人工家养黑熊血清六种无机离子测定

本文测定了26只人工家养中国黑熊血清六种无机离子(钾、钠、钙、氯、磷和镁)的含量。其结果如下黑熊血清钾含量为4.43±0.71 mEq/L,血清钠为143.69±20.62mEq/L,血清钙为11.19±1.24mg/100ml,血清氯为103.97±8.56mEq/L,血清无机磷为5.17±0.65mg/100ml,血清镁为4.54±0.79mEq/L。     

蹄病患牛血清维生素A、D含量的检测分析

本试验采用荧光检测法对重庆市某奶牛场10头蹄病患牛和10头临床健康奶牛血清中维生素A、D含量进行检测分析,旨在了解该牛场奶牛蹄病的发生与血清中维生素A、D水平的关系。结果显示,蹄病患牛血清中维生素A、D含量分别为19.73±2.98μg/DL、1 830.09±46.41μg/DL,而临床健康奶牛血清中维生素A、D含量分别为29.30±0.99μg/DL、2 223.13±95.46μg/DL。蹄病患牛血清中维生素A、D水平均极显著低于临床健康组(P0.01)。检测结果表明:血清中维生素A、D水平过低可能是导致该奶牛场蹄病发生的原因之一。     

涿州市奶牛腐蹄病与矿物元素的关系调查

腐蹄病是奶牛常见的肢蹄病,对奶牛养殖业影响巨大。本文随机抽取涿州市5个奶牛场的腐蹄病奶牛50头,并选取50头健康奶牛作为对照,分别对其蹄角质和血清中的主要矿物元素进行了检测。结果表明:腐蹄病患牛血清中Zn的含量升高,Co、Cd的含量降低;Cr的含量升高,蹄角质中Fe的含量降低。患病组奶牛血清和蹄角质中Ca、P含量降低,钙磷平均比值降低。说明奶牛腐蹄病的发生与体内矿物元素的含量密切相关,这为该地区奶牛腐蹄病的治疗及预防提供了理论依据。     

奶牛蹄病与微量元素铜、锰、锌关系的研究

为了研究奶牛蹄病与被毛中Cu、Mn、Zn等微量元素的关系，选择26头健康奶牛和26头蹄病奶牛，采用原子吸收法测定每头奶牛被毛中Cu、Mn、Zn等微量元素含量。比较健康组和蹄病组被毛中Cu、Mn、Zn含量的变化。结果发现蹄病组与健康对照组(Ⅱ)中Cu、Mn等元素含量差异极显著，Zn的差异不显著。     

西宁市某奶牛场青年荷斯坦奶牛胰脏功能研究初探

对西宁市某奶牛场 40头 1 0～ 2 2月龄的青年荷斯坦黑白花奶牛的血液、尿液中的肌酐含量和淀粉酶活性 ,进行了测定 ,结果表明所测奶牛的血清肌酐含量为 ( 1 .2 3±收稿日期 :2 0 0 1 -2 -1 2作者简介 :王　凯 (1 963 -) ,男 ,青海畜牧兽医学院教授 ,主要从事兽医临床教学、科研工作。0 .2 8) mg/d L,血清淀粉酶活性为 ( 1 31 .0±33.3)苏氏单位 /1 0 0 m L;尿肌酐的含量为( 2 3.43± 5 .2 4) mg/dl,尿淀粉酶活性为( 5 5 .5± 33.1 )苏氏单位 ;淀粉酶和肌酐清除率 ( CAMS/CCR)比值为 ( 4 .2± 2 .2 ) %     

佛山市某奶牛场荷斯坦奶牛几种与胰脏、肝脏功能有关的生化指标测定

对佛山市某牛场的27头30～84月龄的荷斯坦奶牛几种与胰脏、肝脏有关的生化指标进行了测定。结果所测定奶牛的血清淀粉酶活性为(73.218±6.351)苏氏单位/100mL,血清肌酐含量为(1.068±0.027)mg/dL;尿中淀粉酶活性为(41.423±4.34)苏氏单位/100mL,尿中肌酐含量为(143.048±11.489)mg/dL;淀粉酶和肌酐清除率(CAMS/CCR)比值为(0.69±0.094)%;血清谷草转氨酶(赖氏法)活性为(21.76923±1.58305)卡门氏单位/mL,血清碱性磷酸酶(金氏法)活性为(13.06296±1.1383)金氏单位/100mL,碱性磷酸酶活力保留率为(30.89±4.43)%。     

