Development and Evaluation of Codon-modified cry V Constructs in Cultivated Potato (Solanum tuberosum L. ) for Control of Potato Tuber Moth

A cryV gene,specifically toxic to Lepidoptera and Coleoptera,was incorporated into binary vectors with different promoters and the presence or absence of the β-glucuronidase(gus) reporter gene.These constructs were integrated into potato cv.Spunta by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation.Highest expression of cryV gene,determined by mRNA levels and insect mortality,was obtained using the CaMV 35S promoter without the gus gene configuration.Detached leaf and tuber bioassays showed a mortality rate of up to 83% and 100%,respectively,for potato tuber moth(Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in the transgenic lines.Our results demonstrated that the presence of the gus gene negatively affects the expression level of the cryV gene.Bt expression was also facilitated by using the(ocs)3 mas super promoter,whereas the Bt expression regulated by the patatin promoter(tuber-specific) was too low to have any effect upon the mortality of potato tuber moth.These results represent significant improvement in the level of host plant resistance for the control of potato tuber moth via Bt transgenes.     

K-Domain Splicing Factor OsMADS1 Regulates Open Hull Male Sterility in Rice

We identified the rice floral organ development mutant, termed as open hull and male sterile 1(ohms1), from the progeny of the indica restorer line Zhonghui 8015 treated with 60 Co γ-ray irradiation. The ohms1 mutant exhibited an open hull and lemma- and palea-like structure conversion between the anthers and stigma, which resulted in the ohms1 mutant spikelet showing ‘tridentate lemma'. The ohms1 mutant was entirely sterile but had 60%–70% fertile pollen. Genetic analysis and gene mapping showed that ohms1 was controlled by a single recessive gene, and the mutant gene was fine-mapped to a 42-kb interval on the short arm of chromosome 3 between markers KY2 and KY29. Sequence analysis of the four open reading frames in this region revealed that the mutant carried a single nucleotide transformation(A to G) at the last base of the fifth intron, which was likely corresponded to ohms1 phynotype, in an MIKC type MADS-box gene OsMADS1(LOC_Os03g11614). Enzyme digestion and c DNA sequencing further indicated that the variable splicing was responsible for the deletion of the sixth exon in ohms1, but no structural changes in the MADS domain or amino acid frame shifts appeared. Additionally, real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR analysis showed that the OsMADS1 expression level decreased significantly in the ohms1 mutant. The expression levels of rice flowering factors and floral glume development-related genes also changed significantly. These results demonstrate that OsMADS1 may play an important role in rice floral organ development, particularly in floral glume development and floret primordium differentiation.     

Quinclorac Resistance in Echinochloa crus-galli from China

Echinochloa crus-galli is a major weed in rice fields in China, and quinclorac has been long used for its control. Over-reliance of quinclorac has resulted in quinclorac resistance in E. crus-galli. Two resistant(R) E. crus-galli populations from Hunan, China were confirmed to be at least 78-fold more resistant to quinclorac than the susceptible(S) population. No difference in foliar uptake of 14 C-labelled quinclorac was detected between the R and S plants. However, a higher level of 14 C translocation and a lower level of quinclorac metabolism were found in the R plants. Basal and induced expression levels of β-cyanoalanine synthase(β-CAS) gene and β-CAS activity were not significantly different between the R and S plants. However, the induction expression of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase(ACO1) gene by quinclorac treatment was evident in the S plants but not in the R plants. Quinclorac resistance in the two resistant E. crus-galli populations was not likely to be related to foliar uptake, translocation or metabolism of quinclorac, nor to cyanide detoxification via β-CAS. Thus, target-site based quinclorac signal reception and transduction and regulation of the ethylene synthesis pathway should be the focus for further research.     

