Acclimation in Partial Nitrification Process of Long MCRT

Nitrite accumulation will drop down when the nitrite oxidation bacteria have acclimated to the nitrifying conditions after stable performance for some times. Accumulation is a gradating course, nitrite disappear will take only a few days. A long MCRT can not maintain a long term stable partial nitrifying process. The refreshment of system sludge and suitable MCRT is key for nitrite accumulation, and bacillar sludge is its typical feature.     

Effect of Nitrite on Anaerobic Metabolism of Phosphate Accumulating Organisms

Two enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) sludges were used to investigate the effect of nitrite on anaerobic metabolism of phosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs). It is found that tolerance of PAOs to nitrite in two sludges were different. In the sludge with enriched PAOs cultures treating synthetic wastewater, when nitrite is above 10 mg/L, it inhibits VFA-uptake of PAOs, leading to decrease of PHA synthesis and increase of phosphate release. In the sludge with nitrogen and phosphorus removal by shortcut nitrification treating real domestic wastewater, anaerobic metabolism of PAOs is not inhibited even when nitrite is 30 mg/L; however, the presence of nitrite in anaerobic period causes denitrifying bacteria compete for limited carbon sources with PAOs, resulting in decrease of PHA synthesis and phosphate release. For the enriched PAOs cultures, the ratio of P/VFA obviously increases when nitrite is added in the reactor, indicating increased energy requirement for PAOs to take up VFA. The quantification results for PAOs in two sludges using fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) show that the PAOs level is 55% in the enriched PAOs cultures, and 7.6% in the sludge with nitrogen and phosphorus removal by shortcut nitrification.     

Advance in New Technology of Biological Nutrient Removal

General situation studying on new technology of biological nutrient removal is summarized, such as the principle of denitrifying dephosphataion and factors affecting it , such as pH, DO, SRT, MISS etc. The principle of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification and factors affecting it are given, such as carbon source, DO, the property of activated sludge ect. The principle of shortcut nitrification -denitrification and factors affecting it is also given such as temperature, pH, the concentration of ammonia, DO etc. The principle of anaerobic ammonium oxidation and factors affecting if is proposed such as stayer, pH, temperature etc. The technics and its peculiarity of these new technology of biological nutrient removal is commented.     

Analysis of Rapid Startup and Steady Operation of Short Cut Nitrification and Denitrification

In order to investigate the influence factor of short cut nitrification and denitrification, the rapid startup and steady operation of the short cut nitrification and denitrification with real time control were studied. The results show that the short cut nitrification and denitrification can be rapidly setup by the control of DO and pH cooperated with low DO. The excessive aeration has negative effect on the accumulation of NO -2-N for primary short cut nitrification and denitrification sludge. With real time control and reasonable aeration time, the ammonia can be oxygenated completely and the nitrite can not be oxygenated when aeration stops and ammonia oxygenation just completes. Thus the real time control strategy not only realizes the short cut nitrification and denitrification, but also maintains such steady operation.     

Methane oxidation in non-flooded soils as affected by crop production — invited paper

Methane is an important greenhouse gas, which contributes approximately 20% to global warming. The atmospheric CH₄ concentration is increasing rapidly, resulting from an imbalance between CH₄ production and consumption. The only known biological CH₄ sinks are soils where methanotrophic bacteria consume CH₄ by oxidizing it. For several reasons the CH₄ uptake potential, particularly of arable soils and grassland, is only partly exploited, as several agricultural practices have adverse impacts on the activity of the CH₄ oxidizing bacteria. The kind of land use in general has a remarkable influence with much higher oxidation rates under forest than under grassland or arable soil. Regular soil cultivation by ploughing and fertilization with ammonium or urea have been identified as main factors. Immediately after ammonium application the methanotrophic enzyme system is blocked, resulting in an inhibition of CH₄ oxidation. In addition to this short-term effect a long-term effect exists after repeated ammonium fertilization, which is most likely caused by a shift in the population of soil microbes. Crop residues affect CH₄ oxidation differently, depending on their C/N ratio: with a wide C/N ratio no effects are expected, whereas with a narrow C/N ratio strong inhibition was observed. Animal manure, particularly slurry, can cause CH₄ emission immediately after application, whereas in the long run farmyard manure does not seem to have adverse impacts on CH₄ oxidation. The methanotrophic activity decreased markedly with soil pH, although in many cases liming of acidified soils did not show a positive effect. Arable soils have a rather small pH range which allows CH₄ oxidation, and the inhibitory effect of ammonium can partly result from a concomitant decrease in soil pH. Reduced tillage was identified as a measure to improve the methanotrophic activity of arable land, set aside of formerly ploughed soil points into the same direction. Plant growth itself is not primarily responsible for observed effects on CH₄ oxidation, but secondary factors like differential pesticide treatments, changes in pH, or cultivation effects are more likely involved. Although for the overall CH₄ fluxes the oxidation processes in agricultural soils are of minor importance, all available possibilities should be exhausted to improve or at least preserve their ability to oxidize CH₄.     

