胡杨光合蒸腾与影响因子间关系的研究

对胡杨光合速率和蒸腾速率同各主要影响因子间相关关系进行了研究。结果表明:胡杨光合速率和气孔导度间呈对数关系,蒸腾速率与气孔导度间呈线性关系;两者与光合有效辐射均呈多项式关系;与空气温度均呈二项式关系。结果说明胡杨属气孔限制型植物,气孔导度和光合有效辐射共同决定胡杨的光合和蒸腾作用。气温和相对湿度通过影响胡杨的气孔导度进而影响胡杨的光合速率和蒸腾速率。适宜胡杨进行光合气体交换的环境条件是光合有效辐射保持在1700μmol.m-2.s-1左右,温度保持在35℃左右,相对湿度保持在20%-30%间。     

Comparative studies of safeners for the prevention of EPTC injury in maize

The herbicide safener N-dichloroacetyl-1-oxa-4-aza-spiro-4,5-decane (AD-67) is of similar efficiency as the extensively used N.N-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide (R-25788) and the structurally related 3-(dichloroacetyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-oxa-zolidine (AD-2) in reducing EPTC [S-ethyl-N,N-dipropyl (thiocarhamate)] injury to maize (Zea mays L. cv. KSC 360). EPTC treatment produces growth retardation and deformities and inhibits CO₂ fixation. It does not reduce epicuticular lipids appreciably but affects wax arrangement on the leaf surface. When EPTC is applied together with one of these safeners, these injuries are not observed. All three safeners act similarly. Each prevents the herbicide-induced aggregation of epicuticular wax of maize, thereby protecting the plants against the formation of areas where the underlying cuticle layers are exposed and increase in transpiration.     

Biochemical and physiological responses to long‐term Citrus tristeza virus infection in Mexican lime plants

Reactions that occur when a plant is subjected to Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) infection often result in triggering of numerous defence mechanisms to fight the infection. The reactions vary according to virus strain, host genotype, time of exposure to the infection and environmental conditions. To date, no study has examined in detail the consequences of 10‐year exposure to CTV infection on the biochemical and physiological status of susceptible Mexican lime plants (Citrus aurantifolia). To understand the reaction of such plants, changes in nutrient status, total proteins, enzyme activity involved in scavenging of reactive oxygen species, photosynthetic and transpiration rates, chlorophyll content, membrane permeability and water content were analysed in plants infected with different CTV isolates and in healthy plants. The activity of superoxide dismutase and polyphenol oxidase significantly decreased in the infected leaves, and membrane permeability was lower in the infected plants. Macro‐ and micronutrient elements were significantly changed: concentrations of leaf nitrogen, zinc, magnesium and iron were elevated but potassium concentration depressed in comparison to noninfected control leaves. Levels of other analysed nutrient elements, enzymes, photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content and relative water content were unchanged. Clear physiological changes were found among infected and noninfected control plants but none between plants infected with different CTV isolates. The data suggest that some of the defence mechanisms investigated here were suppressed due to the continuous and long‐term pressure of biotic stress.     

祁连山高海拔雨养农业区油菜、小麦光合特性比较研究

在作物生长旺盛期,采用LI-6400便携式光合仪测定了祁连山高海拔雨养农业区环境因子和油菜、小麦叶片光合生理指标,比较了油菜、小麦及低海拔地区作物光合参数的差异性。结果表明:光合有效辐射和空气温度均呈单峰型日变化曲线,而空气湿度呈"S"型日变化曲线,大气CO2浓度为早晚较低,下午高。油菜和小麦的叶片净光合速率日变化均呈双峰型曲线,存在"午休"现象,且上午光合速率高于下午。油菜的蒸腾速率日变化呈双峰型曲线,小麦的蒸腾速率却呈单峰型曲线。气孔导度日变化大体呈"S"型曲线。光合有效辐射是影响叶片净光合速率和蒸腾速率的主要环境因子之一,空气湿度是气孔导度的主要影响因子。大气CO2浓度与小麦叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度呈显著正相关关系。     