Resistance Evaluation to Sheath Blight in Transgenic Rice Lines

Resistance of forty-one homozygous rice lines transformed with chitinase gene (RC24) and β-1,3 -glucanse gene (β-1,3-Glu) to sheath blight was analyzed by inoculation. Among different lines, the resistance had significant differences according to the result by cluster analysis. The lines could be categorized into resistant, moderately resistant, moderately susceptible and susceptible types, while 92.1% of which belonging to moderately resistant or moderately susceptible type. For different resistant or susceptible lines, the resistance to rice sheath blight was remarkable correlated with the chitinase activity of transgenic lines except resistant type lines, in which enzyme activity coded by target gene was lower than moderately resistant type. The chitinase activity of transgenic lines tested at different time after inoculation or different organs of the same plant was uniform, which suggested that the expression of chitinase gene was constitutive in nature. Check varieties‘ chitinase activity would change at different time after inoculation and reach a peak at sometime, but it had no difference at various parts of the same plant.     

Effects of Suppressing OsCRY1a Gene Expression on Rice Agronomic Traits

Using primers designed according to the published sequence of rice OsCRY1a gene,we obtained part of the gene fragment by PCR and constructed an RNA interference expression vector with it.To down-regulate the expression level of the gene or lead to the loss-of-function of the gene,the vector was then introduced into rice via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation.Based on the performance of the transgenic plants,the functions of the gene were analyzed and deduced.The results indicated that suppressing the expression of the gene retarded flowering for 16 d in rice with the plant height and grain length significantly increasing whereas other important agronomic traits observed remained unchanged apparently.     

In silico Analysis of osr40c1 Promoter Sequence Isolated from Indica Variety Pokkali

The promoter region of a drought and abscisic acid(ABA) inducible gene, osr40c1, was isolated from a salt-tolerant indica rice variety Pokkali, which is 670 bp upstream of the putative translation start codon. In silico promoter analysis of resulted sequence showed that at least 15 types of putative motifs were distributed within the sequence, including two types of common promoter elements, TATA and CAAT boxes. Additionally, several putative cis-acing regulatory elements which may be involved in regulation of osr40c1 expression under different conditions were found in the 5′-upstream region of osr40c1. These are ABA-responsive element, light-responsive elements(ATCT-motif, Box I, G-box, GT1-motif, Gap-box and Sp1), myeloblastosis oncogene response element(CCAAT-box), auxin responsive element(TGA-element), gibberellin-responsive element(GARE-motif) and fungal-elicitor responsive elements(Box E and Box-W1). A putative regulatory element, required for endosperm-specific pattern of gene expression designated as Skn-1 motif, was also detected in the Pokkali osr40c1 promoter region. In conclusion, the bioinformatic analysis of osr40c1 promoter region isolated from indica rice variety Pokkali led to the identification of several important stress-responsive cisacting regulatory elements, and therefore, the isolated promoter sequence could be employed in rice genetic transformation to mediate expression of abiotic stress induced genes.     

Genetic Identification of a New Small Grain Dwarf Gene in Rice

The plant material used in the study was rice line 162d, a new small grain dwarf mutant. Polymorphic analysis of 221 SSR loci demonstrated that 162d derived from a semidwarf variety Shuhui 162 through mutation, and 162d and Shuhui 162 were just a pair of near isogenic lines. Genetic analysis of F1 and F2 populations suggested that dwarfism in 162d was controlled by a single recessive gene. phenotypic characteristics of the mutant gene were that plant height was about a quarter of normal height, grain size about a quarter of normal size, leaf was short and broad, and seed setting rate was very low, compared with the near isogenic line Shuhui 162. The mutant gene was sensitive to gibberellin (GA3) treatment and did not located on the region near the centromere of rice chromosome 5, where d1 gene located. Therefore, it was concluded that the mutant gene of 162d was a new small grain dwarf gene in rice.     