Influence of DO on Nitrification of Municipal Wastewater with Low C/N Ratio

Through the test on activated sludge in SBR reactor,the influence of DO on nitrification is studied.First,through a 195d continuous test,to maintain the DO concentration of nitrifying system at a low level,if the DO is in range between 0.2 mg/l(start) ~0.6 mg/l(end) there will be high NH+4-N reduction and the nitrification ratio will reach 50~90%;Second,according to the regularity of DO in a cycle,12h as a react time is proper.If the react time of 16h is taken,it will be a traditional nitrification.At last,through bottle reactors,it can be concluded that when the DO concentration of system rise,NH+4-N the reduction ratio will rise too,but the nitrification ratio will drop,the NH+4-N reduces and the nitrification ratio can be calculated from a formula.     

4种氯制剂对养殖废水中高硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的影响

在高硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐养殖水体中添加一定浓度氯制剂,研究了漂白粉、漂粉精、强氯精和二氧化氯对养殖水体高亚硝酸盐和高硝酸盐消除能力的影响。结果发现：4种氯制剂对硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐消除都有显著性效果(P<0.05),水体中氨氮在试验过程中无显著变化,浓度为0.00 mg/L;二氧化氯组消除效果最明显,30 min时硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的消除率高达99%、100%,处理组和空白组的硝酸盐浓度为(0.15±0.72)、(16.82±0.97) mg/L,亚硝酸盐浓度为(0.07±0.01)、(19.95±0.61) mg/L,强氯精次之,漂白粉效果最差,30 min时消除率分别为50%、38%,漂白粉和空白组硝酸盐的浓度为(8.49±0.66)、(16.82±0.97) mg/L,亚硝酸盐浓度为(12.33±0.48)、(19.95±0.6) mg/L;水体的pH值在试验后,各处理组都发生了显著的变化(P<0.05),空白组pH 7.63±0.10,强氯精和二氧化氯添加组,pH值都为降低趋势,二氧化氯组pH值降幅最大(pH 2.68±0.06),漂白粉和漂粉精添加组,pH值呈升高趋势,漂白粉组pH值升幅最大(pH 9.6)。通过本试验的研究,4种氯制剂在消除养殖废水中高亚硝酸盐效果显著,并且无氨氮累积,不产生二次污染物,对于养殖废水的处理排放及循环使用有重要意义。     

Effects of Livestock Wastewater NH4 +-N Incubation on Landfill CH4 Oxidation by Mineralized Refuse Particle

Ammonia oxidizing bacteria was accumualted for landfill CH4 oxidation in the mineralized refuse throguh livestock wastewater NH4 +-N incubation, which would minimize the total Greenhouse gas emission equivalent from MSW landfill. Mineralized refuse was firstly incubated by livestock wastewater NH4 +-N during the 120d operation. Mineralized refuse possessed the strong nitrification capacity with the removal rate of NH4 +-N content over 60% during the 120 d operation. After 200 mg N kg -1 was inputted, NO3 --N content produced from the 120 d incubated mineralized refuse was 2.0-time and 3.8-time more than those of the original mineralized refuse and clay soil, respectively. CH4 decrease and the net produce of CO2 can be well fitted the one- and zero-order kinetics model during the 120 h incubation (R 2>0.68), respectively. Similar as nitrogen turnover, CH4 oxidation capacity from the 120 d incubated mineralized refuse was 10.6% and 59.3% more than those of the original mineralized refuse and clay soil, respectively. Therefore, the mineralized refuse can be upgraded for the CH4 oxidation throng NH4 +-N content incubation from the livestock wastewater and the influence on CH4 oxidation by other components (including CODCr, SS and phosphate) from wastewater should be further investigated.     