METABOLISM OF MONURON IN EXCISED LEAVES OF CORN AND BEAN PLANTS*

Summary. The metabolism of monuron in excised leaves of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L., var. Black Valentine) and corn (Zea mays L., var. Batam Cross) were studied with carbonyl-¹⁴C-labelled monuron. The metabolic conversions of monuron in both plant species were exponential and followed first order reaction kinetics. The metabolism of monuron can be divided into two major pathways: demethylation and hydroxylation. At a monuron concentration of 16 ppm the hydroxylation was dominant in the bean leaves. As the concentration of monuron was increased the participation of the hydroxylation pathway became less probably due to the inhibition of enzymes involved by monuron. The demethylation pathway was not affected by higher monuron concentration. In the corn leaf, however, sequential demethylation was always the major pathway of monuron transformation and there was no inhibitory effect observed on either pathways as the concentration of monuron increased. The following radioactive metabolites were found in the alcohol extract of bean and com leaves receiving carbonyl-¹⁴C-labelled monuron: N′-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-methylurea, p-chlorophenylurea, two polypeptide complexes of monuron, one polypeptide complex of N′-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-methylurea and β-D-glucosides of N-(2-hydroxy-4-chlorophenyl) urea, N′-(2-hydroxy-4-chlorophenyl) N-methylurea, and N′-(2-hydroxy-4-chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea. In addition, one minor radioactive peak was found only in the alcohol extract of corn leaves, which yielded four unidentified radioactive metabolites after acid or enzyme hydrolysis with β-glucosidase. Métabolisme du monuron dans des feuilles excisés de maïs et de haricot     

The influence of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aphanomyces cochlioides</Emphasis> on selected physiological processes in sugar beet leaves and yield parameters

Alterations in some physiological processes in source leaves of sugar beet—such as chlorophyll and carbohydrate concentrations, stomatal conductance, rate of net photosynthesis and transpiration, and activity of the photosynthetic apparatus during root interaction with Aphanomyces cochlioides, were investigated. The influence of time of infection on plant health, yield quality and quantity was also examined. Plants were infected at different times of their growth period: on the sowing day and 4 or 8 weeks after sowing. A variation treatment, with non-pelleted seeds infected on the sowing day, was also analyzed. The experiment showed that development of disease symptoms depends on the time of infection and seed protection. A significant root yield decrease was observed in case of late infection, as compared to the yield of plants infected on the sowing day. The fresh weight of leaves was significantly increased where there was late infection. The infected plants showed a lower content of K⁺, Na⁺ and α-amino-N than did the controls. Infection by A. cochlioides induced chlorophyll degradation mostly in older leaves with the occurrence of natural senescence processes. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters indicated that the photosynthetic apparatus of younger leaves was more sensitive to pathogen infection, when compared to older ones. The photochemical efficiency of photosystem II was reduced in young leaves mainly due to disturbance of the water-splitting system. In plants grown from non-pelleted seeds a strong impairment of PSII was observed only in those leaves which developed during early pathogen infection. In young leaves of plants infected in the fourth week after sowing, inhibition of the rate of net photosynthesis was correlated with the increase in intercellular CO₂ concentration, indicating some disturbance in the carbon assimilation phase. In mature leaves of late infected plants the reduction of photosynthesis net rate was associated with a decrease of stomatal conductance and an increase of diffusion resistance to CO₂ and H₂O, which was also the cause of the transpiration rate inhibition. When the leaves developed during early infection, an increase of specific leaf weight and accumulation of carbohydrates was observed. In mature leaves of non-protected plants infected on the sowing day, the recovery of all physiological processes was observed together with a diminution of disease symptoms.     

