植物数量性状关联分析研究进展

关联分析是新近开始在植物数量性状研究和植物育种中应用的一种分析方法。它以连锁不平衡为基础鉴定某一群体内性状与遗传标记或候选基因间的关系。本文在介绍连锁不平衡的定义和度量方法的基础上,综述了连锁不平衡和关联分析在植物方面的研究进展,并讨论了交配体系、重组、遗传漂变等对连锁不平衡程度的影响,以及连锁不平衡程度、群体结构对关联分析的影响,最后讨论了关联分析在植物数量性状和分子育种研究中可能的应用。     

基于SNP标记的关联分析在玉米耐旱研究中的应用

单核苷酸多态性(Single nucleotide polymotphisin,SNP)标记的发展促进了关联分析对植物复杂数量性状的遗传研究.研究证明:多数SNP变异与基因功能密切相关,通过关联分析可以发掘这些功能型位点变异并应用于作物遗传育种.因此,本文综述了近些年来在玉米上利用SNP标记进行关联分析的研究进展,展望了其在耐旱分子育种和遗传网络解析方面的应用前景.     

性状相关的分子标记在甘蔗分子育种中的应用研究

分子设计育种在农作物品种改良中发挥了重要作用,但由于甘蔗基因组庞大且高度杂合,染色体呈非整倍性,导致其性状相关的分子标记辅助育种进展十分缓慢。为加快甘蔗育种进程,提高其育种效率和准确性,简述了甘蔗分子标记辅助育种现状及其瓶颈,并总结了应用于甘蔗的分子标记种类及其问题,阐明分子标记在甘蔗遗传连锁图谱构建中的作用,进而从甘蔗产量和糖分性状相关QTL的定位、主要抗病基因（抗褐锈病基因、抗黑穗病和抗黄斑病基因）的定位及其在抗病分子育种上的应用,以及关联分析方法在甘蔗重要性状研究中的应用等方面对性状相关的分子标记进行综述。最后对甘蔗重要性状相关分子标记辅助育种的机遇和挑战进行了展望,为甘蔗分子育种的深入研究提供理论依据。     

DNA分子标记在洋葱遗传育种研究中的应用

DNA分子标记技术的出现大大提高了遗传分析的准确性和选育品种的有效性,在植物遗传育种领域越来越受到重视.洋葱属于二年生植物,一个世代需要三年,具有育种年限长的问题.利用分子标记辅助选择是缩短洋葱育种年限,加快育种进程极其有效的途径.本文综述了DNA分子标记技术在洋葱遗传图谱构建、遗传多样性分析、种质鉴定、鉴定洋葱细胞质类型、重要性状的分子标记辅助选择和数量性状的基因定位等方面的应用,讨论了洋葱遗传育种中分子标记技术的现状及存在的问题,并对洋葱分子标记辅助育种的应用前景进行了展望.指出洋葱高密度的遗传图谱还有待于建成,对于数量性状标记的鉴定,还有待于进一步开发、快速和准确定位的QTL,关于洋葱抗病基因的标记需要深入研究.     

植物关联分析的研究进展及其在茶树分子标记辅助育种上的应用前景

茶树是我国重要的经济和饮料作物,由于自交不亲和和长期的异花授粉使其高度异质杂合,选育一个良种耗时长,提高早期选育效率和准确鉴定目标性状成为茶树育种家关心的重大问题之一。关联分析是研究分子标记或候选基因与目标性状关系的一种新方法,现已广泛应用于植物等位基因发掘、功能基因验证以及功能性标记的开发和应用等各方面的研究中,为茶树遗传育种研究提供了新思路。本文主要介绍了关联分析的基本原理、策略和及其在植物中的应用现状,并且探讨了其在茶树分子标记辅助育种研究上的应用前景。     

分子标记在棕榈科植物遗传育种中的应用

随着分子标记的快速发展和应用,其已成为棕榈科植物遗传改良的重要工具,在缩短育种进程、加快品种的选育和培育起到重要作用.综述了常见的分子标记在棕榈科植物遗传多样性和亲缘关系分析,棕榈科植物重要性状的分子标记,遗传图谱的构建等方面的应用.最后指出分子标记在棕榈科植物育种中的应用前景.     

多倍体植物复杂性状全基因组关联分析研究进展

多倍体普遍存在于植物界尤其是被子植物中,多倍化的发生有利于植物进化,其在物种遗传多样性和适应性等方面有着显著优势。研究表明植物几乎所有的重要经济性状均为复杂性状,这些复杂性状往往由多基因控制,且与非遗传(环境)因素共同决定。高通量测序技术的发展使得测序成本不断降低,高密度覆盖的标记使得基因型鉴定更加精确化,因此全基因组关联分析(genome-wide association study, GWAS)已成为研究多倍体植物复杂性状的新策略。本综述介绍了植物多倍体研究的意义、复杂性状的遗传学背景以及GWAS的一般流程,简要分析了多倍体GWAS的特点,并回顾了当前多倍体植物GWAS在复杂性状基因位点中所取得的研究进展,旨在为多倍体植物重要性状的遗传改良及分子辅助育种提供理论支持。     

小黑麦数量性状遗传研究进展

研究数量性状遗传规律具有重要意义,了解数量性状的遗传,是有效地进行作物育种的一个必要前提.本文对小黑麦数量性状遗传分析的内容和分析方法作一综述,以期给从事麦类作物数量性状遗传分析的育种工作者提供参考和理论依据.     

