安全剂R-28725保护玉米免受氯嘧磺隆药害的机理研究

研究了安全剂R-28725对玉米的保护作用及对氯嘧磺隆的解毒机理。当氯嘧磺隆的使用量为5、10、15 g/hm2时,加入R-28725能够明显提高玉米株高、株鲜重和产量,直接增加玉米体内谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,增加氯嘧磺隆与谷胱甘肽的轭合,从而达到解毒的目的。     

安全剂R-28725保护玉米免受绿磺隆药害的机理

在盆栽和田间小区模拟条件下，测定了安全剂R-28725对玉米的株高和株鲜重的影响，确定了玉米体内GSH及其支链氨基酸的变化。结果发现：当绿磺隆的使用量为2．5、5、10g/hm^2时，R-28725能够明显提高玉米株高、株鲜重，混喷的效果显著高于其它处理。在绿磺隆的使用量为5g/hm^2时，使用R-28725混喷处理，玉米的产量为对照的101．68％。R-28725能够直接提高玉米幼苗中体内谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量，在绿磺隆浓度为1μg／kg，使用R-28725浸种处理，玉米幼苗中体内GSH含量增加27．83％，说明R-28725能够诱导绿磺隆与谷胱甘肽的轭合，从而达到解毒的目的。     

萘二甲酐减轻咪唑乙烟酸对向日葵药害的解毒效果及解毒机理研究

采用模拟咪唑乙烟酸土壤残留的试验方法,以向日葵为生测试材进行盆栽试验,研究萘二甲酐减轻咪唑乙烟酸对向日葵土壤残留药害的解毒效果和机理。结果表明,咪唑乙烟酸用量为有效成份25g(a.i.)/hm2对向日葵有一定的药害。萘二甲酐对咪唑乙烟酸药害有一定的缓解作用,萘二甲酐+咪唑乙烟酸处理的向日葵株高明显高于咪唑乙烟酸25g(a.i.)/hm2处理,而株鲜重却明显降低。萘二甲酐和咪唑乙烟酸都能导致向日葵苗的氨基酸含量发生变化,与咪唑乙烟酸25g(a.i.)/hm2处理相比,萘二甲酐加入咪唑乙烟酸后,使3种氨基酸含量比咪唑乙烟酸处理增加,2种氨基酸含量降低,12种氨基酸含量和氨基酸总量没有变化,可以认为氨基酸含量的变化是萘二甲酐对咪唑乙烟酸的解毒因素之一。萘二甲酐和咪唑乙烟酸对向日葵苗中谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GSTs)活力均有不同程度的影响,萘二甲酐+咪唑乙烟酸处理的共同作用可使向日葵苗体内GSH含量显著增加,而GSTs活力却有较大幅度降低。     

安全剂R-28725保护玉米免受氯磺隆药害的作用

采用生物测定法研究了安全剂R-28725保护玉米免受除草剂氯磺隆药害的作用.在氯磺隆毒土浓度为2 μg/kg时,使用5mg/kgR-28725浸种处理,玉米根部受到氯磺隆抑制的谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量由空白对照的57.3％恢复至83.4％;玉米叶片中乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS)活性增加了17.2％;玉米根部的谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)活性增加了191.8％;GST酶促反应动力学参数Vmax增大102.5％,Km减小40.0％.结果显示:R-28725能够提高氯磺隆处理后玉米中GSH的含量,增加GST和ALS活性,增强了玉米根部GST酶对底物的亲和力,缓解氯磺隆对玉米产生的药害.     

咪唑乙烟酸降解菌的分离、鉴定及降解特性研究

采用高压富集方法,从生产咪唑乙烟酸农药厂排污口污泥中分离得到1株咪唑乙烟酸高效降解菌P14,根据菌株形态、生理生化特性及16S rDNA分析,鉴定该菌株为哈夫尼希瓦氏菌Shewanella hafniensis。初步研究了其在不同条件下对咪唑乙烟酸的降解性能。结果表明:在以咪唑乙烟酸为唯一碳源的无机盐培养基中,当咪唑乙烟酸初始质量浓度为100 mg/L、培养温度为30 ℃、pH值6.0、接种量7%时,菌株P14对咪唑乙烟酸的降解效果最佳,3 d内的降解率可达92%,因而可以此作为菌株P14降解咪唑乙烟酸的最佳条件。外加不同碳源时,P14菌株对咪唑乙烟酸的降解率呈现不同程度下降,其中柠檬酸钠对P14菌株降解效果影响较小。     