Photosynthesis,transpiration and plant growth characters of different potato cultivars at various densities of Globodera pallida

Plants of four potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars were grown in pots in a greenhouse at five densities ofGlobodera pallida between 0 and 300 eggs per gram of soil. Photosynthesis and transpiration of selected leaves were measured at 30, 37, 49 and 60 days after planting. Stem length was recorded at weekly intervals. Plants were harvested 70 days afteer planting and various plant variables were determined.At 30 days after planting, when second and third stage juveniles were present in roots, both photosynthesis and transpiration rates were severely reduced byG. pallida. In the course of time these effects became less pronounced. Water use efficiency was reduced byG. pallida between 30 and 49 days, but not at 60 days after planting. The results suggest independent effects ofG. pallida on stomatal opening and on photosynthesis reactions. There were no consistent differences among cultivars in the response of leaf gas exchange rates and water use efficiency to nematode infection. Reduction of photosynthesis byG. pallida appeared additive to photosynthesis reduction due to leaf senescence.Total dry weight was reduced by 60% at the highestG. pallida density. Weights of all plant organs were about proportionally affected. Shoot/root ratio was not affected and dry matter content was reduced. Stem length and leaf area were most strongly reduced during early stages of plant-nematode interaction. The number of leaves formed was only slightly reduced byG. pallida, but flowering was delayed or inhibited. Reduction of total dry weight correlated with reduction of both leaf area and photosynthesis rate. Leaf area reduction seems the main cause of reduction of dry matter production. Tolerance differences among cultivars were evident at 100 eggs per gram of soil only, where total dry weight of the intolerant partially resistant cv. Darwina was lower than that of the tolerant partially resistant cv. Elles and of the tolerant susceptible cv. Multa. The tolerance differences were not correlated with leaf photosynthesis and transpiration. Apparently these processes are not part of tolerance of plants.     

Activities of antioxidant enzymes and photosynthetic responses in tomato pre-treated by plant activators and inoculated by Xanthomonas vesicatoria

The activities of antioxidant enzymes and photosynthetic responses were investigated in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. var.) pre-treated by plant activators and inoculated by Xanthomonas vesicatoria. Plants were sprayed with acibenzolar-S-methyl, ASM [Bion^® 50 WG (0.2 g l⁻¹)] and aqueous extract from dry necrotic tissue flour (VLA) of ‘Lobeira’ (Solanum lycocarpum) bush. Four days later, the plants were challenged with a virulent strain of X. vesicatoria, under greenhouse conditions. Tomato leaves were then assessed to determine the activities of the main antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). A reduction of bacterial leaf spot severity was observed in plants treated by ASM (49.3%) and VLA (31.4%), without any in vitro inhibitory activity over the pathogen. Controls showed decreases in CO₂ assimilation, transpiration, photosynthetic rates, and stomatal conductance. Water use efficiency and carboxylation efficiency were strongly affected in ASM- and VLA-treated, in comparison to controls and healthy plants. The tested substances induced increases in SOD and CAT activities in a delayed enzymatic response typical in compatible plant–pathogen interactions. Measured at daily intervals, activities of APX and POX were significantly (ρ0.05) higher in treated plants than in controls, except for APX in ASM-treated plants where no difference was found when compared to controls. Only POX was clearly induced at the earlier stages after spraying the tomato plants with ASM or VLA. Our results suggest that late increases in antioxidant enzyme activities may play a role in mitigating oxidative damage in restoring the photosynthetic imbalance imposed by the expansion of bacterial lesions.     

The influence of cyst nematodes and drought on potato growth. 2. Effects on plant water relations under semi-controlled conditions

Potatoes were grown under a permanent rain shelter in mobile containers in soil with and without potato cyst nematodes (Globodera pallida). The plants were either subjected to an early drought stress period from planting until 43 days after planting, to a late drought stress period during tuber bulking or to a drought control. Leaf water potentials, stomatal diffusion resistances for water vapour, transpiration rates, dry matter accumulation and water use efficiencies of the plants were determined periodically. Both drought and nematodes decreased leaf water potential and increased stomatal resistance.Drought led to a higher water use efficiency, cyst nematode infection, however, reduced the water use efficiency at early stages of growth, and increased it at later stages. It is concluded that at least two main growth reducing mechanisms exist of which the relative importance varies with time. Firstly, reduced apparent assimilation rates, which are unrelated to a change in the water balance caused by the initial attack by the cyst nematodes. Secondly, a reduced dry matter accumulation resulting from a decrease of water uptake. Effects of drought and cyst nematode infection on plant growth and water relations were not always additive mainly because infected plants used up less water leading to less drought stress.     