杜鹃红山茶离体快速繁殖

以杜鹃红山茶实生小苗为试验材料,探讨离体快速繁殖的方法。结果表明:茎段外植体在MS+BA 1 mg/L+IBA 0.01 mg/L+GA3 10 mg/L的培养基上培养60 d,侧芽萌发率高达68%;将这些萌发的侧芽连同原来的茎段外植体移至添加BA 0.2～0.4 mg/L的培养基培养1个月,74%的侧芽能够继续生长并形成丛生芽;再将丛生芽移至1/2 MS+IBA 4 mg/L+0.1%活性炭的培养基上培养1个月,得到大量伸长的芽条;将芽条切离母体后插植于1/2 MS+IBA 8 mg/L的培养基,60 d后生根率达到90%。通过以上过程繁殖得到的小苗质量良好,移栽1个月后的成活率可达90%。     

山蒟对椰心叶甲的生物活性研究

研究了山蒟对椰心叶甲不同虫态的杀虫活性,旨在丰富防治椰心叶甲的植物源农药。采用胃毒法测定山蒟石油醚提取物对椰心叶甲5龄幼虫及成虫的生物活性。结果表明,山蒟对椰心叶甲5龄幼虫LC50为3.871 0 mg/mL;对成虫为11.496 5 mg/mL;采用触杀法测定山蒟对椰心叶甲卵的毒杀活性,对卵孵化抑制LC50为4.768 5 mg/mL,山蒟抑制卵发育到1龄末幼虫的LC50为3.766 7 mg/mL。     

Screening of Natural Plant Volatiles to Control the Potato ( Solanum tuberosum ) Pathogens Helminthosporium solani , Fusarium solani , Phoma foveata and Rhizoctonia solani

The potential utility of natural volatiles in various essential oils (EOs) from plants as fumigants to control potato tuber (Solanum tuberosum L.) pathogens was assessed. The antifungal effects of the volatiles at various concentrations were studied at 10 °C both in vitro using conidial suspensions of Helminthosporium solani, Fusarium solani var. coeruleum and Phoma foveata plated on agar, and in vivo by inoculating potato tubers. The effects of the volatiles on the mycelial growth of Rhizoctonia solani were also studied, but only in vitro. Vapours of many of the EOs tested exhibited some fungicidal activity but volatiles of garlic, Allium sativum, were, with few exceptions, most effective on all four pathogens in all experiments. An exposure time of at least 2 weeks was usually required for good control of disease development in vivo. Vapours of A. sativum never stimulated conidial germination, as was observed with some other oils, or damaged tubers, but those of Armoracia rusticana caused tuber collapse. Volatiles from thyme (Thymus vulgaris) EO showed antifungal activity in vitro on all four pathogens, but did not control F. solani, P. foveata or H. solani in vivo. In contrast, sage (Salvia officinalis) EO was ineffective against P. foveata and H. solani in the in vitro system, but controlled disease development in vivo at similar doses. The sometimes conflicting results obtained in the two test systems show that screening in vitro only is insufficient for evaluation of potent antifungal substances to be used in practice.     

拮抗香蕉枯萎病镰刀菌木霉菌株的分离筛选

香蕉枯萎病是由尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型引起的,目前尚缺乏有效的防治方法,木霉菌是重要的植物病害防治菌,广泛分布于自然界。木霉菌具有广泛的适应性,能杀伤多种重要的植物病原菌且作用机制多种多样。笔者从广东湛江、海南儋州等地152份土样中分离出330株木霉,通过对峙法对木霉菌进行体外拮抗作用测定及评价,选出10株对尖孢镰刀菌有较好拮抗效果的木霉菌;并测定无菌土中木霉与病原菌的种群动态变化,结果表明木霉在土壤中对病原菌有一定的抑制作用。     