不同缓解处理对甲咪唑烟酸紫花苜蓿药害的缓解效果研究

为了评价不同缓解处理对甲咪唑烟酸引起的紫花苜蓿药害的缓解效果,于紫花苜蓿刈割后10 d喷施甲咪唑烟酸,分别在药后5 d和10 d喷施磷酸二氢钾、芸苔素内酯、赤·吲乙·芸苔、赤霉酸、复硝酚钠、吡唑醚菌酯、萘乙酸、氨基酸原液、奈安共9种缓解剂进行药害缓解,调查紫花苜蓿株高、鲜重并测定其产量、品质。结果表明,240 g/L甲咪唑烟酸水剂129.6 g/hm~2对紫花苜蓿药害明显,严重抑制其生长,株高下降25.45%,鲜重减少38.26%,最终减产13.28%;药后5 d赤·吲乙·芸苔、芸苔素内酯、氨基酸原液及药后10 d奈安处理的株高抑制率分别为-2.11%、-3.16%、-1.06%和-0.80%,株高均显著高于药害植株,缓解效果好。复硝酚钠、吡唑醚菌酯处理的株高、鲜重显著低于空白对照,抑制率均>10%,缓解效果差。药后5 d芸苔素内酯处理较甲咪唑烟酸对照、空白对照产量增加22.96%、6.64%,增产率最高,赤·吲乙·芸苔、氨基酸原液其次,且对品质均无不良影响。综合分析,在甲咪唑烟酸药后5 d喷施0.01%芸苔素内酯可溶液剂0.022 5 g/hm~2、0.136%赤·吲乙·芸苔可...     

咪唑乙烟酸在豆科作物间作田的除草效果及其对豆科作物生长的影响

为了探讨咪唑乙烟酸的除草效果及对豆科作物生长的影响,采用1500ml/hm2和2000ml/hm2两个剂量的5%咪唑乙烟酸AS对黄豆、绿豆、黄芪间作田进行了播后苗前土壤处理及苗后早期茎叶处理。结果表明,两个剂量播后苗前土壤处理的总杂草株防效分别为90.2%和92.6%;苗后早期茎叶处理的总杂草株防效分别为94.0%和95.2%,尤其是对马齿苋、藜等杂草防除效果显著,土壤处理防效达100%,但对多年生杂草问荆防除效果较差。不同处理方法两个剂量咪唑乙烟酸对3种豆科作物均无明显药害。     

蚕豆抗除草剂咪唑乙烟酸种质资源鉴定

基于对甘肃冷凉高海拔河西灌区春播蚕豆田间杂草优势群落的调查,以68份蚕豆种质资源为试材,开展蚕豆对苗后除草剂咪唑乙烟酸抗性鉴定。结果表明,蚕豆3叶1心期施用5%咪唑乙烟酸水剂2 500 mL/hm2,药后40 d调查发现蚕豆均表现不同程度的药害,初步鉴定了耐咪唑乙烟酸蚕豆种质8份,占参试材料的11.76%;中耐种质23份,占参试材料的33.82%;中敏材料32份,占参试材料的47.06%;敏感材料5份,占参试材料的7.35%。结合蚕豆农艺性状及抗除草剂等级相关性分析,表明株高、结荚数、产量等性状可以作为评价蚕豆对除草剂咪唑乙烟酸耐受性的指标。     

咪唑乙烟酸高效降解菌降解性能的研究

研究了丙酸杆菌属（Propionibacterium）、海球菌属（Marinococcus）和酸单胞杆菌属（Acidomonas）单一菌株和混合菌株对咪唑烟酸的降解能力及环境条件对降解活性的影响。结果表明,混合菌株处理的咪唑乙烟酸,在第90天时的降解率高达87.20％,明显优于单一菌株。此外,外界环境条件对降解菌的活性也有显著的影响,在培养温度为25～30 ℃,土壤湿度为田间最大持水量的50%,咪唑乙烟酸残留浓度为100 μg/kg,最佳接菌量为5 mL/kg时,3株降解菌的降解活性最强,对咪唑乙烟酸的降解率最高。     

咪唑乙烟酸对谷子生理特性及产量构成的影响

为探究咪唑乙烟酸对抗性及常规谷子品种生理特性及产量构成的影响及其抗性机理,以抗咪唑乙烟酸谷子品种冀谷35和常规谷子品种冀谷38、冀谷41、晋谷21、晋谷59、长农44、龙谷39和中谷9为研究对象,采用盆栽及田间试验比较其苗期生理特性和产量构成对咪唑乙烟酸的响应.盆栽试验结果显示:咪唑乙烟酸按有效成分93.5 g/hm2...     

Biochemical response of inbred and hybrid corn (Zea mays L.) to R-25788 and its distribution with EPTC in corn seedlings

The average endogenous GSH content of eight lines of inbred corn was almost twofold greater than ten varieties of hybrid corn. When inbred and hybrid corn lines were treated with R-25788, the average GSH content increased by 56 and 95%, respectively. R-25788 protected two special inbred corn lines, GT 112 (atrazine susceptible) and GT 112 RfRf (atrazine resistant) from EPTC injury by increasing the GSH content and GSH S-transferase activity in roots. Most of the radiolabel from [¹⁴C]R-25788-treated plants remained in the root tissues whereas the radiolabel in [¹⁴C]EPTC-treated plants was evenly distributed between foliar and root tissues. From radiolabel experiments, hybrid corn seedlings were found to absorb more R-25788 from soil than EPTC. There was no difference between inbred and hybrid corn in the amounts of R-25788 or EPTC taken up or in the enhancement of GSH S-transferase activity caused by R-25788.     

