不同气候区4种典型地带性植被土壤水文功能比较

以中国生态系统研究网络长期定位观测的西双版纳热带季节雨林、鼎湖山亚热带常绿阔叶林、哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林和长白山阔叶红松林为基础,分析比较4种森林类型土壤水文功能的差异。研究结果表明:土壤容重随土层深度增加而增大,土壤孔隙度、有效含水范围、饱和含水量和月均含水量随土层深度增加而降低;鼎湖山地表径流量及其占总降雨量的比例最大,哀牢山蒸散量及其占总降雨量的比例最大;4种森林类型0~50 cm厚度土壤最大吸水能力为哀牢山>鼎湖山>长白山>西双版纳,蓄水量则为鼎湖山>长白山>哀牢山>西双版纳。     

鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林枯落物层自然含水量的长期动态变化

[目的]枯落物层自然含水量是林地环境特征的重要方面,探究枯落物层自然含水量长期动态及其影响机制对认知森林生态系统的水源涵养功能及森林立地环境变化具有重要意义.[方法]本文以鼎湖山国家级保护区内严格保护下的季风常绿阔叶林为研究对象,按照中国生态系统研究网络台站标准化的观测规范,对森林枯落物层自然含水量长期观测(2005—...     

金鸡林场3种森林群落类型生态特征的对比研究

对信丰县金鸡林场次生常绿阔叶林、杉木人工林和天然马尾松林３森林类型进行了研究。表明，３种森林类型下木层组成结构次生常绿阔叶林最复杂、杉木人工林次之、天然马尾松林最简单、下木层植物种类分别为７８种、４６种和２８种；Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ－Ｗｉｅｎｅｒ物种多亲性指数分别为４．１－４．９，１．４－４．１和０．７－１．９；林分蓄积量杉木人工林最高、次生常绿阔叶林次之、天然马尾松林最一次生绿阔叶要高于杉木人林；枯落     

凝冻灾后林业有害生物监测防治对策

习水县位于贵州省北部，总面积3127．7公顷。地处黔北中山峡谷区，属亚热带季风湿润气候，气候温和、四季分明、雨量充沛、无霜期长，年平均气温13．4℃，降雨量1068．6毫米；地带性植被为中亚热带常绿阔叶林，森林覆盖率（除自然保护区外）为45．15％，乔木林面积105，569．4公顷（其畔瑚淋83，5572公顷、混交林22，0122公顷），竹林26105公顷，     

降水对鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林土壤水氘特征的影响

【目的】分析我国南亚热带鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林土壤水的水分来源、不同强度降水在土壤剖面中的时空运移过程及对各层土壤水的贡献率,为研究降水格局变化下鼎湖山自然保护区森林生态系统水循环过程及区域水资源科学管理等提供科学依据。【方法】利用氘同位素技术,比较不同降水条件下鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林土壤水δD与潜在水源(大气降水、浅层地下水)δD,阐明土壤水的水分来源和降水在土壤剖面中的时空分布特征;运用二元线性混合模型计算不同强度降水对各层土壤水的贡献率。【结果】鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林中土壤水δD介于大气降水δD和浅层地下水δD之间,土壤水主要来源于大气降水和浅层地下水;雨后5天内,小雨(9.8 mm)对0~10 cm表层土壤水贡献率最高(31.2%~44.6%),对10~40 cm深处土壤水贡献率次之(24.2%~32.0%),对40~80 cm深处土壤水贡献率较小(8.3%~15.7%),对80~100 cm深层土壤水贡献率最小(接近于0);雨后5天为中雨(20.0 mm)对0~10 cm表层土壤水贡献率最大(63.3%~78.9%),对10~40 cm深处土壤水贡献率次之(46.9%~74.0%),对40~80 cm深处土壤水贡献率较小(37.9%~63.0%),对80~100 cm深处土壤水贡献率最小(35.8%~47.5%);无论湿季还是干季,大雨(降水量30 mm)后第1天,该次降水可渗透到80 cm以下深层土壤,且对80~100 cm深层土壤水的贡献率高达94.1%。【结论】0~10 cm表层土壤水δD与降水δD变化趋势一致,林中表层土壤水δD主要受降水δD的控制;降水强度越大,降水从土壤表层向深层土壤渗透速度越快,对80~100 cm深处土壤水δD影响越明显,降水对各层次土壤水的贡献率也越大;土壤剖面中土壤水δD的时空变化特征可指示降水在土壤剖面运移过程;无论小雨还是中雨,80 cm以下深层土壤水δD变化幅度较小,表明鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林植被结构对降水在土壤剖面入渗过程具有显著的调控作用。     