不同处理方式下毛竹笋发酵过程中品质变化分析

以新鲜毛竹笋为原料,研究不同处理方式对毛竹笋发酵过程中总酸、亚硝酸盐、pH、乳酸菌总数以及NaCl含量和挥发性风味成分的影响。结果表明:毛竹笋在发酵过程中总酸和NaCl含量逐渐增加,亚硝酸盐出现峰值,pH逐渐降低,乳酸菌总数呈先增加后减少的趋势,挥发性风味物质总量有所增加。此外,竹笋经漂烫后采用乳酸菌发酵对毛竹笋品质的保持效果最好,发酵63 d后毛笋中总酸含量为5.39 g/kg;亚硝酸含量最低(0.45 mg/kg);pH较快趋于稳定;乳酸菌数总数最多,为0.89×106 CFU;NaCl含量最高,为7.46%;鉴定出65种挥发性化合物。从而说明,人工接种乳酸菌进行发酵可以有效缩短发酵时间,提高发酵食品的品质。     

Study on Factors Affecting the Activated Sludge Bulking and Its Control

In this paper,the concept,types and mechanism of activated sludge bulking were introduced.The factors affecting the sludge bulking were discussed from the aspects of wastewater quality,such as wastewater with high content of carbon hydrate,decayed wastewater,wastewater with toxic substance,wastewater with unbalanced content of N and P and wastewater with low pH value;the environment conditions such as flowing state of the flow,operation manner,variation of water quality and other factors(pH,temperature,nutrition) etc.And also,the emergency controlling,environment controlling and process operating controlling methods are put forward for controlling activated sludge bulking.     

土壤硝化强度测定方法的改进

为了使土壤硝化强度的测定条件更加统一,结果更加准确,本研究针对土壤硝化强度测定时广泛采用的悬液法,研究了其最佳培养条件：反应体系pH 7.5,底物NH4+-N浓度为100 mg/L,培养温度为30℃,培养时间为5 h,风干土样预培养72 h后才可进行硝化强度的测定。还针对NO₃^--N生成法的不足,探讨了通过NO₂^--N生成法评价硝化强度的途径：通过向反应体系中添加1 mol/L的氯酸钠0.2 mL,有效抑制NO₂^-向NO₃^-的氧化。不同检测方法对硝化强度测定对比的结果发现,NO₂^--N生成法确是评价土壤硝化强度的最佳方法。     

施用河道污泥对水稻氮素吸收利用的影响

为了探索污染河道污泥农业资源化利用的有效途径,本研究以河道污泥为研究对象,设计施N量为120、240 kg/hm2 2 个水平,研究河道污泥农田施用对不同生育时期水稻氮素含量、氮素吸收、氮素分配和氮素利用效率的影响。结果表明：（1）施用河道污泥使不同生育时期水稻植株含氮率显著提高,使各生育时期氮素累积量显著提高;（2）使水稻抽穗后氮素在茎鞘中的分配比例显著提高,使水稻抽穗后氮素在叶片和穗中的分配比例明显下降;（3）使不同生育时期水稻氮素干物质生产效率以及氮素籽粒效率均显著或极显著降低,但对水稻氮素收获指数影响不显著;（4）河道污泥×N的互作效应对稻株氮素吸收利用无显著影响。施用河道污泥使水稻植株含氮率、氮素累积量显著增加,而水稻氮素干物质生产效率和氮素籽粒效率则显著降低。     

氮肥对镉污染土壤镉氮含量变化的影响研究

为了探讨氮肥种类和用量对土壤无机氮及土壤有效态镉含量的影响,采用恒温培养的方法,研究不同尿素用量及硫酸铵、硝酸钙、控释尿素和双氰胺（硝化抑制剂,简称DCD）对土壤镉氮含量变化的影响差异。结果表明,高施氮量的尿素处理具有较高的铵态氮和硝态氮含量。DCD能明显抑制硫酸铵的硝化作用。控释尿素通过自身包膜的作用,减缓了尿素向铵态氮和硝态氮转化的趋势。氮素施入土壤后,在微生物的作用下,会发生水解反应和硝化反应,使土壤pH发生变化,从而使土壤中有效态镉含量升高或降低。     