Dichloroacetamide antidotes enhance thiocarbamate sulfoxide detoxification by elevating corn root glutathione content and glutathione S-transferase activity

Glutathione (GSH) content and GSH S-transferase activity are consistently increased in corn roots on 24-hr exposure of corn seedlings to part per million levels of N,N-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide (R-25788) and related antidotes for thiocarbamate herbicide injury in susceptible corn varieties. This combined enhancement of enzyme activity and cofactor level leads to rapid detoxification of thiocarbamate sulfoxides, which are proposed to be the active herbicidal compounds formed on metabolic sulfoxidation. S-(N,N-Dipropylcarbamyl)-GSH is formed by this enzyme-catalyzed detoxification of EPTC sulfoxide. This hypothesis on antidote mode of action is supported by studies on 32 dichloroacetamides and related compounds and on the concentration- and time-dependent relationships of R-25788 action. The liver GSH content is normal in mice injected with high doses of R-25788, but the content is reduced when EPTC or EPTC sulfoxide is administered. EPTC sulfoxide also carbamoylates the thiol group of coenzyme A in neutral aqueous medium.     

Comparative metabolism of atrazine and EPTC in proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) and corn

The purpose of this study was to examine the differential activities of proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) and corn (Zea mays L.) with respect to atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-S-triazine] and EPTC (S-ethyldipropyl thiocarbamate) metabolism. GSH-S-transferase was isolated from proso millet shoots and roots. When assayed spectrophotometrically using CDNB (1-chloro 2,4-dinitrobenzene) as a substrate, the shoot enzyme had only 10% of the activity of corn shoot enzyme while the root enzyme had 33% the activity of corn root enzyme. However, when proso millet shoot GSH-S-transferase was assayed in vitro using ¹⁴C-ring-labeled atrazine, it degraded the atrazine to water-soluble products at the same rate as the corn shoot enzyme. Incubation of excised proso millet and corn roots with [¹⁴C]EPTC indicated that uptake of EPTC was similar in both plants. However, proso millet metabolized the EPTC to water-soluble products at only half the rate of corn. Glutathione levels of proso millet roots were 35.9 μg GSH/g fresh wt, compared with 65.4 μg GSH/g fresh wt for corn. However, a 2.5-day pretreatment with R-25788 (N,N-diallyl-2-2-dichloroacetamide) elevated proso millet GSH levels to 62.7 μg GSH/g fresh wt. R-25788 did not elevate the activity of proso millet GSH-S-transferase, in contrast to its effects on corn. We conclude that differences in response to atrazine and EPTC in proso millet and corn are a result of their differential metabolism.     

咪唑啉酮类除草剂对后茬作物安全性研究初报

1996～ 2 0 0 0年进行了咪唑啉酮类除草剂土壤残留对后茬作物影响的田间小区试验。结果表明 ,金豆 (imazamox,甲氧咪草烟 ) 40、6 0 g/ hm2 (在推荐剂量范围内。有效浓度 ,下同 ) ,施药后 12个月可以安全种植小麦、玉米和白瓜籽 ,2 4个月后可以安全种植油菜、甜菜、白菜、亚麻和马铃薯 ;金豆高剂量 (80、 12 0 g/ hm2 )对敏感作物有一定的药害。金普施特(imazethapyr/ imazamox) 50 g/ hm2 (推荐剂量 ) ,施药后 12个月可安全种植小麦、玉米 ,2 4个月可安全种植油菜、白瓜籽和马铃薯 ,不可种植甜菜、白菜和亚麻 ;倍量 (10 0 g/ hm2 )可使敏感作物严重受害。普施特 (imazethapyr) 75g/ hm2 (推荐剂量 ) ,施药后 12个月可安全种植小麦和玉米 ,2 4个月可安全种植白瓜籽和马铃薯 ;2 4个月后仍对油菜、甜菜、白菜和亚麻有严重药害。     

The effect of CDAA (N,N,-diallyl-2-chloroacetamide) pretreatments on subsequent CDAA injury to corn (Zea mays L.)

