加工品质有显著影响.相关分析结果表明,千粒重、形成时间、稳定时间、拉伸面积、最大拉伸阻力、红度和黄度与面包总分呈显著相关关系,相关系数分别为0.460、0.516、0.537、0.719、0.707、0.534和-0.403;籽粒蛋白质含量、面粉蛋白含量和湿面筋含量与馒头总分呈显著相关关系,相关系数分别为-0.397、-0.458和-0.552,面团延展度、稀懈值与面条总分呈显著相关关系,相关系数分别为0.438和0.432.从以上结果可以看出,面包与面团流变学特性,馒头与蛋白质和面筋数量,面条与面团流变学特性及淀粉糊化特性的关系更为密切,这些品质性状可以作为新疆冬小麦品种面包、馒头、面条加工品质改良时的辅助选择指标.