小麦 黑麦大粒1BL/1RS易位系的分子细胞学鉴定

为明确小麦 黑麦大粒衍生系14 1 2的遗传组成,综合采用细胞学、基因组原位杂交(GISH)、SCAR标记、SSR标记对该衍生系进行鉴定。黑麦基因组特异SCAR标记鉴定表明,14 1 2含有黑麦遗传物质;有丝分裂和减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体数目为2n= 42=21Ⅱ。以黑麦基因组为探针的GISH检测表明,14 1 2含有2个黑麦染色体臂。黑麦7条染色体上的特异标记鉴定表明,只有黑麦1RS上的特异SCAR标记在14 1 2中扩增出黑麦特异条带。小麦7个部分同源群染色体长短臂上的SSR引物鉴定表明,只有1BS上的4对引物在14 1 2中未扩增出1BS的条带,其余染色体上的引物均扩增出了相应条带。由此证实小麦1BS被黑麦1RS所替代,衍生系14 1 2为1BL/1RS易位系材料。     

小麦 黑麦大穗型衍生后代的分子细胞学鉴定

为创制大穗型小麦种质材料,利用具有大穗多小穗性状的小麦-黑麦双二倍体材料"兰小黑"和普通小麦杂交得到一批大穗型衍生后代.综合采用基因组原位杂交(GISH)、SCAR标记、微卫星(SSR)和醇溶蛋白(A-PAGE)技术对这些大穗型后代中的8个单株进行分子细胞学鉴定.结果表明,GISH检测后代含2个外源信号;1RS特异SCAR标记检测后代均含有黑麦1.5 kb的1RS特征条带;醇溶蛋白检测后代都出现了黑麦碱基因Sec-1特征条带.筛选小麦21条染色体长短臂上各6对引物,结果发现只有1BS上的3对引物未扩增出1BS的条带,其余引物均扩增出了各自的相应条带.由此确定这8株小麦-黑麦大穗型衍生后代为1BL/1RS易位材料.     

小麦-华山新麦草异附加系的细胞遗传学和分子标记辅助鉴定

华山新麦草(2n=2x=14,NsNs)含多种优良基因,是一类具有广阔应用前景的育种资源。为给小麦育种培育新材料,本研究对来自普通小麦品系7182和华山新麦草的高代衍生系H1133、H4122和H1423进行细胞遗传学和分子标记辅助鉴定。细胞学观察表明,3个衍生系的染色体数和构型均为2n=44=22Ⅱ;基因组原位杂交(GISH)和荧光原位杂交(FISH)同步分析结果表明,3个衍生系均含42条普通小麦染色体和2条华山新麦草Ns染色体;EST和PLUG标记分析证明H1133、H4122和H1423中附加的分别为华山新麦草3Ns、5Ns和7Ns染色体,说明H1133、H4122和H1423分别为小麦-华山新麦草的3Ns附加系、5Ns附加系和7Ns附加系;形态学鉴定结果表明,三个附加系与亲本7182在株高、分蘖和穗长等农艺性状上表现出不同差异;成株期抗条锈病鉴定结果表明,H4122和H1423高抗CYR32和CYR33混合菌种,从材料系谱推断其抗性来源于华山新麦草。总之,附加系H1133、H4122和H1423在农艺性状和抗病性上均有良好表现,可作为小麦育种中的桥梁材料。     

小麦高产抗病新种质9204R的分子细胞学鉴定

为给高产区小麦抗病性遗传改良提供新的育种材料,以高产小麦品种科农9204（Kn9204）为母本,以黑麦品种德国白粒（German White）和小偃6号杂交后代BC₂F₄选系BC0171为父本杂交,并以科农9204为轮回亲本回交两次,最终选育出抗条锈病的育种新材料9204R。本研究考察了9204R的主要农艺性状、苗期和成株期对条锈病的抗性。结果表明,9204R田间农艺性状优良,穗粒数表现为超亲,小区产量比对照品种石4185高1.7%。苗期对CYR29、CYR30、CYR31、CYR33、SU114和SU1111等条锈病生理小种表现为免疫,对CYR32表现为感病;成株期对混合小种（CYR29、CYR31、CYR32和CYR33)表现为高抗。应用连续C分带基因组原位杂交（GISH）技术对9204R进行染色体组成分析,发现9204R含有1对1RS/1BL易位染色体。应用微卫星（SSR）分子标记对科农9204和9204R进行分析,共有1对位于1RS 和4对位于1BS上的引物扩增出差异条带,推测2个基因型的1RS染色体来源不一致,9204R的1RS可能来源于黑麦品种德国白粒。     

