草菇周年栽培关键技术研究Ⅱ——用正交试验法优化稻草熟料周年栽培配方

选取不同菌株(屏优一号、V0026和V0024-3)、麸皮、棉籽壳等作为试验因素,采用L9(34)正交表设计三因素三水平的正交试验,对所选菌株以及麸皮和棉籽壳的添加量作了试验,对草菇生物转化率结果作方差分析,确定合适的周年栽培配方。试验结果表明:麸皮、棉籽壳和品种对生物学效率的影响大小依次为麸皮>品种>棉籽壳,麸皮是影响生物学效率的主要因素;以屏优一号为生产菌株,适合周年栽培配方为稻草58%、麸皮10%、棉籽壳30%、石膏2%、石灰2%。     

甘蔗渣熟料袋栽草菇组合配方的研究

研究不同甘蔗渣栽培料配方熟料栽培对草菇产量和品质的影响。采用甘蔗渣为主要原料部分代替稻草熟料栽培草菇，设置6个栽培料配方，观察记录草菇菌丝生长情况及草菇产量和质量。结果表明：甘蔗渣替代稻草做20%处理(配方①)是理想的草菇熟料栽培配方，草菇在此配方上的菌丝生长速度稍低于全稻草配方(CK)，但在长势、产量、生物学转化率及投入产出比都强于对照(CK)和其他处理配方。     

响应面法优化啤酒糟培养基生产蛋白饲料的研究

选取啤酒糟量、麸皮量和硫酸铵量为因子,用响应面法对生产蛋白饲料的培养基进行优化。在单因素试验的基础上,根据Box-Benhnken中心组合方法进行三因素三水平试验。结果表明,最佳工艺条件为啤酒糟88.5%、麸皮7.5%、硫酸铵1%。在此条件下得到的真蛋白含量为37.64%。     

不同品种配方和不同混配方式对配方米整精米率的影响

为得到较高整精米率的配方米，在相同的加工条件下，将一主料品种（湘晚籼 ９ 号，占稻谷重量的８０％ ）分别与３ 个辅料品种（占２０％ ）以稻谷配稻谷、糙米配糙米、白米配白米３ 种不同混配方式混配后加工成多个配方样，测定各配方样的整精米率。结果表明：各混配方式间、各配方样之间的整精米率存在极显著差异，以分品种碾白后再按一定比例混配加工，和选择与主料品种特性相近的辅料品种配方，生产出的配方米整精米率较高。因此通过选取恰当的品种和最优的混配方式生产配方米，可提高其整精米率，降低成本，提高经济效益。     

一株产铁载体香蕉拮抗内生细菌的分离及鉴定

研究了羽叶决明(Chamaecrasta nictitans)替代麸皮栽培鸡腿菇(Coprinus comatus)对其产量、绝对生物学效率、基物失重、呼吸消耗及木质纤维素转化的影响。结果表明,羽叶决明牧草替代20 %麸皮(B2)栽培鸡腿菇的产量和绝对生物学效率最高,分别为235.2 g/袋和8.86 %。覆土前和采收后的基物失重、呼吸消耗都以B6为最高,分别为13.50 %、13.50 %和35.03 %、30.71 %,其纤维素转化率也最高,为33.61 %;木质素转化率以B1为最高,达78.25 %;半纤维素转化率以B2为最高,为44.10 %。回归分析表明,羽叶决明替代麸皮栽培鸡腿菇的产量、绝对生物学效率和半纤维素转化率与替代比例呈抛物线相关,而基物失重、呼吸消耗及木质素、纤维素转化率与替代比例呈线性相关。     

普洱地区白参菌栽培试验

通过对引进白参菌母种的培养基配方、原种的培养基配方、栽培料配方筛选和栽培方式的试验,结果表明马铃薯麸皮综合培养基可作为白参菌的最佳母种培养基;在原种和栽培种培养基中添加一定量的香菇菌糠和咖啡壳以及菜园土来进行白参菌的栽培是可行的;在参试的三种出菇方式中,以脱袋菌筒直接覆土栽培出菇效果最好,生物学转化率可达90.8%。     

马铃薯淀粉渣对平菇生长特性和产量的影响

以平菇菌种为试验材料,采用袋栽方式,研究加入0(CK),5,10,15和20 kg/100kg的马铃薯淀粉渣对平菇生长和产量的影响,测定了菌丝生长、菌丝生长速度、出菇产量和平菇生物学效率等指标。结果表明,加入不同量的马铃薯淀粉渣对平菇菌丝的生长速度和生物学效率的影响不同;马铃薯淀粉渣最佳加入量为15 kg/100kg,其栽培的最佳配方为马铃薯淀粉渣15%、玉米芯35%、木屑26%、棉籽壳15%、石膏粉1%、玉米粉6%和石灰2%,在此栽培基质配方下平菇菌丝生长均优于其他处理。     

不同原料及配方添加锌、硒对大球盖菇生长及产量的影响

[目的]研究不同栽培料配方添加锌、硒微量元素对大球盖菇生长及产量的影响.[方法]设置9个栽培料配方处理,并添加锌、硒微量元素,测定各处理大球盖菇菌丝长势、出菇时间、产量、生物转化率等指标.[结果]富硒香菇菌渣30％+玉米芯70％配方,熟料栽培产量35574.32 kg/hm2,产量排名第1位,生物转化率56.9％;富硒...     