Growth, photosynthetic pigments and photosynthetic activity during seedling stage of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) in response to UV-B and dimethoate

UV-B (0.4 W m⁻²) irradiation and dimethoate (100 and 200 ppm) treatments, singly and in combination, declined the growth, photosynthetic pigment contents and photosynthesis (O₂ evolution and CO₂-fixation) of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Contrary to this, low concentration of dimethoate (50 ppm) caused stimulation on these parameters, while together with UV-B it showed inhibitory effects. Carotenoids (Car) showed varied responses. It was found that carbon-fixation (¹⁴CO₂) was more sensitive to both the stresses than photosynthetic oxygen evolution. Photosynthetic electron transport activity was reduced by both the stresses, however, 50 ppm dimethoate besides inhibiting photosystem II (PSII) and whole chain activity, showed slight stimulation in photosystem I (PSI) activity. The individual effect of two stresses on PSII activity was probably due to interruption of electron flow at oxidation side of PSII which extended to its reaction center following simultaneous exposure. A similar trend was also noticed in case of CO₂ liberation (measured as ¹⁴CO₂ release) in light and dark. Results suggest that dimethoate (100 and 200 ppm) and UV-B alone caused heavy damage on pigments and photosynthetic activity of cowpea, leading to the significant inhibition in growth. Further, the interactive effects of both the stresses got intensified. However, low concentration (50 ppm) of dimethoate showed stimulation, but in combination, it slightly recovered from the damaging effect, caused by UV-B.     

Influence of 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT) derivatives on the toxicity of EPTC to monocotyledonous plants

The effect of l-aminobenzotriazole (ABT) and EPTC mixtures on plant growth was investigated in greenhouse experiments by presowing application in sand. The concentration of ABT for 50% shoot growth inhibition (I₅₀) was about 1 mM in the monoctyledons investigated. Both subtoxic and toxic doses of ABT were antagonists of EPTC in maize (Zea mays L.) However, subtoxic doses of ABT were syner-gists of EPTC in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.). No correlation between ABT and EPTC sensitivity of monocotyledonous plants was found. Some of the C- and N-substituted ABT derivatives (e.g. N-methyl or N-benzyl-ABT) completely reversed the effect of toxic dose of EPTC in maize. These results are considered as indirect evidence for the hypothesis that oxidation by cytochrome P-450 enzymes is the biochemical target of EPTC and is involved in the mode of action of EPTC safeners.     

Patterns of defoliation and their effect on the plant growth and photosynthetic characteristics of Ipomoea cairica

In order to determine the susceptibility of Ipomoea cairica to herbivory, the compensatory growth and photosynthetic characteristics of I. cairica plants were measured after simulated herbivory by leaf trimming in three patterns: leaf‐apex removal, leaf‐edge removal, and perforation. The leaf‐edge removal resulted in a significantly reduced total biomass and root biomass of the plants, but the leaf‐apex removal and perforation had no significant influence on the plant growth. The defoliation patterns had significant effects on the photosynthesis of I. cairica. The net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of the plants whose leaf edges had been removed were the highest among the three defoliation patterns and the fraction of absorbed light that is used in Photosystem II photochemistry increased greatly, while the fraction of light energy that is dissipated thermally decreased. The increased photosynthetic rate as a result of the leaf‐edge removal treatment could be attributed to a decrease in stomatal limitation and an increase in the Rubisco content, as well as higher photosynthetic efficiency and less light energy being dissipated as heat. Increased photosynthesis in the plants whose leaf edges had been removed changed the carbon allocation and resulted in less root development. As the expansion of I. cairica primarily depends on clonal growth, smaller roots could limit its uptake of nutrients from the soil. These direct and indirect effects indicate that leaf‐edge‐feeding herbivores could have potential in the biological control of I. cairica.     