ω-黑麦碱基因表达缺失的1BL/1RS易位系种质创新

1BL/1RS易位系是小麦育种的重要亲本,但1RS Sec-1位点表达的ω-黑麦碱是导致小麦加工品质不佳的重要因素。为消除ω-黑麦碱的不良影响,进一步挖掘1BL/1RS易位系的育种潜力,本研究利用低能N+离子束处理1BL/1RS易位系小麦干种子,利用醇溶蛋白酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(A-PAGE)筛选ω-黑麦碱表达缺失突变株系,1RS染色体特异引物鉴定携带1RS染色体的突变株系,结果共创制出9个ω-黑麦碱基因Sec-1位点表达缺失的新的1BL/1RS易位系种质。农艺性状和品质性状分析结果表明,这些1BL/1RS易位系新种质的籽粒蛋白含量、面筋指数、稳定时间等加工品质性状显著提高,株高、穗数、千粒重等农艺性状无显著变化。ω-黑麦碱表达缺失突变体的育成为培育优质抗逆小麦品种提供了新的方法。     

普通小麦-中间偃麦草易位系08-738的鉴定

中间偃麦草(Thinopyrum intermedium,2n=42)具有大穗多花和抗多种病害等特性,是小麦育种的重要基因资源之一。为确定普通小麦川麦107与中间偃麦草杂交获得的遗传稳定品系08-738的染色体组成,采用形态学、细胞遗传学和SSR分子标记对其进行了鉴定。形态学分析表明,08-738具有植株较矮和小穗数较多的特点。细胞学观察表明,其染色体数目及构型为2n=42=21II。基因组原位杂交(GISH)和重复序列原位杂交(FISH)结果表明,08-738含有20对小麦染色体和1对小麦-中间偃麦草小片段易位染色体,易位位于小麦3DS的近末端,且该外源片段可能来源于中间偃麦草的Js染色体组。SSR标记分析显示,位于3DS 6-0.55-1.00之间的SSR标记xcfd141能在08-738和中间偃麦草之间扩增出一条特异条带,xcfd141可作为该中间易位片段鉴定和选择的标记。     

抗条锈病小麦-滨麦Lm#3Ns二体异附加系的分子细胞遗传学鉴定

滨麦(Leymus mollis)是小麦的三级基因源,具有改良小麦所需的许多优良性状。为了将滨麦中的优异基因导入到普通小麦中,通过远缘杂交获得小麦-滨麦异附加系、异代换系、易位系,以选自普通小麦7182与滨麦衍生后代M42(2n=54)F_6代的株系M11005-1-2-7-10-1-1(M11005A)为供试材料,对其进行了形态学、细胞学、原位杂交、分子标记、抗病性等综合鉴定。细胞学观察结果显示,M11005A有44条染色体且配对良好,可以稳定遗传。原位杂交及分子标记结果表明,M11005A含有42条普通小麦染色体和1对来自滨麦Lm#3Ns的染色体,并且用Oligo-pTa535探针得到了Lm#3Ns的FISH核型;筛选出6个EST及8个PLUG特异分子标记可以用来鉴定Lm#3Ns染色体,其中只有1个EST和4个PLUG标记可以同时在M11005A中扩增出滨麦和华山新麦草的条带,说明滨麦的Lm#3Ns染色体与华山新麦草的3Ns基因组之间存在差异。M11005A的穗长、穗型、小穗数、千粒重与亲本7182无显著差异,但分蘖数较7182显著增加,株高显著降低。抗条锈病鉴定结果显示,苗期M11005A对条锈菌生理小种CYR29和CYR34表现高抗,对CYR32表现高感,成株期对CYR32和CYR33混合小种表现高抗,推测滨麦的Lm#3Ns染色体携带对CYR29和CYR34小种的抗性基因,又携带了成株期对CYR32和CYR33的抗性基因。因此,M11005A可以作为抗源应用于小麦的条锈病抗性改良中。     