玉蜀黍尾孢菌CzVelB基因功能分析

以获得的野生型和CzVelB敲除突变体菌株为供试菌株,分别对其进行生物学及致病力测定,在此基础上分析毒素和细胞壁降解酶的活性。结果表明,与野生型相比,敲除CzVelB后菌丝生长速率及颜色无明显差异,但产孢量下降56.6%,且孢子萌发率下降,萌发过程滞后1 h。致病性分析发现,敲除CzVelB后菌株致病性明显下降,病情指数、病斑大小,突变体均低于野生型。分析毒素对叶片的致病性发现,突变体所产生的毒素低于野生型产生的毒素。敲除突变体菌株ΔCzVelB及野生型菌株在活体内外均能产生5种细胞壁降解酶,其中敲除CzVelB后,5种离体病原菌细胞壁降解酶活性明显下降。分析侵染过程中5种细胞壁降解酶发现,CzVelB主要通过影响CX和PMG在接种前期12 h内起重要作用;在接种后期(72～96 h),CzVelB主要通过影响PGTE的活性调控玉蜀黍尾孢菌致病力。     

Prior weakening of Macrophomina phaseolina and Fusarium propagules for enhancing efficiency of Brassica amendments

In a two year field study, the effect of varying intensities of sub-lethal heating on the efficiency of Brassica amendments in controlling viable populations of Macrophomina phaseolina and Fusarium oxysporum f sp. cumini was determined in an arid region of India. After 30 d of dry summer exposure of pathogen infested soil, incorporation of mustard residues and oil cake (0.18% and 0.04% w/w) and then applying one irrigation caused significant reduction by 75.3–81.3% in viable counts of M. phaseolina that causes dry root rot of legumes and by 93.9% in counts of F.o. f. sp. cumini causing wilt of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) at 0–15 and 16–30 cm depths. Increasing duration of summer exposure to 60 d improved the reductions in viable propagules of M. phaseolina by 83.6–90.4% and in F.o. f. sp. cumini by 78.2–94.8% at same soil depths. At certain heat levels, reduction in viable population of Fusarium due to amendments and irrigation was greater than that recorded in Macrophomina. Significantly low levels of reduction in pathogenic propagules of Macrophomina (63.9–71.4%) and Fusarium (48.0–57.2%) under shade compared to unshaded conditions indicated that mild heating did not cause discernible weakening effect. In second season also, 89.2–91.5% and 78.5–95.8% reduction in counts of Macrophomina and Fusarium, respectively was achieved by the application of amendments after 60 d of summer exposure at 0–30 cm soil depth. These results suggested a new approach to improve the control of soil-borne plant pathogens in hot arid regions by combining prolonged sub-lethal heating, effective naturally available on-farm wastes as soil amendments and one summer irrigation.     

引发小麦赤霉病和茎基腐病禾谷镰孢菌的生物防治初探

禾谷镰孢菌(Fusarium graminearum)是小麦上的重要病原真菌。通过致病性测定从江苏小麦茎基腐病病害样本分离菌中筛选到了对小麦赤霉病和茎基腐病都有强致病力的F.graminearum菌株GF1117。为了对F.graminearum进行生物防治,利用稀释涂布平板法和平板对峙法从小麦不同生境中分离筛选到35株对GF1117具有明显拮抗效果的细菌菌株,分别在田间和温室进行了小麦赤霉病和茎基腐病的生物防治试验。结果表明,35株拮抗细菌对小麦赤霉病均有一定的防治效果,且在小麦感病品种和中抗品种上对茎基腐病的防效不同;菌株1-8对两种病害的防效都在45%以上。     