梭梭与白梭梭气体交换特征对比分析

梭梭[WTBX](Haloxylon ammodendron)与白梭梭(H.persicum)[WTBZ]是古尔班通古特沙漠植物群落2个最主要的建群种。通过对梭梭与白梭梭光合特性及相关环境因子的同期观测,探讨其光合响应特征及其与环境因子关系的异同。结果表明：梭梭对弱光的利用能力大于白梭梭,而白梭梭利用强光的能力大于梭梭。梭梭和白梭梭净光合速率[WTBX](Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)的日变化特征均为“单峰”型,但Pn、Gs峰值出现时间略有差异,Tr的峰值出现时间为16:00。根据梭梭和白梭梭Pn、胞间[WTBZ]CO2浓度[WTBX](Ci)及气孔限制值(Ls)的变化方向,推测梭梭光合“午休”主要由气孔因素引起。白梭梭日平均Pn、Tr和WUE（水分利用效率）均高于梭梭,说明白梭梭是一种高光合、高蒸腾、高水分利用效率的物种。相关分析表明,对梭梭、白梭梭的Pn影响最显著的环境因子是光量子通量密度(PPFD)。     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区川地和梯田茄子光合特性比较

采用Li-6400便携式光合系统仪,对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区川地和梯田茄子在覆膜与不覆膜两种栽培方式下的光合特性日变化进行了测定。结果表明:(1)茄子在川地与梯田不同栽培模式下光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度的日变化均表现为"双峰"曲线,都具有明显的"午休"现象;引起川地茄子产生光合"午休"现象的主要原因是气孔因素;引起梯田茄子产生光合"午休"现象的一个重要原因是非气孔因素;(2)梯田茄子在不同栽培方式下的光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度日均值均显著高于川地茄子(P<0.01),而叶片水平水分利用效率日均值却显著低于川地茄子(P<0.01);(3)茄子在覆膜与不覆膜两种栽培方式下的光合特性日变化参数没有显著性差别(P>0.05)。     

Water utilization by S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate treated wheat

Wheat (Triticum aesticum L. var. Holley) was grown in 0.5 Hoaglands complete mineral nutrient solution containing sub-toxic concentrations of S-ethyl dipropyl-thiocarbamate (EPTC) (0, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, or 0.5mg/1). Total fresh and dry plant weights per pot decreasedas EPTC concentration increased. Leaf fresh and dry weight per pot decreased as EPTC concentration increased. Root fresh weight per pot was not greatly influenced by EPTC and dry weight per pot was statistically significantly decreased at the 0.5 mg/l EPTC concentration. Total plant water utilization and leaf water contents (mg/g DW) decreased as EPTC concentration increased, but evapotranspiration (ml/g FW or DW) per unit leaf tissue was increased to ca 145% of the untreated wheat. This increased evapotranspiration explains an EPTC induced accumulation of 14C-atrazine in leaves beyond the detoxification level which ultimately resulted in atrazine injury in EPTC pretreated plants.     