广西农业社会化服务体系和模式研究

对2011～2015年连续4年开展的白背毛木耳栽培基质添加豆粕试验与示范结果进行调查，结果表明：在常规栽培料发酵结束后加入豆粕栽培白背毛木耳，会导致污染率急剧增加，添加6%豆粕的菌包废包率高达32.5%；在常规栽培料建堆时，将豆粕与麸皮、轻质碳酸钙等辅料一起加入到木屑中进行充分发酵，可以显著提高木耳产量和品质。需要特别指出的是，相对常规料栽培白背毛木耳，添加豆粕的栽培料发酵时间和翻堆次数需要适当增加，必须确保培养料发酵充分，否则容易出现培养料氨味过重，以致菌丝不吃料或吃料困难，影响栽培效果。     

柴达木盆地野生大肥菇菌种培养基配方筛选

[目的]筛选最佳的柴达木野生大肥菇母种、原种和栽培种培养基。[方法]以柴达木野生大肥菇为供试菌株,以发酵棉籽壳、发酵干牛粪、小麦粒等为主料,轻质碳酸钙等为辅料配置不同配方的各级菌种培养基,研究不同配方的各级菌种培养基对柴达木野生大肥菇菌丝生长的影响。[结果]不同配方的各级菌种培养基上柴达木野生大肥菇菌丝的生长存在明显差异,其中菌丝生长速度最快的母种培养基为PDA、PT、CDA培养基,其菌丝长势良好,洁白浓密;菌丝生长速度最快的原种、栽培种培养基为麦粒、牛粪和发酵棉籽壳、牛粪及麦草屑2种培养基,菌丝纯白、浓密,发菌率均为100%;各级菌种适宜培养温度为20～25℃。[结论]该试验为进一步人工驯化及高产栽培技术研究提供了依据。     

Variations in Concentration and Distribution of Health-Related Elements Affected by Environmental and Genotypic Differences in Rice Grains

Malnutrition is one of the major problems inmost of the developing countries, especially amongwomen, infants and children. Biofortification is a verynew strategy to enhance the bioavailability ofmicronutrients in staple food by using advancedbreeding meth…     

Toxicological screening of lyophilized extract of some Nigerian wild mushrooms in mice

Mushrooms are macrofungi widely consumed as food. However, many mushrooms rot away in the wild because of fear of toxicity. Therefore, lyophilized aqueous extracts of 6 mushroom species collected from Zaria, Nigeria and taxonomically identified as Chlorophyllum molybdites, Panaeolus subalteatus, Macrolepiota procera, Leucopaxillus albissmus, Hygrophoropsis aurantiacus and Pholiota aurea were screened for toxicity in mice. Lyophilized aqueous extract of each of these mushrooms was administered to three groups of 3 mice intraperitoneally (i.p.) at doses of 100, 1000 and 10, 000 mg kg(-1), respectively. Another group of three mice given distilled water served as control. The mice were examined for clinical signs of toxicity over a period of 72 h and pathological examinations conducted on dead animals. The severity of clinical signs, onset of death and pathological lesions were dose dependent. Death occurred within 10 min in all the mice dosed at 10,000 mg kg(-1) with the lyophilized extracts of all the mushrooms screened, with the exception of that of H. aurantiacus, which produced death 21-23 h post administration. This result showed that all the screened mushrooms, including the popular edible M. procera were found toxic. Therefore, since all the mushrooms screened were found toxic, it is recommended that extreme caution should be exercised in their consumption. Furthermore, in view of the regional differences in the toxicity of mushrooms, there is the need to screen more wild mushrooms found in Nigeria for toxicity. This will boost mushroom mycophagy, reduce poisoning incidence and reduce wastage of edible mushrooms in the wild.     

Physico-chemical properties of low-fat cookies containing wheat and oat bran gels as fat replacers

Wheat and oat bran-based fat replacers in the form of gels were used for partial replacement of fat (30–50%) in a cookie formulation. Dough rheological properties, physical (cookie dimension, weight loss, moisture content and water activity), textural (hardness and fracturability), colour and sensory parameters were evaluated to characterize full-fat and fat-reduced cookies. Based on the obtained results it was concluded that the fat reduction in cookie formulation at the level of 30% maintained sensory properties of the full-fat cookies. Therefore, this level of fat replacement was chosen for further analysis: 30% WBG (wheat bran gel-containing cookies) and 30% OBG (oat bran gel-containing cookies) were examined in terms of nutritional and functional properties. It was revealed that fat replacement using bran gels at the level of 30% resulted in the fat-reduced added-value cookies in terms of dietary fibre, minerals and phenolics. 30% WBG cookies possessed higher dietary fibre, mineral and phenolic content in comparison to 30% OBG and the full-fat cookies.     