莲花山白盆珠自然保护区3种森林土壤养分含量比较

以莲花山白盘珠自然保护区针阔混交林、季风常绿阔叶林和山地常绿阔叶林表层土壤(0~20cm)为对象,测定了土壤pH值及主要养分含量,并应用相关分析法,探究了不同养分间的相关性。结果表明:(1)山地常绿阔叶林土壤pH值显著低于针阔混交林和季风常绿阔叶林;(2)森林土壤有机质、全氮(N)、全磷(P)、速效N、有效P含量在不同森林类型间差异显著:山地常绿阔叶林土壤有机质、全N、全P显著高于针阔混交林和季风常绿阔叶林;针阔混交林土壤速效N含量最高,但有效P含量最低;(3)3种森林土壤全N与全P含量均存在极显著相关性,但其它养分间的相关性随森林类型而异,表明森林类型对土壤养分的影响既有普遍性,又有特异性。     

泾县白华林场杉木苗木立枯病的发生及防治

1 概况 安徽省泾县白华林场属亚热带季风湿润气候区。年平均气温15.7℃,年平均无霜期239.9天,平均年降雨量1553mm。土壤为黄壤、山地黄棕壤。土壤厚度一般40～60cm,局部厚度>100cm。植被为亚热带常绿阔叶林。本场苗圃地育苗时曾发生过杉木立枯病,     

莲花山白盆珠自然保护区 3 种森林土壤养分含量比较

以莲花山白盘珠自然保护区针阔混交林、季风常绿阔叶林和山地常绿阔叶林表层土壤（0~20 cm）为对象,测定了土壤pH 值及主要养分含量,并应用相关分析法,探究了不同养分间的相关性。结 果表明：（1）山地常绿阔叶林土壤pH 值显著低于针阔混交林和季风常绿阔叶林;（2）森林土壤有机质、 全氮（N）、全磷（P）、速效N、有效P 含量在不同森林类型间差异显著：山地常绿阔叶林土壤有机质、 全 N、全P 显著高于针阔混交林和季风常绿阔叶林;针阔混交林土壤速效 N 含量最高,但有效 P 含量最 低;（ 3）3 种森林土壤全N 与全P 含量均存在极显著相关性,但其它养分间的相关性随森林类型而异, 表明森林类型对土壤养分的影响既有普遍性,又有特异性。     

江西金盆山林区天然常绿阔叶林生态系统碳储量研究

【目的】探讨亚热带典型天然常绿阔叶林碳储量及其碳分布格局,以期为常绿阔叶林生态系统碳汇功能评价提供基础数据和理论依据。【方法】以江西省金盆山林区优势树种生态系统生物量研究为基础,结合主要优势树种碳含量实测数据,对金盆山典型常绿阔叶林丝栗栲林、南岭栲林、米槠林的碳储量及碳空间分布格局进行研究,并以这3种林分的碳密度均值计算整个金盆山林区天然常绿阔叶林总碳储量。【结果】金盆山林区丝栗栲林、南岭栲林、米槠林生态系统碳密度分别为294.82、307.63、318.97 t/hm^2,林区生态系统总碳密度为307.14 t/hm^2,林区现存碳总量为2.25×10^6 t;生态系统碳密度分布规律为植被层>土壤层>凋落物层,植被层碳密度分布规律为乔木层>灌木层>草本层,其中乔木层主干的碳密度占56.54%;土壤层碳密度随着土壤层的加深呈下降趋势,40 cm以下土层间的碳密度变化不明显。【结论】金盆山林区常绿阔叶林不同林分间生态系统碳密度差异不显著,生态系统内碳密度有较强的空间分布规律,生态系统碳密度高于我国森林生态系统平均碳密度和多种典型森林类型碳密度,具有较强的碳汇功能。     

