Antiallatotropins: inhibition of corpus allatum development

Treatment of newly eclosed adult milkweed bug (Oncopeltus fasciatus) females with precocene 2 prevents secretion of juvenile hormone by inhibition of postimaginal development of the corpus allatum. Ovarian development which is dependent upon juvenile hormone is prevented or reversed, depending upon the timing of precocene treatment. Juvenile hormone secretion is shown to be related to the development of the corpus allatum.     

Juvenile hormone induced vitellogenin synthesis in the monarch butterfly

The vitellogenin (yolk protein) of the monarch butterfly has been identified by electrophoretic and immunochemical techniques. In freshly emerged female adults ligature of the neck prevents appearance of this protein in the hemolymph; it prevents yolk deposition and egg maturation as well. These processes are restored by injection of juvenile hormone; the restoration involves induction of vitellogenin synthesis, as shown by incorporation of [(3)H]leucine.     

Hormone-mediated nutritional control of sexual behavior in male dung flies

Male Scatophaga stercoraria must prey on other Diptera before they display sexual behavior, develop the accessory cells of their ejaculatory ducts, and achieve full elongation of the testes. The corpus allatum also becomes enlarged after predation and is necessary for the onset of sexual behavior and development of reproductive organs. The complex diet consumed during predation apparently activates the corpus allatum, and the hormone released acts independently on organ growth and sexual behavior.     

TANNING IN THE ADULT FLY: A NEW FUNCTION OF NEUROSECRETION IN THE BRAIN

Tanning in the newly emerged fly is induced by a hormone secreted by neurosecretory cells situated in the pars intercerebralis of the brain. The same hormone is contained in the compound ganglion of the thorax, in concentrations six times as high as in the brain. This hormone is believed to act directly on the eflector organ, and not through the secretion of ecdyson or a corpus allatum hormone; its release is effected through nervous impulses reaching the brain by way of the ventral nervous system a few minutes after the fly has emerged from the puparium. The hormone appears to be different from both the prothoraco-tropic and the gonadotropic hormones.     

Interferon induced by Plasmodium berghei

An inhibitor of virus is demonstrable in the serums of mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. The titer of the inhibitor, detectable within 10 hours after injection of parasitized blood, increases rapidly until 30 to 40 hours when it levels off or decreases slightly before reaching a plateau. The factor that induces production of the antiviral substance is not present in the plasma of the infected blood, and the inhibitor is not detectable in serums of mice injected with nonparasitized mouse erythrocytes. The inhibitor fulfills the essential require ments of an interferon.     

Involvement of juvenile hormone in the regulation of pheromone release activities in a moth

Juvenile hormone has been implicated in the mediation of several reproduction-related events in adult insects, but had previously been found to play no role in the regulation of sex pheromone production and release behavior ("calling") in moths. In females of the true armyworm moth, Pseudaletia unipuncta, juvenile hormone is shown to be essential to the initiation of both calling behavior and pheromone production. Females without corpora allata, the source of juvenile hormone, do not call and do not produce pheromone, but injection of juvenile hormone into allatectomized females restored these activities. The armyworm's control system has likely evolved in response to the adults' migratory behavior which may necessitate that mating be restricted to the period following migration.     

Mouse complement: influence of sex hormones on its activity

Sex hormones influence the hemolytic of one or more of the late-acting components of complement measured in the presence of trisodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate. The titers of the serums of male mice, normally tenfold higher than those of females, fell after castration, becoming about the same as those of females. The titers of the serums from females rose after these mice were castrated, but castration did not affect the activities of the first, second, and fourth components of complement. Serums of normal and castrated mice of both sexes treated with testosterone showed increased late-acting component activity, whereas the estrogen caused decreased activity. Treatment in vitro of mouse serum with these hormones had no effect on the activity of late-acting components.     