高抗白粉病和条锈病小麦-卵穗山羊草衍生后代1003的分子细胞遗传学鉴定

卵穗山羊草中蕴含着许多小麦改良所需的优良基因,是小麦重要的三级基因库。为了解其更多遗传特性,本研究利用细胞学、原位杂交、分子标记、形态学和抗病性鉴定等技术对小麦-卵穗山羊草SY159的衍生后代1003进行鉴定。细胞学鉴定结果表明,1003含有44条染色体,减数第一次分裂中期含有22个二价体且配对良好,减数第一次分裂后期含有44条染色体且均等分离;基因组原位杂交(Genomic in situ hybridization,GISH)分析显示,1003含有42条小麦染色体和2条卵穗山羊草染色体;EST和PLUG分子标记分析表明,导入的染色体属于7M染色体;荧光原位杂交(Fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)分析表明,1003中含有38条与中国春标准核型相一致的染色体,4A、5A和7M的FISH信号有变异;苗期抗病性鉴定结果表明,1003对白粉病生理小种E09免疫,对条锈病生理小种条中23(CYR23)高抗;形态学调查表明,1003的农艺性状介于双亲之间,千粒重高于双亲。因此,1003是一个具有白粉病和条锈病抗性的小麦-卵穗山羊草二体异附加系,可为小麦品种改良和抗病育种提供新的种质资源。     

一个小麦-中间偃麦草二体代换系的鉴定与分析

中间偃麦草在小麦改良中具有重要利用价值。本研究利用基因组原位杂交(GISH)、高分子量谷蛋白亚基电泳(SDS-PAGE)和分子标记技术对小麦-中间偃麦草衍生系中209进行鉴定。结果表明,中209的42条染色体中含有2条中间偃麦草染色体,是小麦-中间偃麦草二体代换系;分子标记检测发现,小麦7A染色体上的6个SSR引物Xcfa2028、Xwmc422、Xwmc65、Xbarc127、Xbarc174和Xgwm60在小麦亲本合作2号中均扩增出清晰的DNA条带,而在中间偃麦草和中209中均未扩增出任何条带,表明中209可能缺少了小麦7A染色体;小麦第7部分同源群的SSR标记Xwmc488和STS标记Xmag1715分别在中209中扩增出中间偃麦草的特异带,推断其含有的中间偃麦草染色体与小麦第7同源群染色体存在部分同源关系;SDSPAGE表明中209含有5+10亚基。     

小麦-华山新麦草7Ns异附加系的分子细胞遗传学研究

为了给有效利用华山新麦草基因提供新的种质材料,利用细胞遗传学、分子标记等技术,结合田间农艺性状考察,对从小麦-华山新麦草七倍体材料H8911-99与硬粒小麦D4286杂交F4代分离群体中选育的杂交后代12DH25进行了鉴定。华山新麦草基因组特异SCAR标记鉴定表明,12DH25含有华山新麦草遗传物质;有丝分裂和花粉母细胞减数分裂中期I染色体数为2n=44=22Ⅱ,基因组原位杂交(GISH)出现两条杂交信号,且能配对,表明两条外源染色体是华山新麦草的一对同源染色体。选取定位于小麦7个部分同源群上的28对STS标记对12DH25及其亲本基因组DNA进行扩增,定位于小麦第7同源群上的STS标记BE591127和BG274576能在12DH25中扩增出华山新麦草特征条带,将12DH25附加的华山新麦草染色体归属于小麦第7部分同源群。由此确定矮秆材料12DH25是一个稳定的小麦-华山新麦草7Ns二体异附加系。     

优良紫色糯质玉米自交系PZ-2-2-2-2-1的选育及应用

PZ-2-2-2-2-1紫色糯质玉米自交系,是从一个杂合的紫色糯质玉米地方种中经自交分离选育而成的,具有较高的配合力,用PZ-2-2-2-2-1×1241紫-8配成的烟紫糯3号紫色糯质玉米杂交种果穗大,丰产性好,目前已在生产上进行示范推广种植.     

无籽沙糖橘CrS1-1基因的克隆与表达分析

为研究显花植物自交不亲和的分子机理,以无籽沙糖橘为试材,克隆无籽沙糖橘花粉S1基因的cDNA和DNA全长序列,命名为CrS1-1,该基因cDNA和DNA全长均为450 bp。半定量PCR分析结果表明,该基因在花粉中特异表达。Real-time PCR分析表明,该基因在无籽沙糖橘自花授粉72h表达量达到最大,而无籽沙糖橘×有籽沙糖橘异花授粉72 h的表达量最低。     