分子标记在棕榈植物遗传育种研究中的应用

随着分子标记的快速发展,已成为棕榈植物遗传改良的重要工具,在缩短育种进程、加快品种的选育和培育起到重要作用。本文综述了常见的分子标记在棕榈植物遗传多样性和亲缘关系分析﹑棕榈植物重要性状的分子标记﹑遗传图谱的构建等方面的应用。最后指出分子标记在棕榈植物育种中的应用前景。     

基于SSR的四川花生遗传多样性分析

[目的]研究旨在了解四川花生资源的遗传多样性及表型性状与分子标记的关联分析,为花生分子育种及资源库构建提供理论依据。[方法]鉴定分析57份不同来源花生资源材料的4个农艺性状及4个品质性状,并利用SSR标记研究57份花生材料的遗传多样性,对SSR标记与表型性状进行聚类及关联分析。[结果]表型性状鉴定结果显示花生资源的8个性状中,6个变异较大、多样性较好。67对SSR引物中,有效引物39对,获得多态性条带53条,平均每个引物扩增1.36条,平均Nei"s 基因多样性0.2288、平均Shannon"s 指数0.3695,最远遗传距离为0.51。SSR分子标记聚类分析将57份资源聚为2大类群,GLM分析发现多个与蛋白质含量、株高、含糖量的关联标记。[结论]研究结果表明,四川不同区域间花生遗传多样性较丰富,品种类型单一,聚类及关联分析结果可为四川花生突破性新品种选育的亲本选择提供提供重要参考。     

花卉基因工程育种研究进展

花卉育种是花卉业发展的基础。不断成熟的基因工程技术解决了传统育种工作中不能突破的问题,其优点在于可有目的地改变花卉的某一性状而不影响其它性状,并缩短育种周期,为花卉的性状和品质改良提供了全新的思路和手段。近年来,花卉基因工程育种一直是花卉育种研究的热点。目前的花卉基因工程已在植物花期、花色、花型、株型等方面取得了重要进展。本文就近年来与花卉基因工程相关的研究与应用进行综述,同时简单评述了花卉基因工程育种研究中存在的问题并展望其应用前景。     

分子标记辅助选择的修饰回交聚合育种方法及其在棉花上的应用

修饰回交育种法是将杂种品系间杂交和回交方法结合起来,用于棉花多个优良性状聚合的育种改良方法。随着分子标记技术日益完善地用于育种的选择中,我们提出了分子标记辅助选择的修饰回交聚合育种方法。它以生产上推广或即将推广的品种为轮回亲本,将修饰回交育种法和分子标记辅助选择育种相结合,同时对轮回亲本的遗传背景和     

Introgressiomics: a new approach for using crop wild relatives in breeding for adaptation to climate change

The need to boost agricultural production in the coming decades in a climate change scenario requires new approaches for the development of new crop varieties that are more resilient and more efficient in the use of resources. Crop wild relatives (CWRs) are a source of variation for many traits of interest in breeding, in particular tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses. However, their potential in plant breeding has largely remained unexploited. CWRs can make an effective contribution to broadening the genetic base of crops and to introgressing traits of interest, but their direct use by breeders in breeding programs is usually not feasible due to the presence of undesirable traits in CWRs (linkage drag) and frequent breeding barriers with the crop. Here we call for a new approach, which we tentatively call ‘introgressiomics’, which consists of mass scale development of plant materials and populations with introgressions from CWRs into the genetic background of crops. Introgressiomics is a form of pre-emptive breeding and can be focused, when looking for specific phenotypes, or un-focused, when it is aimed at creating highly diverse introgressed populations. Exploring germplasm collections and identifying adequate species and accessions from different genepools encompassing a high diversity, using different strategies like the creation of germplasm diversity sets, Focused identification of germplasm strategy (FIGS) or gap analysis, is a first step in introgressiomics. Interspecific hybridization and backcrossing is often a major barrier for introgressiomics, but a number of techniques can be used to potentially overcome these and produce introgression populations. The generation of chromosome substitution lines (CSLs), introgression lines (ILs), or multi-parent advanced inter-cross (MAGIC) populations by means of marker-assisted selection allows not only the genetic analysis of traits present in CWRs, but also developing genetically characterized elite materials that can be easily incorporated in breeding programs. Genomic tools, in particular high-throughput molecular markers, facilitate the characterization and development of introgressiomics populations, while new plant breeding techniques (NPBTs) can enhance the introgression and use of genes from CWRs in the genetic background of crops. An efficient use of introgressiomics populations requires moving the materials into breeding pipelines. In this respect public–private partnerships (PPPs) can contribute to an increased use of introgressed materials by breeders. We hope that the introgressiomics approach will contribute to the development of a new generation of cultivars with dramatically improved yield and performance that may allow coping with the environmental changes caused by climate change while at the same time contributing to a more efficient and sustainable agriculture.     