水稻盐丰47特征特性及高产栽培技术要点

盐丰47是利用群体育种方法育成的第一个高产型常规水稻品种,全生育期160d,属中晚熟品种,但播始历期比同熟期的品种短。该品种株型紧凑,茎秆粗壮,耐肥抗倒。株高97cm,平均穗粒数116粒,千粒重27.5g,一般产量650～700 kg/667m~2。米质优良,有7项指标达部颁一级粳米标准,二项达二级标准。最适栽培密度为13cm×30cm或18cm×30cm,注意氮、磷、钾配合施用,重施蘖肥,合理施用穗肥,及时防治二化螟等病虫害。在辽宁适宜沈阳以南辽河中下游及丹东、锦西等地区种植,省外适宜天津、河北、山东、河南、山西、宁夏、新疆等地种植。     

Guayule as a feedstock for lignocellulosic biorefineries using ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) pretreatment

Natural rubber latex extraction from guayule leaves behind greater than 90% (by weight) of agricultural residue as a feedstock suitable for conversion to biofuels via a thermochemical or biochemical route. Untreated guayule shrub and bagasse (after latex extraction) has shown to be very recalcitrant to enzymatic hydrolysis, necessitating application of a chemical pretreatment to enhance cellulase accessibility. The objective of this work was to carry out detailed compositional analysis, ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX¹) pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol fermentation for various guayule-derived biomass fractions. Plant feedstocks tested were derived from two sources; (a) a mature 2007 AZ-2 whole guayule shrub plant obtained from USDA/ARS² research fields, and (b) the guayule latex-extracted commercial grade bagasse (62505) from Yulex Corporation. Compositional analysis and enzymatic hydrolysis were carried out using standard NREL³ protocols (www.nrel.gov/biomass/analytical_procedures.html). AFEX pretreatment was carried out using concentrated ammonium hydroxide at elevated temperatures for desired residence times in a pressurized reactor. Yeast fermentations on biomass hydrolyzates were carried out micro-aerobically using Saccharomyces cerevisiae (424A strain) in shake flasks.AFEX pretreatment was found to substantially improve overall enzymatic digestibility by 4-20 fold for both untreated guayule shrub and latex-extracted bagasse. Maximum glucan and xylan conversion achieved for the latex-extracted bagasse was 40% and 50%, respectively. The yeast was readily able to ferment both glucose and xylose to ethanol from the guayule bagasse hydrolyzate with or without external nutrient supplementation (i.e., yeast extract and tryptone). Our results highlight the possible utilization of guayule as a feedstock for lignocellulosic refineries co-producing natural rubber latex and biofuels. However, further process improvements (e.g., lignin/resin extraction and cellulose decrystallization using a modified AFEX process) are necessary to increase the effectiveness of ammonia-based pretreatments for further enhancing enzymatic digestibility of guayule-derived hardwood biomass.     

Biological evaluation of protein quality of sorghum as affected by insect infestation

Protein quality of sorghum grains having 25, 50 and 75% infestation caused by mixed population ofTrogoderma granarium Everts andRhizopertha dominica Fabricius was biologically evaluated by rat growth and nitrogen balance studies. Feeding of diet containing insect infested sorghum grains (50 and 75%) resulted in marked decrease in food intake, protein intake, gain in body weight, food efficiency ratio, protein efficiency ratio, nitrogen consumption, nitrogen absorption, biological value, net protein utilization, dry matter digestibility, net protein retention and protein retention efficiency. These parameters showed negative association with insect infestation levels. However, 25% level of grain infestation did not affect these parameters significantly.     

水稻工厂化育秧与手动播种器育秧对比效果研究

通过试验将水稻工厂化育秧与手动播种器育秧进行对比,结果表明:工厂化育秧工作效率高,平均每小时可完成375盘的播种任务,5~6 h可完成1栋棚的育秧任务,而常规育秧方法每栋棚摆盘、播种各需1 d。两者相比,工厂化育秧可提高工作效率4~5倍。并且使水稻实粒数增加15粒/穗,产量增幅达到2.8%。     

鲜美型香菇品种选育及栽培研究

[目的]培育适应中、高海拔,出菇季节广、产量高的香菇新菌株。[方法]采集贵州野生马桑香菇部分分布区域健壮子实体为育种亲本,依据《食用菌品种选育技术规范》,经系统选育,获得味道鲜美、高产、优质、抗逆性强的马桑香菇优良品种。[结果]该菌株菌丝在5~28℃均能生长,子实体适宜温度15~22℃。菌丝萌发,形成原基能力强。除7—8月外,其余时间均可生长。平均产量90000 kg/hm2,生物学转化率80%。采用马桑木屑+麸皮+过磷酸钙+蔗糖配方栽培。[结论]驯化后的马桑香菇在不同海拔地区试验产量稳定,没有出现突变现象和性状分化情况,具有很好的商业价值。