咖啡蒙多蒂姆DTARI199-1选育研究初报

以CIFC提供的10个F4杂交种为材料,从蒙多蒂姆(Mondo Novo×HDT)F4杂交种选育出的高世代(F6)优良品种——DTARI199-1。结果显示：DTARI199-1株型紧凑,亩产量达160 kg以上,外在质量(缺陷豆、大象豆、千粒重)、杯品质量均优于哥伦比亚的大宗品种(supremo),抗锈病强(锈病感染率低于5%),外在质量和杯品质量及抗锈性显著高于目前生产上使用的主栽品种Catimor7963,具有较好的推广价值。     

3-[4-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridines,Nortopsentin Analogues with Antiproliferative Activity

A new series of nortopsentin analogues, in which the imidazole ring of the natural product was replaced by thiazole and the indole unit bound to position 2 of the thiazole ring was substituted by a 7-azaindole moiety, was efficiently synthesized. Two of the new nortopsentin analogues showed good antiproliferative effect against the totality of the NCI full panel of human tumor cell lines (~60) having GI₅₀ values ranging from low micromolar to nanomolar level. The mechanism of the antiproliferative effect of these derivatives, investigated on human hepatoma HepG2 cells, was pro-apoptotic, being associated with externalization of plasma membrane phosphatidylserine and mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, the compounds induced a concentration-dependent accumulation of cells in the subG0/G1phase, while confined viable cells in G2/M phase.     

Decomposition of (1–3,1–4)-β-Glucan and Expression of the (1–3,1–4) -β-Glucanase Gene in Rice Stems during Ripening

Abstract

To elucidate the possible participation of hemicellulose decomposition in lodging resistance, we studied the change of hemicellulose and cellulose content in the stems of rice during the ripening stage by methylation analysis and the expression of related genes by Northern blotting. In the rice stem in ripening stage, content of (1-3,1-4)-β-glucan, a component of hemicellulose, decreased markedly although the content of arabinoxylan, a major component of hemicellulose, and cellulose showed little change during the same growth period. On the other hand, expression of the Gns 1 gene, which may encode (1-3,1-4) -β-glucanase that catalyzes the degradation of (1-3,14) -β-glucan, increased sharply in the stem. The mechanism of decomposition of (1-3,1-4) -β-glucan in rice stem and the possible association with lodging resistance is discussed.     

橡胶树内生真菌ITBB2-1的形态学和分子生物学鉴定

为了解巴西橡胶树与其内生真菌的相互关系以及机理,通过平板划线分离法从巴西橡胶树健康茎段分离到内生真菌菌株ITBB2-1,并对该菌株的形态学和分子生物学进行初步鉴定,结果表明:其菌落为白色,生长缓慢,有分生孢子和厚坦孢子;其菌丝透明有隔,约13 d 出现少量渗透液.ITBB2-1菌株具有喜高渗透压的特性,中等NaCl浓度(0.6、1.0mol/L)显著促进其菌落生长.在0.6mol/L NaCl下,菌落生长最快;但随着NaCl浓度继续提高,其作用逐渐由促进生长转化为抑制生长;NaCl浓度增加到5mol/L时,ITBB2-1菌株停止生长.利用18SrDNA和ITS(ITBB2-1)序列进行系统发育分析,初步确定ITBB2-1菌株为麦轴梗霉属(Tritirachium Limber)真菌.     

转Bar基因抗除草剂两系杂交早稻恢复系Bar 68-1的培育研究

通过基因枪转化方法将抗除草剂基因Bar转入早籼稻两系恢复系D68中,育成了转基因抗除草剂恢复系Bar 68-1和杂交早稻组合香125S/Bar 68-1;Southern杂交检测和除草剂抗性鉴定结果显示,它们具有抗除草剂特性并能稳定遗传。转基因抗除草剂杂交稻组合香125S/Bar 68-1和对照香两优68(香125S/D68)相比,株高显著降低,直链淀粉含量极显著降低,其它农艺、品质和产量性状没有明显变化。     

Varietal Differences in Cell Wall β-(1→3),(1→4)-Glucan and Nonstructural Carbohydrate in Rice Stems during the Grain Filling Stage