菜阳河自然保护区3种森林类型的土壤特性

对设于菜阳河自然保护区3种森林类型的8块监测样地的土壤剖面调查结果得出：3种森林土壤有较明显的差异。季节雨林土壤为粗骨性赤红壤，水热条件好，有机质等养分含量丰富，阳离子交换量较高。山地雨林土壤为紫色赤红壤，总孔隙度达50％，通透性尚好，土壤氮磷钾全量较其他两类土壤低，有机质含量及有效氮磷钾含量与季风常绿阔叶林接近，交换性能较好。季风常绿阔叶林土壤主要为黄色赤红壤，总孔隙度达56％，非毛管孔隙度11．51％，土壤通透性及保肥能力较好。     

Comparison of soil depths between evergreen and deciduous forests as a determinant of their distribution, Northeast Thailand

In several areas in Northeast Thailand, evergreen and deciduous forests coexist under uniform terrain and climatic conditions. We compared depth and physical properties of soils between evergreen and deciduous forests in the Sakaerat Environmental Research Station to clarify what factor determines their distribution. The averaged soil depths were 79 ± 27 cm and 135 ± 58 cm in the deciduous and evergreen forests, respectively. The soils in the deciduous forests were relatively coarser in soil texture than those in the evergreen forests, particularly in the surface layers. The average available water capacity of the solum was lower in the deciduous forest soils (78 mm) than in the evergreen forest soils (123 mm). Compared with the evapotranspiration from the evergreen forest in the study area, the available water capacity of the evergreen forest soil was almost the same as the water deficit during the dry season (November–February), while that of the deciduous forest soil was lower and insufficient to maintain the evapotranspiration. These results suggest that the distribution of deciduous and evergreen forests in the study area was associated with soil water availability, which mainly depends on soil depth.     

滇中华山松人工林的水文特征及水量平衡

根据滇中高原的华山松林集水区径流场连续 3a的降雨和径流观测数据 ,进行了华山松人工林的水文特征及水量平衡的研究。结果表明 :( 1)本区域降水量的季节分配不均 ,湿季 ( 6～ 10月 )降水量占全年的 80 % ,降水量主要由大于 10mm以上的降雨带来 ,且降雨强度大部分小于 5.0mm·h- 1。 ( 2 )集水区年平均降雨量 10 0 5.6mm ,在林冠作用面降雨量的分配中 ,林冠截留雨量 2 10 .6mm ,截留率 2 0 .9% ;穿透过林冠层的降雨 74 5.3mm ,树干茎流量 4 9.7mm ,分别占降雨量的 74 .2 %和 4 .9%。 ( 3)集水区径流的月变化滞后于降雨 ,总径流量 172 .2 9mm ,总径流系数 17.13% ,其中 ,地表径流 8.0 3mm ,地下径流 164.2 6mm ;地表径流主要集中在雨季产生 ,一次性降雨对地表径流的影响显著 (R =0 .91)。 ( 4 )土壤蓄水年变化量 11.2mm ,约占年降水量的 1.1% ,但月变化较大 ;系统水量最大的输出是蒸散 ,每年以气态形式返回大气的水量 82 2 .1mm ,占降水量的 81.8% ;在蒸散的水量中 ,林冠截留雨量的直接物理蒸发量 2 10 .6mm ,占总蒸散量的 2 5.6%。     

Contrasting seasonal leaf habits of canopy trees between tropical dry-deciduous and evergreen forests in Thailand