The effects of CDAA (N,N-diallyl-2-chloroacetamide) pretreatment on subsequent CDAA injury to corn were examined and compared with the effects of the herbicide protectant R-25788 (N,N,-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide). In addition, the effects of CDAA pretreatment on subsequent CDAA metabolism were determined. It was found that 5μM CDAA protected corn from injury by 200 μM CDAA when given as a 2.5- or 1-day pretreatment. R-25788 at similar concentrations did not protect corn from subsequent R-25788 injury. Pretreatment with CDAA increased GSH levels of corn roots by 61% within 1 day, and these levels did not increase with a longer 2.5-day pretreatment with CDAA. GSH-S-transferase activity was assayed spectrophotometrically using CDNB (1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene). A 1-day pretreatment with CDAA increased the root GSH-S-transferase activity by 35%, but did not affect shoot GSH-S-transferase activity. A 2.5-day pretreatment resulted in a 50% increase in root GSH-S-transferase activity but no response of the shoot enzyme was observed. Even longer pretreatments with CDAA did not result in any further increases in enzyme activity. When corn roots pretreated with CDAA for 2.5 days were excised and incubated with radiolabeled CDAA, they exhibited greater rates of uptake and metabolism than did nonpretreated roots. With in vitro studies, a fairly high rate of nonenzymatic degradation of CDAA was observed. However, the enzymatic rate was always double that of the nonenzymatic rate under the experimental conditions used. It is concluded that elevations in the GSH levels and GSH-S-transferase activities of corn roots following CDAA pretreatments may be involved in the protection of corn from subsequent CDAA injury.     

Influence of R-40244 on pigment content of wheat and corn

Chlorophyll production by wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ‘Mericopa’) and corn (Zea mays L. Merit) was severely curtailed by the experimental herbicide l-(m-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3-chloro-4-chloromethyl-2-pyrrolidone (R-40244). A 96% loss in chlorophyll content was observed in wheat seedlings treated with 320 μmol/1 R-40244. In corn 320 μmol/1 R-40244 caused a 40% drop in chlorophyll content. Carotenoid production in both wheat and corn was inhibited by R-40244, 320 μmol/1 of the herbicide causing a 97% reduction in wheat and a 44% reduction in corn. The inhibition of carotenoid production which, in turn, allows chlorophyll to be photooxidized, may represent the mode of action of R-40244. Hill reaction activity was not detected for R-40244.     

NN-DIALLYL-αα-DICHLOROACETAMIDE AS AN ANTIDOTE FOR EPTC AND OTHER HERBICIDES IN CORN

Summary. The efficacy of NN -diallyl-αα-dichloroacetamide (R-25788) as an antidote for reducing the injury of various herbicides in corn ( Zea mays L.) was tested under controlled conditions in growth rooms. The application of R-25788 to the soil as a pre-plant incorporated treatment to corn significantly reduced the toxicity often out of twenty-two herbicides tested. These ten herbicides were, in order of decreasing effectiveness of the antidote, EPTC, barban, sulfallate, vernolate, molinate, butylate, alachlor, pebulate, linuron and di-allate. In quartz sand nutrient culture, R-25788 was more effective as an antidote for barban applied to the foliage of corn than it was for barban applied to the roots.
Le NN- diallyl-αα-dichloroacétamide comme antidote de I'EPTC et autres herbicides dans le mais .     

Selection for resistance to the herbicide imazethapyr in somaclones of soyabean

Cultivars of soyabean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] resistant to the herbicide imazethapyr were identified by suspending the roots of 5-day-old seedlings in nutrient culture containing 2.5 mg a.i. L^–1 imazethapyr and then comparing the inhibitory effect on root length and shoot dry weight. The four most resistant cultivars were subsequently screened as regenerating tissue cultures in a medium containing 2.0 mg a.i. L^–l imazethapyr to select somaclonal cells with increased resistance. Surviving portions of cultures were regenerated to give shoots, the plants isolated, allowed to flower and seed. These progeny were then used for further seed multiplication and seedlings from this latter generation were exposed to imazethapyr in vivo and callus and cell suspension cultures derived from these seedlings were exposed to imazethapyr in vitro . A reduction in the inhibitory effect of the imazethapyr was noted in the somaclone seedlings and tissue cultures. However, measurement of acetolactate synthase (ALS) activity showed no differences among the parent cultivars and in the selected somaclones in this trait.     

氯嘧磺隆与咪唑乙烟酸混配的联合作用测定及混用配方筛选

按孙云沛法测定了氯嘧磺隆与咪唑乙烟酸混配的联合毒力作用,盆栽试验采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计筛选了两者混用的最佳配方。结果表明：氯嘧磺隆与咪唑乙烟酸混用具有增效作用;对禾本科杂草狗尾草1〖DK1〗∶5和1〖DK1〗∶7的配比具有增效作用;对阔叶杂草龙葵1〖DK1〗∶7配比的增效作用最大,1〖DK1〗∶10和1〖DK1〗∶17的配比也具有明显的增效作用。两者混用没有拮抗作用。并通过筛选得到了两者混用防除稗草和反枝苋的最佳配方。