不同条件下副溶血弧菌对墨吉明对虾致病性研究

为研究墨吉明对虾的弧菌病防控措施,通过人工注射感染的方式,研究不同数量副溶血弧菌及在不同温度、盐度、pH、不同硝酸氮、亚硝酸氮和氨氮浓度条件下副溶血弧菌对墨吉明对虾的致病性的影响。结果表明：当人工感染副溶血弧菌数量为3.92×10⁶ CFU以上时,24 h内对虾累计死亡率100%,副溶血弧菌数量为3.92×10⁵ CFU时,24 h对虾累计死亡率为50%。温度为32℃时,对虾累计死亡率最高,在一定范围内,随着温度的升高对虾累计死亡率升高。在温度为(24±1)℃时,盐度为10‰时对虾的死亡率最高,盐度为30‰次之,盐度为20‰时最低;在温度为(24±1)℃,盐度为(22±1)‰时,对虾累计死亡率pH 9时最高,pH 7时次之,pH 8时最低;温度为(24±1)℃,盐度为(22±1)‰,硝酸氮浓度为30.0 mg/L时,对虾累计死亡率最高,浓度为20.0 mg/L时次之,浓度为10.0 mg/L时最低;亚硝酸氮浓度为10.0 mg/L时死亡率最高,5.0 mg/L时死亡率次之,1.0 mg/L时死亡率最低;氨氮浓度为1.5 mg/L时死亡率最高, 1.0 mg/L时死亡率次之,0.5 mg/L时死亡率最低。实验证实：当副溶血弧菌数量为3.92×10⁵ CFU以上和数量为3.92×10⁴ CFU爆发72 h之后,弧菌病难以控制;在26~32℃范围内,随着温度的升高对虾累计死亡率升高;盐度与pH对墨吉明对虾的致病性可能与噬菌体有关;硝酸氮对感染副溶血弧菌的墨吉明对虾有胁迫作用;一定范围内亚硝酸氮浓度(1.0~10.0 mg/L)、氨氮浓度(0.5~1.5 mg/L)越高,副溶血弧菌对墨吉明对虾的致病性的影响越强,对虾累计死亡率越高。该试验为墨吉明对虾的弧菌病防控提供了坚实的基础。     

养殖废水中抗生素与重金属交叉抗性微生物的筛选及其抗性研究

为了探索废水中具有抗生素和重金属交叉抗性的微生物的抗性机制以及抗性微生物的种类,直接从含养殖场废水的选择培养基中分离菌种,通过设计试验,观察其在含有重金属(Pb2+：33.33 mg/L,Cr6+：34.67 mg/L,Hg2+：16.67 mg/L,Cu2+：33.33 mg/L)和抗生素（阿莫西林A：3.33 mg/L,诺佛沙星N：2.67 mg/L,头孢拉定C：4.17 mg/L）的二元交叉培养基上的生长情况。结果表明：分离得到的7株菌中,4株为G-杆菌,3株为G+杆菌。所有二元交叉培养基上均有抗性菌生长,G-菌的抗性明显强于G+菌,其中1#菌具有六重交叉抗性(Pb+A、Cr+N、Hg+N、Hg+C、Cu+A、Cu+C),4#和7#菌均只具有一重交叉抗性,分别为Cu+N和Cr+C,具有Hg+N交叉抗性的菌最多,有4株,而具有Cr+N、Pb+C、Cu+C或Cr+C交叉抗性的菌均只有1株,菌种对抗生素的抗性强于对重金属的抗性。因此,养殖废水排放可能引发抗生素和重金属交叉抗性微生物的公众健康危害。     

Full-scale Experiment and Modified Research of Side Channel Solid-Liquid Separator

By performing experiments on the side channel solid-liquid separator in integrated oxidation ditch at Shishui,Shandong Province,the effect of solid-liquid separation and sludge recycle is examed.Additionally,according to the mechanism of sludge recycle,the modified measure with bump was provided to improve the effect of soli-liquid separation.All studied can serve as references to making better use of solid-liquid separator in wastewater treatment project.     