北方寒区日光温室冬季基质袋培番茄蒸腾量模拟

北方寒区日光温室冬季生产基本无通风，为了探寻室内弱光、高湿、低温及低风速环境下的番茄蒸腾量模拟模型，基于Penman-Monteith（P-M）方程及适应此特定环境的边界层空气动力学阻力、气孔平均阻力、土壤热通量等参数模拟了温室长季节栽培番茄（Lycopersicon esculentum Mill）单株的蒸腾速率并进行了试验验证，揭示了蒸腾速率与净辐射、饱和水汽压差的日变化规律，确定了蒸腾速率与植株上方净辐射的定量关系，检验了土壤热通量取值对蒸腾速率的影响。结果显示：2017-12-11—2018-01-03室内太阳总辐射最大值367 W·m^-2、夜晚及阴天相对湿度接近100%、室内风速接近0 m·s^-1的情况下，单株植株边界层空气动力学阻力变化范围晴天为147~438 s·m^-1，阴天为 211~365 s·m^-1；气孔平均阻力晴天69~1 506 s·m^-1，阴天132~1 151 s·m^-1；P-M方程模拟的单株番茄逐时蒸腾速率在晴天、阴天中午的平均值分别为0.06、0.02 mm·h^-1，模拟值与实测值比较，平均相对误差约为10%。研究还表明，单株番茄上方净辐射量的43.5%通过蒸腾作用转化为潜热；试验环境下，土壤热通量的取值变化对蒸腾速率影响不大。研究确定的蒸腾速率估算模型可为北方寒区冬季日光温室基质袋培番茄蒸腾量估算以及水分管理提供参考。     

Influence of magnesium on physiological responses of wheat infected by Pyricularia oryzae

Although magnesium (Mg) is considered an essential element for wheat growth, its importance for disease control has often been overlooked, and the physiological features of diseased plants mediated by Mg remain elusive. In this study, the effect of three Mg concentrations (0·25, 2·5 and 4 mm ) on wheat resistance to leaf blast (Pyricularia oryzae), leaf gas exchange, invertase activity, cellular damage and foliar concentration of photosynthetic pigments and nutrients was investigated. Foliar Mg increased from 1·9 to 3·9 g kg^?1, whereas calcium (Ca) decreased from 7·8 to 4·9 g kg^?1 as the applied Mg increased from 0·25 to 4 mm . Blast severity increased from 11·3 to 39·6% as the applied Mg increased from 0·25 to 4 mm . Photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration and photosynthetic pigment concentrations decreased in inoculated plants compared to non‐inoculated plants regardless of the Mg concentration; however, the reductions were more pronounced for plants grown with 4 mm Mg than those grown with 0·25 mm Mg. On the other hand, a higher internal CO₂ concentration, invertase activity and malondialdehyde concentration was recorded in inoculated plants grown with 4 mm Mg compared to those grown with 0·25 mm Mg. In conclusion, reduced Ca uptake may partially explain the increased susceptibility of wheat to leaf blast with the highest Mg concentration. Mg‐induced susceptibility to leaf blast appeared responsible for the photosynthetic impairments. These were most probably due to biochemical constraints because plants grown with the highest Mg concentration suffered extensive cellular damage and degradation of photosynthetic pigments as a result of high disease severity.     

干旱复水对棉花苗期抗氧化系统及光合荧光参数的影响

为研究水分胁迫对棉花光合作用及相关生理指标的影响,揭示水分胁迫与棉花生理指标及光合作用之间的关系,采用盆栽称重控水法对新陆早19号进行干旱胁迫0、2、4、6、8 d及复水2 d处理,测定棉花叶片MDA、H_2O_2含量,SOD、POD、CAT等指标以及光合参数和叶绿素荧光参数的变化。结果显示:随着干旱胁迫的加强,棉花叶片活性氧含量、电导率和MDA含量增加,复水后除H_2O_2含量外,其它均降到对照值;在活性氧含量最高时,抗氧化酶CAT和SOD的活性最高,以清除棉花叶片内过量的活性氧;棉花功能叶片的光合作用、气孔导度、蒸腾速率随着干旱胁迫强度的增加逐渐下降,在干旱第8天达到最低,复水后恢复;光化学猝灭系数(qP)和光量子产量(Yield)随着干旱胁迫的加强而降低,复水后不能恢复。说明水分胁迫下棉花可通过提高抗氧化酶活性清除过量活性氧,通过调节气孔导度抑制棉花的光合作用,降低蒸腾速率。