We compared differences in leaf properties, leaf gas exchange and photochemical properties between drought-deciduous and evergreen trees in tropical dry forests, where soil nutrients differed but rainfall was similar. Three canopy trees (Shorea siamensis Miq., Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) W. Theob. and Vitex peduncularis Wall. ex Schauer) in a drought-deciduous forest and a canopy tree (Hopea ferrea Lanessan) in an evergreen forest were selected. Soil nutrient availability is lower in the evergreen forest than in the deciduous forest. Compared with the evergreen tree, the deciduous trees had shorter leaf life spans, lower leaf masses per area, higher leaf mass-based nitrogen (N) contents, higher leaf mass-based photosynthetic rates (mass-based P(n)), higher leaf N-based P(n), higher daily maximum stomatal conductance (g(s)) and wider conduits in wood xylem. Mass-based P(n) decreased from the wet to the dry season for all species. Following onset of the dry season, daily maximum g(s) and sensitivity of g(s) to leaf-to-air vapor pressure deficit remained relatively unchanged in the deciduous trees, whereas both properties decreased in the evergreen tree during the dry season. Photochemical capacity and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of photosystem II (PSII) also remained relatively unchanged in the deciduous trees even after the onset of the dry season. In contrast, photochemical capacity decreased and NPQ increased in the evergreen tree during the dry season, indicating that the leaves coped with prolonged drought by down-regulating PSII. Thus, the drought-avoidant deciduous species were characterized by high N allocation for leaf carbon assimilation, high water use and photoinhibition avoidance, whereas the drought-tolerant evergreen was characterized by low N allocation for leaf carbon assimilation, conservative water use and photoinhibition tolerance.     

Gap evapotranspiration and drainage fluxes in a managed and a virgin dinaric silver fir–beech forest in Slovenia: a modelling study

The monthly water balance in gaps in a managed Dinaric silver fir–beech forest and a virgin forest remnant located in SE Slovenia was modelled using a capacity water balance model for two growing seasons. Two gaps of different size (ca. 0.07 and 0.15 ha) were selected in each forest and plots for soil moisture monitoring were established in each gap (2–4) and in the surrounding forest (2–3). We report on the modelled actual evapotranspiration (AET) and potential evapotranspiration (PET) and drainage fluxes (DF) from the rooting zone at the plots. Precipitation over the 2001 growing season (May–October) was considerably drier than average and that for 2002 growing season was wetter than average. Modelled AET for the 2001 growing season varied between 88% and 96% of PET for the managed forest plots and between 90% and 100% for the virgin forest plots. The values for the gap plots varied between 87% and 100% at the managed forest site and between 92% and 96% for the gaps in the virgin forest site. Monthly AET values declined to 57–59% of PET at plots in the centre of the gaps in the managed forest site and to 63–74% in the gaps in the virgin forest site (July), indicating that the highest drought stress occurs in gap centres. For 2002 growing season, AET for all plots was 100% of PET. Modelled DF values in 2001 were 13–35% of rainfall for plots in the gap centres and 12–16% for plots in the forest at the managed forest site. On an average, gap DF values were 20% (154 mm) higher than the forest plot values. DF values in 2002 were similar for all plots at the managed forest site, 31–33% of rainfall. At the virgin forest site, 2001 growing season, DF values varied between 12% and 30% of rainfall at the forest plots and between 12% and 32% at the gap plots. In 2002, DF values for all plots in the virgin forest site varied between 24% and 38% of growing season rainfall. The varying development of vegetation and forest in the gaps of the virgin forest remnant resulted in more variable evapotranspiration and DF during the drought year 2001, with values not as clearly related to distance from the gap centre as in the managed forest site.     