Estrogen-receptor interaction

The interaction of estradiol with uterine cells involves the association of the hormone with an extranuclear receptor protein, followed by temperature dependent translocation of the resulting complex to the nucleus. During this process, the steroid binding unit of the protein undergoes an alteration, called "receptor transformation," that can be recognized by an increase in its sedimentation rate from 3.8S to 5.2S, and by its acquisition of the ability to bind to isolated uterine nuclei and to alleviate a tissue specific deficiency in the RNA synthesizing capacity of such nuclei. Receptor transformation can be effected in the absence of nuclei by warming uterine cytosol with estradiol. This preparation of transformed complex resembles that extracted from nuclei both in its sedimentation rate (5.3S) and in its ability to bind to uterine nuclei and augment RNA synthesis, properties that are not shown by the native complex. It is proposed that receptor transformation is an important step in estrogen action and that a principal role of the hormone is to induce conversion of the receptor protein to a biochemically functional form.     

河南某鸡场地方品种鸡禽白血病病毒感染状态检测

为了解河南某鸡场地方品种鸡禽白血病病毒(Avian Leukosis Virus,ALV)感染状态,采集该鸡场绿壳蛋鸡、青脚麻鸡和固始鸡的泄殖腔棉拭子、蛋清和血清,利用ELISA方法检测泄殖腔棉拭子、蛋清和血清样品中的ALV-p27抗原及血清样品中ALV-A/B和ALV-J抗体的水平,同时采集其血液接种DF-1细胞进行外源性ALV的分离鉴定。结果表明,绿壳蛋鸡泄殖腔棉拭子、蛋清和血清中的ALV-p27抗原阳性率分别为23.55%、11.96%和26.63%,血清中ALV-A/B和ALV-J抗体的阳性率分别为30.43%和16.85%,外源性ALV的分离阳性率为13.04%;青脚麻鸡泄殖腔棉拭子、蛋清和血清中抗原阳性率分别为10.99%、5.43%和22.83%,血清中ALV-A/B和ALV-J抗体的阳性率分别为18.48%和6.52%,外源性ALV的分离阳性率为8.00%;固始鸡泄殖腔棉拭子、蛋清和血清中抗原阳性率分别为21.07%、12.32%和25.00%,血清中ALVA/B和ALV-J抗体的阳性率分别为28.26%和17.39%,外源性ALV的分离阳性率为12.50%。表明3个地方品种鸡都不同程度地感染外源性ALV,且可能存在ALV-A/B和ALV-J 2种或3种亚群同时感染。     

Dynamic changes in inhibin messenger RNAs in rat ovarian follicles during the reproductive cycle

The alterations in morphology and function of the ovarian follicle as it matures, ovulates, and becomes a corpus luteum are dramatic. A variety of steroid and polypeptide hormones influence these processes, and the ovary in turn produces specific hormonal signals for endocrine regulation. One such signal is inhibin, a heterodimeric protein that suppresses the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone from pituitary gonadotrophs. Rat inhibin complementary DNA probes have been used to examine the levels and distribution of inhibin alpha-and beta A-subunit messenger RNAs in the ovaries of cycling animals. Striking, dynamic changes have been found in inhibin messenger RNA accumulation during the developmental maturation of the ovarian follicle.     