贵州玄参主产地土壤养分丰缺现状及评价

为了解贵州地产玄参种植土壤养分的丰缺现状,以玄参产地土壤为对象,分析了土壤pH值、有机质和氮磷钾含量,并评价了土壤养分的丰缺现状,讨论了土壤各养分间的关系。结果表明：玄参产地土壤属于弱酸性土壤,土壤有机质含量处于24．86～120．12g／kg之间,土壤有机质含量较高;玄参产地土壤全氮含量处于1．64～1．88g／kg之间,全磷处于0．11～0．21g／kg之间,全钾处于14．34～16．73g／kg之间;玄参产地土壤碱解氮含量处于123．73～269．37mg／kg之间,有效磷处于7．17～21.37mg／kg之间,速效钾处于90．56～251．38mg／kg之间;玄参产地土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮含量比较丰富,全钾、有效磷和速效钾含量适宜,全磷含量属于缺乏水平。玄参产地土壤各养分中pH值与有机质、土壤有机质与土壤全磷、土壤全磷与土壤全钾成极显著正相关。贵州玄参产地土壤肥力水平总体较高,能够提供玄参生长过程中所需要的养分。     

减量施氮对玉米-大豆套作系统土壤氮素氨化、硝化及固氮作用的影响

土壤氮素氨化、硝化及固氮作用是影响作物氮素吸收及氮肥损失的主要因素, 为揭示氮肥减量下玉米-大豆套作系统的土壤氮素转化特性及排放规律, 利用大田定位试验研究了3种模式(玉米单作MM、大豆单作MS、玉米-大豆套作IMS)和3种施氮水平(不施氮NN: 0; 减量施氮RN: 180 kg hm ^-2; 常量施氮CN: 240 kg hm ^-2)对土壤硝化作用、氨化作用、固氮作用及氨挥发、N₂O排放、NO₃ ^--N累积的影响。结果表明, IMS较相应单作提高了土壤硝化和氨化作用, IMS的氨挥发损失率和N₂O损失率较MM降低21.6%和29.7%; IMS下玉米土壤的NO₃ ^--N积累量显著高于MM, 而大豆土壤的NO₃ ^--N积累量显著低于MS。各施氮处理间, RN较CN降低了玉米土壤的氨化与硝化作用, 增加了大豆土壤的硝化和固氮作用。IMS下RN的玉米、大豆全生育期固氮作用较CN增加29.7%和32.0%, 年均氨挥发总量和N₂O排放量较CN降低37.2%和41.0%。玉米-大豆套作系统在减量施氮下通过提高土壤氮素氨化、硝化与固氮作用, 减少氮素排放损失, 增强耕层土壤NO₃ ^--N积累, 为作物氮素吸收提供了充足氮源。     

不同施肥处理对茶树根际细菌多样性的影响

采用变性梯度凝胶电泳(denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, DGGE)方法测定茶树根际和根围土细菌群落丰富度,结合土壤pH和C/N分析影响因子,并通过16S rRNA基因序列分析特异菌株的系统发育地位,最后利用比色法对茶树根系生长素(IAA)含量进行定量检测,探讨不同施肥处理下茶树根际和根围土细菌的群落的变化以及对茶树根系生长的促进影响。结果表明：有机肥能明显增加土壤C/N,C/N与细菌丰富度正相关,相关系数(r)为0.93(P＜0.05);有机肥与化肥(7:3)的处理,根际细菌多样性最高,有机肥与化肥(95:5)的处理,根围土中的细菌多样性最高;化肥和有机肥会影响特异菌种的定殖效率;茶树根生长素(IAA)定量测定发现,根际细菌多样性最高的处理,根系IAA的含量也最高。研究表明有机肥施用能提高节土壤C/N和微生物区系多样性但对土壤pH的提升有限;C/N与茶树根际细菌群落多样性正相关。     

污泥膨胀的原因及其控制方法

污泥膨胀不仅影响出水水质,增大污泥的处理费用,而且极易引起大量污泥流失,严重时可导致整个处理工艺失败。污泥膨胀分为丝状菌性污泥膨胀和非丝状菌性污泥膨胀,主要影响因素有污水水质、溶解氧、污泥负荷、冲击负荷以及运行方式和处理工艺等。通过临时控制措施、工艺设计控制措施、工艺运行控制措施可有效解决污泥膨胀问题。尽管当前有一些理论解释污泥膨胀问题,如表面积/容积比(A/V)假说,动力学理论,饥饿假说理论、NO假设,但缺乏充分的实验证明模型适用与否。需进一步完善污泥膨胀理论,为控制污泥膨胀提供严谨的理论依据。