湖南第2代杉木幼林的水文学过程及养分动态研究

采用小集水区技术和定位研究方法 ,根据连续 3a观测所取得的数据 ,对湖南会同第 2代杉木幼林的水量平衡和养分元素的地球化学循环进行了研究。结果表明 :该森林生态系统年降雨输入为 1170 6mm ,其中 3 5 3mm以树干茎流形式进入林地 ,占降雨量的 0 3% ,林内穿透水为 10 17 3mm ,占 86 9% ,另外林冠年截留量为 149 77mm ,占年降雨量的 12 8%。以径流形式流出该系统的水量为 42 8 0 5mm ,占年降雨量的 36 5 7% ,其中地表径流和地下径流分别占总径流的 4 31%和 95 6 9%。系统另一输出形式蒸散量为 86 2 6 4mm ,为年降雨量的 6 2 2 %。在该森林生态系统中 ,由降雨输入的N、P、K、Ca、Mg等元素的总量为 5 3 173kg·hm- 2 ·a- 1 ,径流输出量为 42 5 6 3kg·hm- 2 ·a- 1 ,净积累量为 10 6 10kg·hm- 2 ·a- 1 。与稳定态的第 1代杉木林相比 ,第 2代杉木幼林的林冠截留量成倍减少 ,地表径流、地下径流量和径流总量都高于第 1代杉木林 ,其涵养水源的能力相对较弱 ,抵抗外界干扰的能力比稳定态的第 1代杉木林差。从生物循环来看 ,第 2代杉木幼林的养分存留量大 ,表明第 2代杉木幼林将从土壤中吸收的养分大量地保存在林木中 ,造成土壤中养分的逐渐减少 ,维持持久的林地生产力应引起重视。第 2代杉木幼林     

Impact of soil drought on sap flow and water status of evergreen trees in a tropical monsoon forest in northern Thailand

Hill evergreen forest is the dominant vegetation type in northern Thailand. In this region, there is higher atmospheric evaporative demand and lower soil moisture during the 5- to 7-month dry season than in the rainy season under influences from Asian monsoons. In an earlier study we revealed that canopy-scale transpiration is actively maintained even during the latter part of the dry season in hill evergreen forest. However, the impact of soil drought on tree water use was not investigated. To clarify the ecohydrological processes at this site, we used individual tree-scale measurements during a 2-year period to base our examination of whether limited water use in individual trees is caused by soil drought in the latter part of the dry season. Sap flow and water potential measurements were conducted in four evergreen trees, two large emergent trees 29.8 and 25.4 m high, and two smaller understory trees 4.8 and 1.4 m high.The amount of rainfall preceding the late dry season of 2004 was significantly less than that preceding the late dry season of 2003. Although a distinct decrease in sap-flow velocities in individual trees due to soil water stress was not found in the late dry season of 2003, it did become comparatively apparent in the late dry season of 2004; ranging from 10 to 40% for a given atmospheric evaporative demand. Furthermore, the reductions in sap-flow velocities and predawn stem-water potential were most significant in the smallest tree. The recovery of sap-flow velocities and water potential in the smallest tree after irrigation confirmed that the reductions in sap-flow velocity and predawn stem-water potential in the smallest tree were caused by soil drought. These results suggest that shallower roots could be reason for the significant decrease in water use in the smallest trees. The deeper roots of larger trees could be the reason for the reduced impact of soil drought on water use in larger trees, and canopy-scale transpiration might be maintained by larger trees, even in an unusually severe drought. These possibilities provide a new insight for management of evergreen forests under Asian monsoon influences.     

Seasonal dynamics of water use efficiency of typical forest and grassland ecosystems in China

We selected four sites of ChinaFLUX representing four major ecosystem types in China—Changbaishan temperate broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest (CBS), Dinghushan subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest (DHS), Inner Mongolia temperate steppe (NM), and Haibei alpine shrub-meadow (HBGC)—to study the seasonal dynamics of ecosystem water use efficiency (WUE = GPP/ET, where GPP is gross primary productivity and ET is evapotranspiration) and factors affecting it. Our seasonal dynamics results indicated single-peak variation of WUE in CBS, NM, and HBGC, which were affected by air temperature (Ta) and leaf area index (LAI), through their effects on the partitioning of evapotranspiration (ET) into transpiration (T) (i.e., T/ET). In DHS, WUE was higher at the beginning and the end of the year, and minimum in summer. Ta and soil water content affected the seasonal dynamics of WUE through their effects on GPP/T. Our results indicate that seasonal dynamics of WUE were different because factors affecting the seasonal dynamics and their mechanism were different among the key ecosystems.     