生物钟在蛋鸡排卵-产蛋过程中的调控作用

生物体内源性的昼夜节律使其能够预测周边环境周期性的变化,使机体的内在代谢和周边环境保持一致。在禽类卵泡的成熟、排卵和蛋的形成过程中,不同生理进程在时间上的吻合显示了机体自身以及机体与环境之间的协调统一。动物对营养物质的摄入、内分泌激素的生成、能量代谢等一系列的行为和生理过程都有生物钟参与调控。文章从光照和营养两种因素入手,综述了生物钟在神经内分泌、能量摄入和能量代谢中的调控作用,揭示了蛋鸡的排卵和产蛋机制。1.光信号通过调控生物钟影响下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴(HPG轴),从而调控机体的繁殖活动。在光信号刺激下,位于禽类视交叉上核(SCN)和松果体的中枢生物钟作用于下丘脑,使下丘脑定时性释放促性腺激素释放激素(Gn RH)和促性腺激素抑制激素(Gn IH),Gn RH和Gn IH继而作用于垂体调节释放促性腺激素-促黄体生成素(LH)和促卵泡激素(FSH),卵巢中存在的外周生物钟接受中枢的同步化信号来维持生物节律,促使禽类的卵泡成熟和定时排卵;2.除了受到HPG的神经内分泌调控之外,蛋鸡的排卵-产蛋过程还受到机体能量代谢的影响。中枢和外周的生物钟基因能够调控食欲调节系统,从而影响能量摄入;生物钟能够通过调控代谢过程中重要限速酶的表达、整合核受体和营养信号蛋白、调节代谢感受器和代谢物、影响肠道微生物等途径来调节能量代谢,影响卵黄前体物质的合成、转运和沉积;禽类松果体分泌的褪黑素可通过介导降钙素、甲状旁腺素(PTH)及雌激素分泌,节律性地调节体内钙代谢,影响蛋壳的形成。能量摄入的时间和行为、机体能量代谢和能量状态也可以通过腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α(PPARα)等一些与食欲调控和能量代谢相关的细胞因子反过来调控生物钟。营养-生物钟-能量代谢三者之间相互作用,使生物体适应环境的能力增强,能量利用达到最优。因此,通过调整进食时间和食物组分(如饲料能量水平和钙水平),能够改变能量代谢从而调节生物钟的功能。将环境(光照管理)和营养(饲喂时间、饲料配方)综合研究并加以运用,使机体生物钟成为连接外部环境信号和内部能量代谢的纽带,既能响应外界环境刺激,又能同时调控机体能量代谢进程,从而使各项生理功能得到更好地发挥,这将为蛋鸡的产蛋调控机制研究提供新的视角。     

Calcium, calmodulin, and CaMKII requirement for initiation of centrosome duplication in Xenopus egg extracts

Aberrant centrosome duplication is observed in many tumor cells and may contribute to genomic instability through the formation of multipolar mitotic spindles. Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2) is required for multiple rounds of centrosome duplication in Xenopus egg extracts but not for the initial round of replication. Egg extracts undergo periodic oscillations in the level of free calcium. We show here that chelation of calcium in egg extracts or specific inactivation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) blocks even initial centrosome duplication, whereas inactivation of Cdk2 does not. Duplication can be restored to inhibited extracts by addition of CaMKII and calmodulin. These results indicate that calcium, calmodulin, and CaMKII are required for an essential step in initiation of centrosome duplication. Our data suggest that calcium oscillations in the cell cycle may be linked to centrosome duplication.     

Analysis of Developmental Proteome at Egg Stage of Drone Honeybees （A. m. ligustica）

An investigation on the proteome of drone egg development of native Italian bee （Apis mellifera ligustica Spinola,1806） was carried out in order to prove up the characteristics in protein expression and regulation at egg stage and open out the molecular mechanism of the development. The experiment was carried out by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The results showed that there were 200, 242 and 233 proteins in a wide rang of molecular weight （12.42-169.60 kDa） and in a relatively narrow scope of pI （4.50-9.00） detected on day 1, day 2 and day 3, respectively, during the developmental process of the drone egg. Meanwhile, 164 protein spots were resolved at all the images （i.e., the protein was consistently expressed） along with the egg development, among which 7 were significantly up-expressed （P 〈 0.05） and 4 were significantly down-expressed （P 〈 0.05） while 79 had no significant differences （P 〉 0.05）. In addition, the specific proteins expressing proteins on day 1, day 2 and day 3 were 11, 18 and 18, respectively. Besides, 17 proteins expressed both on day 1 and day 2 but silenced on day 3, and 43 proteins expressed both on day 2 and day 3 but silenced on day 1, while only 8 proteins expressed both on day 1 and day 3 but silenced on day 2. The results indicate that 2-d-old eggs are at the most active expressional stage in the development of drone egg. The protein expressing at all images suggests that it should be indispensable for drone egg development, but their expression pattern is different. The proteins expressing at a specific age of egg suggest that specific proteins are needed in different developmental stages to regulate. And there are more house-keeping proteins in the developmental process of the drone egg than that of worker egg, and it will provide more targets for gene improvement.     