新疆杂草黑麦染色体核型分析

为了对新疆杂草黑麦的种质鉴定、起源分析、良种培育和遗传多样性研究提供依据,采用常规压片法制片结合显微摄影技术,分析了3个新疆杂草黑麦居群和1个栽培黑麦品种的核型并比较他们的异同点.结果表明,四种黑麦材料的染色体均为二倍体,染色体数目为14,不同材料之间染色体形态具有丰富的多态性.新疆杂草黑麦居群89R4的染色体核型公式为2n=2x=14=12m+ 2sm,除第7对为近中着丝粒染色体外,其余染色体均为中间着丝粒染色体,核型不对称系数为61.70％,核型类型为1A型,属于基本对称型.新疆杂草黑麦居群89R14的核型公式为2n=2x=14=8m+ 6sm(2sat),除第5、6、7对为近中着丝粒染色体外,其余染色体均为中间着丝粒染色体,其第7对染色体具有随体,核型不对称系数为60.88％,核型类型为2A型,属于基本对称型.新疆杂草黑麦居群89R60的核型公式为2n=2x=14=14m(2sat),其全部染色体均为中间着丝粒染色体,第3对染色体具有随体,核型不对称系数为60.47％,核型类型为1A型,属于基本对称型.栽培黑麦材料H36的染色体核型公式为2n=2x=14=10m+ 4sm,除第5、6对为近中着丝粒染色体外,其余染色体均为中间着丝粒染色体,核型不对称系数为61.20％,核型类型为1A型,属于基本对称型.     

转小麦 TaPDI-A、 TaTRXh-A和 TaPP2Ac-D基因拟南芥植株的主要抗旱性研究

核氧还蛋白（nucleoredoxin,NRX）可通过还原目标蛋白的二硫键来调控其生物活性,在植物的生长发育和抗逆境胁迫中发挥着重要作用。蛋白质二硫键异构酶（protein disulfide isomerase,PDI）、h型硫氧还蛋白（h-type thioredoxin,TRXh）和蛋白磷酸酶2A催化亚基（protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit,PP2Ac）是小麦核氧还蛋白TaNRX1的互作蛋白。为了明确TaNRX1互作蛋白的抗旱性功能,本研究在拟南芥中过表达了小麦 TaPDI-A、 TaTRXh-A和 TaPP2Ac-D基因,对野生型和转基因拟南芥的表型和抗旱相关生理指标进行了鉴定。结果表明,干旱胁迫处理后,转 TaPDI-A、 TaTRXh-A和 TaPP2Ac-D基因拟南芥的根长、存活率、脯氨酸含量均大于野生型,离体叶片失水率、丙二醛（MAD）含量均小于野生型。二氨基联苯胺（diaminobenzidine,DAB）对H₂O₂组织定位染色结果表明,干旱胁迫处理后,转 TaPDI-A、 TaTRXh-A和 TaPP2Ac-D基因拟南芥的H₂O₂含量均低于野生型。上述结果说明,TaNRX1的互作蛋白基因 TaPDI-A、 TaTRXh-A和 TaPP2Ac-D增强了拟南芥对于干旱胁迫的抵抗能力。本研究可为小麦抗旱育种提供候选基因和理论基础。     

荆州黑麦 NPR1同源基因 ScNPR1的克隆与特性分析

为了明确荆州黑麦ScNPR1基因的功能,对荆州黑麦 NPR1同源基因ScNPR1进行克隆并分析了其表达特性。利用同源序列法和RACE技术从荆州黑麦中克隆得到 NPR1同源基因的3 185 bp全长cDNA序列,该基因包含了一个编码507个氨基酸(1 524 bp)的开放阅读框、终止密码子TGA、5′端1 517 bp的非编码区和3′端144 bp的非编码区,命名为ScNPR1。利用生物信息学软件对其结构进行分析,ScNPR1编码的氨基酸序列与已知的小麦、水稻 NPR1基因编码的氨基酸序列具较高的同源性,分别达到92.4%和90.3%。荧光定量PCR发现,ScNPR1基因在小麦不同器官中均有表达,在叶、茎、根中表达较高;ScNPR1基因在植物抗病相关信号分子水杨酸、茉莉酸和乙烯处理后上调表达,在白粉病菌、纹枯病菌和赤霉病菌的诱导下,ScNPR1基因也上调表达。研究结果表明,ScNPR1基因与水杨酸和乙烯信号转导途径有关,参与寄主对病原菌侵染的防御反应。