Abstract

The contribution of cell wall components and nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) to grain filling in rice (Oryza sativa L.) was clarified by investigating the differences in the dynamics of hemicellulose, sugar composition of hemicellulose, β-(1→3),(1→4)-glucan, and NSC among cultivars with different grain filling capacities. This investigation was performed using the stems of standard, high yield and low harvest index (HI) cultivars. Hemicellulose concentration in stems tended to decrease slightly during the grain filling stage. This decrease was attributed to a decrease in β-(1→3),(1→4)-glucan concentration, which was detected as a decrease in glucose composition of hemicellulose in the stems during the grain filling stage. The rate of decrease and decrease in the amount of β-(1→3),(1→4)-glucan in the stems differed among the cultivars. These were higher in high yield and high HI cultivars than in relatively low yield and low HI cultivars. Moreover, a positive correlation was observed between the rate of decrease in β-(1→3),(1→4)-glucan and NSC, indicating similarities in the dynamics of β-(1→3),(1→4)-glucan and NSC among the cultivars. When the top half of panicle was removed, β-(1→3),(1→4)-glucan and NSC concentrations in the culm and leaf sheath did not decrease during the grain filling stage. Therefore, the β-(1→3),(1→4)-glucan in stems might be one of the sources that supply substrate to panicle as well as NSC.     

Mixing properties and dough functionality of transgenic lines of a commercial wheat cultivar expressing the 1Ax1, 1Dx5 and 1Dy10 HMW glutenin subunit genes

In this work we report the effects of the HMW-GS 1Ax1, 1Dx5 and 1Dy10 on the breadmaking quality of the bread wheat cultivar Anza that contains the HMW-GS pairs 1Dx2 + 1Dy12 and 1Bx7* + 1By8, and is null for the Glu-A1 locus. This allows the characterization of individual subunits 1Dx5 and 1Dy10 in the absence of subunit 1Dx5, and the interactions between these subunits and subunits 1Dx2 and 1Dy12 to be determined. Three transgenic lines termed T580, T581 and T590, containing, respectively, the HMW-GS 1Ax1, 1Dx5 and 1Dy10 were characterized over 3 years using a range of widely-used grain and dough testing methods. The transgenic subunits 1Ax1, 1Dx5 and 1Dy10 accounted for 25.2%, 20.3% and 17.9%, respectively, of the total HMW-GS in the three transgenic lines. Although lines T581 and T590 expressed similar levels of subunits 1Dx5 and 1Dy10 they had different effects on other aspects of protein composition, including changes in the ratios of glutenin/gliadin, of HMW/LMW-GS, the 1Dx2/1Dy12, the x-type/y-type HMW-GS and the proportions of high molecular mass glutenin polymers. In contrast, lines transformed to express subunits 1Ax1 and 1Dx5 showed similar changes in protein composition, with higher protein contents and decreased ratios of glutenin/gliadin and 1Dx2/1Dy12. In addition, both transgenic lines showed similar increases in the ratio of x-type/y-type subunits compared to the control line. The transgenic lines were analysed using Farinograph, Mixograph and Alveograph. This confirmed that the expression of all three subunits resulted in increased dough strength (and hence breadmaking quality) of the cultivar Anza. A beneficial effect of subunit 1Dx5 has not been reported previously, transgenic wheat lines expressing this subunit giving overstrong dough unsuitable for breadmaking. However, the expression of subunit 1Dy10 had a greater effect on breadmaking quality than subunits 1Ax1 and 1Dx5. The Farinograph parameters such as dough stability and peak time were increased by 9.2-fold and 2.4-fold, respectively, in line T590 (expressing 1Dy10) with respect to the control line. Similarly, the Mixograph mixing time was increased by four-fold and the resistance breakdown decreased by two-fold in line T590 compared with the control line. The Alveograph W value was also increased by 2.7-fold in line T590 compared to the control line. These transgenic lines are of value for studying the contribution of specific HMW-GS to wheat flour functional properties.     

非1B/1R和1B/1R 类型小麦K型雄性不育系穗长和小穗数性状的遗传分析

为明确非1B/1R和1B/1R 类型小麦K 型雄性不育系穗长和小穗数的遗传规律,利用非1B/1R类型KTSP732A和1B/1R类型K3314A 两种K型不育系材料,采用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析法,对穗长和小穗数两类性状进行单世代和多世代混合分离分析.结果显示,非1B/1R类型KTSP732A和1B/1R类型K3314A穗长性状均符合加性-显性-上位性多基因模型(C-0),无主基因存在;非1B/1R类型KTSP732A的小穗数性状符合两对等显性主基因+加性-显性多基因混合模型(E-6),主基因遗传率为40.7%;而1B/1R类型K3314A的控制小穗数性状基因类型与非1B/1R不同,该类型无主基因存在,也符合加性-显性-上位性多基因模型(C-0).