Generation of runoff characteristics over three time periods for four typical forests in Jinyun Mountain, Chongqing City, southwest China

In order to provide a basis for water conservation in the restoration of vegetation for an urban water resource area, we studied the generation of runoff characteristics in four typical forests over three time periods in Jinyun Mountain, Chongqing City, based on the observation data of rainfall and runoff processes during the period 2002–2005. The results show that: 1) Rainfall was distributed evenly during the years 2002–2005. Annual rainfall variability was 4.46% and coefficient of variation was 0.0618. Average monthly rainfall tended towards a normal distribution N (113.8, 4597²). 2) Both precipitation and runoff can be clearly divided into a dry and a wet season. The dry season was from October to March and the wet season from April to September. Most of annual runoff of the four forest stands occurred in the wet season. The surface runoff in the wet season accounted for more than 85% of the annual runoff, and more than 75% of underground runoff. 3) Both peak values of surface runoff and underground runoff occurred in June. The relation between monthly rainfall and surface/underground runoff was fitted by the model W=aP ² + bP + c. The order of annual surface runoff was as follows: Phyllostachys pubescens forest > shrub forest > mixed Pinus massoniana-broadleaf forest > evergreen broad-leaved forest. The annual underground runoff was evergreen broad-leaved forest > mixed Pinus massoniana-broadleaf forest > Phyllostachys pubescens forest > shrub forest. 4) Under similar rainstorms events, the order of the surface runoff coefficient was: evergreen broad-leaved forest < mixed Pinus massoniana-broadleaf forest < shrub forest < Phyllostachys pubescens forest. The underground runoff coefficient was: evergreen broad-leaved forest > mixed Pinus massoniana-broadleaf forest > Phyllostachys pubescens forest > shrub forest. The relation between rainstorms and surface runoff was fitted by the linear relationship: Q = mp − n. Both mixed Pinus massoniana-broadleaf forest and evergreen broad-leaved forest have better flood regulation effects on an annual and monthly basis and per individual rainstorm. The function of Phyllostachys pubescens forest is the worst on all three bases. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2008, 30(4): 103–108 [译自: 北京林业大学学报]     

Transport,storage and mobilization of nitrogen by trees and shrubs in the wet/dry tropics of northern Australia

Xylem sap from woody species in the wet/dry tropics of northern Australia was analyzed for N compounds. At the peak of the dry season, arginine was the main N compound in sap of most species of woodlands and deciduous monsoon forest. In the wet season, a marked change occurred with amides becoming the main sap N constituents of most species. Species from an evergreen monsoon forest, with a permanent water source, transported amides in the dry season. In the dry season, nitrate accounted for 7 and 12% of total xylem sap N in species of deciduous and evergreen monsoon forests, respectively. In the wet season, the proportion of N present as nitrate increased to 22% in deciduous monsoon forest species. These results suggest that N is taken up and assimilated mainly in the wet season and that this newly assimilated N is mostly transported as amide-N (woodland species, monsoon forest species) and nitrate (monsoon forest species). Arginine is the form in which stored N is remobilized and transported by woodland and deciduous monsoon forest species in the dry season. Several proteins, which may represent bark storage proteins, were detected in inner bark tissue from a range of trees in the dry season, indicating that, although N uptake appears to be limited in the dry season, the many tree and shrub species that produce flowers, fruit or leaves in the dry season use stored N to support growth. Nitrogen characteristics of the studied species are discussed in relation to the tropical environment.     

庆元林场阔叶林主要类型生物量测定及其评价

根据样地调查获得的数据,选择已建立的各种相关生物量预测模型进行统计,对千岗坑林区分别不同的阔叶林类型进行生物量的测定研究,结果表明,4个主要类型由于树种组成和林龄的不同,其直径分布变异较大,在生物量上阔杉混交林生物量最高达337.3t/hm2,常绿与落叶阔叶林的生物量最低为166.0t/hm2,在各类型的生物量组分中,树干组分的比例最大,其次为枝,再次是根,最低是叶。而生态功能的强弱序列为常绿阔叶林>常绿与落叶阔叶混交林>阔松混交林>阔杉混交林,木材生产能力的大小序列为阔杉混交林>阔松混交林>常绿阔叶林>常绿与落叶混交林。