荷斯坦奶牛蹄病与血清自由基代谢的关系

选择患蹄病的荷斯坦奶牛12头为试验组,并根据产奶量、胎次和泌乳期均相近的原则选择健康奶牛12头为对照组,检测了血清中一氧化氮(NO)、丙二醛(MDA)的含量和超氧歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活力和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)等。结果表明:患蹄病奶牛血清中的MDA、NO显著高于健康牛(P<0.05),SOD、CAT显著低于健康牛(P<0.05),T-AOC也低于健康牛,但组间差异不显著(P>0.05),说明患蹄病的奶牛体内自由基代谢紊乱,其抗氧化能力已经不能有效地清除代谢产生的过量的自由基。     

梅花鹿“晃腰病”的血清微量元素分析

以原子吸收光谱法与极谱法对78只“晃腰病”病鹿血清微量元素进行了检测.结果,其血清Cu含量,雄5.88±1.23μmol/L,雌5.56±1.32μmol/L,与健康鹿相比,显著降低(P<0.01);在整个病程中,血清Cu含量随着病程的延长而逐渐下降;血清Fe含量,雄31.64±5.74μmol/L,雌27.12±6.99μmol/L,明显高于健康鹿(P<0.01),且随着病程的推移而逐渐升高;血清Zn(雄14.54±3.25μmol/L,雌11.62±3.97μmol/L)、Mn(雄0.25±0.05μmol/L,雌0.24±0.06μmol/L)含量显著高于健康鹿(P<0.01);Mo、Co、Cd、As、Ag含量没有显著变化.     

妊娠后期奶牛酮病对静脉血液气体和酸碱值影响的研究

本试验分析了17头妊娠后期患酮病奶牛和19头健康奶牛的十二项颈静脉血液气体和酸碱值指标。结果,酮病奶牛静脉血液气体和酸碱值中,酸碱度、氧分压、缓冲碱、氧饱和度、氧含量五项指标均数与健康奶牛相比无明显变化(p>0.05);而二氧化碳分压(PCO_2)为38.2±12.5mmHg,剩余碱(BE)-1.9±4.3mmol/l,细胞外液剩余碱(BEecf)为-2.7±5.7mmol/l,实际碳酸氢盐(HCO_3~-)为21.5±6.3mmol/l,二氧化碳总量(CO_2tot)为22.6±6.6mmol/l,标准碳酸氢盐(HCO_3~-St)为21.6±4.0mmol/l,标准酸碱度(pHst)为7.346±0.093,以上七项指标均数与健康奶牛相比明显降低(p<0.05),说明妊娠后期奶牛酮病对它们的影响较大,认为可做为综合诊断奶牛酮病和掌握妊娠后期奶牛代谢状态的依据。     

奶牛亚临床酮病血液生化指标分析及糖皮质激素影响肝细胞糖异生作用分子机制的研究

为探究围产期奶牛亚临床酮病血清中生化指标的变化特征，本研究选取2～4胎次荷斯坦围产期奶牛45头，分别在分娩前7 d、分娩当天晨饲前经尾根静脉采血，以血酮检测值<1.2 mmol/L为健康组，≥1.2 mmol/L为酮病组。采用ELISA试剂盒测定分娩前7 d、分娩当天、分娩后7 d、14 d健康组和酮病组奶牛血液中的生化指标。结果显示，酮病组奶牛分娩前7 d和分娩当天血清中皮质醇含量显著高于健康组(P<0.05)；并且酮病组奶牛分娩前7 d血清中β-羟丁酸(BHBA)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)含量显著高于健康组(P<0.05)；酮病组奶牛分娩前后血清中葡萄糖(Glu)、甘油三脂(TG)、极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL-C)、游离脂肪酸(FFA)含量较健康组虽无显著差异，但均高于健康组。分别以0、1×10^-7mmol/L、1×10^-8mmol/L、1×10^-9mmol/L浓度的糖皮质激素(GC)刺激原代分离培养的犊牛肝细胞，作用0、1 h、3 h、6 h、24 h后采用荧光定量PCR检测肝细胞中糖异生相关受体...     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.