The role of molecular markers and marker assisted selection in breeding for organic agriculture

Plant geneticists consider molecular marker assisted selection a useful additional tool in plant breeding programs to make selection more efficient. Standards for organic agriculture do not exclude the use of molecular markers as such, however for the organic sector the appropriateness of molecular markers is not self-evident and is often debated. Organic and low-input farming conditions require breeding for robust and flexible varieties, which may be hampered by too much focus on the molecular level. Pros and contras for application of molecular markers in breeding for organic agriculture was the topic of a recent European plant breeding workshop. The participants evaluated strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the use of molecular markers and we formalized their inputs into breeder’s perspectives and perspectives seen from the organic sector’s standpoint. Clear strengths were identified, e.g. better knowledge about gene pool of breeding material, more efficient introgression of new resistance genes from wild relatives and testing pyramided genes. There were also common concerns among breeders aiming at breeding for organic and/or conventional agriculture, such as the increasing competition and cost investments to get access to marker technology, and the need for bridging the gap between phenotyping and genotyping especially with complex and quantitative inherited traits such as nutrient-efficiency. A major conclusion of the authors is that more interaction and mutual understanding between organic and molecular oriented breeders is necessary and can benefit both research communities.     

Molecular markers in Brassica oilseed breeding: current status and future possibilities

As PCR techniques have developed over the last 15 years, a wealth of new DNA marker technologies have arisen which have enabled the generation of high‐density molecular maps for all the major Brassica crop species. Molecular markers have also been heavily used in analyses of genetic diversity in Brassica crops. The majority of the work utilizing molecular markers in Brassica oilseed breeding has to date been based on genetic mapping using various DNA marker systems in segregating populations generated for specific investigations of particular traits of interest. For numerous qualitative traits, traditional mapping approaches have led to the development of marker‐assisted selection strategies in oilseed Brassica breeding, and in some cases to map‐based cloning of the responsible genes. For quantitative traits, however, it has become apparent that traditional mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) is often not sufficient to develop effective markers for trait introgression or for identification of the genes responsible. In this case, allele‐trait association studies in non‐structured genetic populations represent an interesting new approach, provided the degree of gametic phase disequilibrium between the QTL and the marker loci is sufficient. Because Brassica species represent the closest crop plant relatives to the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, significant progress will be achieved in the coming years through integration of candidate gene approaches in crop brassicas, using the detailed information now available for the Arabidopsis genome. Integration of information from the model plant with the increasing supply of data from physical mapping and sequencing of the diploid Brassica genomes will undoubtedly give great insight into the genetics underlying both simple and complex traits in oilseed rape. This review describes the current use of available genetic marker technologies in oilseed rape breeding and provides an outlook for use of new technologies, including single‐nucleotide polymorphism markers, candidate gene approaches and allele‐trait association studies.     

黄麻SSR标记与纤维产量性状的相关性

Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers correlated to fiber yield traits would be a beneficial tool for molecular marker-assisted breeding in jute. In this study, 397 SSR markers were screened from 311 jute germplasms by the phenotype identification from 2016 to 2018 and 116 pairs of primers. The correlation analysis between SSR markers and fiber yield related traits by SPSS revealed that the range of the coefficient of variation related to 9 fiber traits was from 13.05% to 76.78%, indicating a comprehensive genetic variation. The correlation analysis of the agronomic traits showed that there were significantly correlations among these traits. The average correlation coefficient between branch height and nodes of main stem was the highest (r = 0.931), followed by the correlation coefficients (r = 0.781) of fresh bark weight per plant and fresh stem weight per plant and the coefficients (r = 0.779) of dry bark weight and fresh bark weight per plant. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the traits of main stem nodes, number of branches, plant height and branch height were relatively stable in different years with the higher broad heritability capacity. Furthermore, the SSR markers associated with fiber yield related traits were identified by Pearson correlation method. Stepwise regression analysis among each trait associated SSR markers indicated that there were six markers associated significantly with fiber yield related traits, and phenotypic variation explained by each SSR marker varied from 3.9% to 22.5%. These results will accelerate the development of molecular design breeding in jute.     

Enhancing onion breeding using molecular tools

Bulb onion (Allium cepa L.) is an ancient crop that is thought to have originated in Central Asia and has been cultivated for over 5000 years. Classical genetic and plant breeding approaches have been used to improve onion yield, quality, and resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses. However, its biennial life cycle, cross‐pollinated nature and high inbreeding depression have proved challenging for the characterization and breeding of improved traits. New technologies, notably next‐generation sequencing, are providing researchers with the genomic resources and approaches to overcome these challenges. Using these genomic technologies, molecular markers are being rapidly developed and utilized for germplasm analysis and mapping in onion. These new tools and knowledge are allowing the integration of molecular and conventional breeding to speed up onion improvement programmes. In this review, we outline recent progress in onion genomics and molecular genetics and prospects for enhancing onion yield and quality in the future.