口蹄疫病毒3AB试剂盒的检测及比较

以重组口蹄疫病毒非结构蛋白3AB为检测抗原,研制了口蹄疫病毒非结构蛋白ELISA检测试剂盒,该试剂盒可用于判定被检动物是否感染口蹄疫病毒。重组口蹄疫病毒非结构蛋白3AB作为检测抗原包被酶标板反应孔,以辣根过氧化物酶标记的重组蛋白A/G作为第二抗体,建立了抗非结构蛋白抗体检测的方法。结果表明,在1 746份免疫猪血清中,3AB-ELISA对免疫猪血清的特异性为98.68%;在1 077份健康非免疫猪血清中,3AB-ELISA对健康非免疫猪血清的特异性为98.68%;在36份人工感染猪血清中,3AB-ELISA对阳性检出率为100%。而牛的特异性的各项指标和阳性检出率分别为94.04%,97.96%和100%。猪/牛口蹄疫病毒非结构蛋白酶联免疫吸附试验检测试剂盒与国外同类试剂盒比较,阳性检出率高出12.5个百分点。     

A serological test for leprosy with a glycolipid specific for Mycobacterium leprae

A phenolic glycolipid from Mycobacterium leprae was purified and used as antigen in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antibodies directed against the lipid were seen in serums from leprosy patients but not in serums from uninfected controls or patients infected with other mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The antibody response distinguished between the Mycobacterium leprae lipid and the structurally related phenolic glycolipid from Mycobacterium kansasii. This assay has considerable potential as a specific serodiagnostic test for leprosy infection.     

取食寄主对潜蝇姬小蜂卵成熟和寿命的影响

【目的】阐明取食寄主与潜蝇姬小蜂（Diglyphus isaea）卵成熟和寿命的关系,了解该蜂的生殖生物学,提高该蜂的生殖潜能与人工繁殖效率。【方法】通过解剖潜蝇姬小蜂的卵巢,确定日龄、寄主龄期、取食寄主对卵成熟的影响,通过生物学观察明确取食寄主能否延长雌蜂寿命。【结果】初羽化的潜蝇姬小蜂卵巢内无成熟的卵,补充蜂蜜水后,卵逐渐成熟,羽化5 d后成熟卵量最多,达7.5粒/雌蜂,6 d后雌蜂重吸收体内的卵作为营养物质,未成熟卵数量增多,达3.7粒/雌蜂;提供潜蝇姬小蜂3龄斑潜蝇（Liriomyza sativae）幼虫,24 h后卵巢内成熟卵量和产卵量均最大,分别为5.82和2.85粒;取食3龄寄主后,雌蜂成熟卵量在羽化后3、5、7 d后分别达 6.8、10.3和7.2粒,显著高于取食1龄寄主和蜂蜜的雌蜂;取食对雌蜂的寿命没有显著的影响,取食1龄、3龄寄主雌蜂的平均寿命分别为28.3、29.26 d,取食蜂蜜的雌蜂平均寿命26.8 d,三者间差异不显著。【结论】取食寄主能够增加雌蜂卵巢内成熟卵量,但是取食寄主后雌蜂寿命没有延长。     

家兔血清LDH同工酶电泳分析

利用不连续梯度聚丙烯酰胺圆盘凝胶电泳，对８个家兔品种血清的ＬＤＨ同工酶进行电泳分析表明，家兔血清中的５种ＬＤＨ同工酶酶谱的区带分布具有种的特异性；以Ｂ亚基占优势，Ａ，Ｂ亚基的比率可反映家兔的亲缘关系，并据此对家兔品种组合杂种优势进行了估测。     

丙型肝炎病毒非结构蛋白NS3／4A的研究进展

丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）非结构蛋白NS3共有631个氨基酸组成，具有丝氨酸蛋白酶、三磷酸核苷酶（NTpase）和螺旋酶（Helicase）的功能，在HCV多聚蛋白的成熟和病毒复制过程中发挥着重要作用．非结构蛋白NS4A，其主要功能就是作为NS3丝氨酸蛋白酶的辅助因子，在HCV多氨酸成熟过程中发挥着不可替代的调节作用．此外，NS3／4A还参与NS5A的超磷酸化修饰过程．