Antibacterial,UV protective and ammonia sensing functionalized polyester fabric through <Emphasis Type="Italic">in situ</Emphasis> synthesis of cuprous oxide nanoparticles

In this research, a facile and cost effective method is presented for in-situ synthesis of cuprous oxide nanoparticles on polyester fabric along with surface modification by using one pot wet chemical method at boil. Copper sulfate (CuSO₄), sodium hypophosphite (SHP) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) were used as precursor, reducing agent and stabilizer, respectively. Further, monoethanolamine (MEA) was used as pH adjustment and also modifier of polyester surface introduced amide and hydroxyl functional groups on the fabric. The images of FESEM, mapping, patterns of EDX, UV-visible absorbance spectrum, FTIR analysis and X-ray diffraction pattern confirmed the successful processing. The treated samples showed excellent antibacterial properties (100 %) toward both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli pathogen bacteria. Also, the results of cytotoxicity test proved no harmful effects on the human dermal fibroblasts for the treated sample with the lower concentration of the materials having white color with good antibacterial activities. The treated samples also indicated very good UV protection properties as well as improved wettability and mechanical properties. They are also sensitive to ammonia through immediate color change when contacted with ammonia solution. The above mentioned processing method can be used for production of polyester fabric with multifunctional properties for using in the various textile industries.     

Simultaneous synthesis of nano ZnO and surface modification of polyester fabric

In this study, synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles was carried out along with the hydrolysis of polyester fabric using sodium hydroxide to increase the surface activity and enhance the nanoparticles adsorption. The polyester fabrics were treated with zinc acetate and sodium hydroxide at different bath conditions, ultrasound and stirrer, resulting in formation of ZnO nanospheres and ZnO nanorods. The presence of zinc oxide with different shapes on the surface of the polyester fabrics was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Also, the X-ray diffraction patterns established the composition of wurtzite structure of zinc oxide. The self-cleaning property of treated polyester fabrics was evaluated through discoloring dye stain under sunlight irradiation. The antibacterial activities of the samples against two common pathogenic bacteria including Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were also assessed. The results indicated that the photocatalytic and antibacterial activities of the ultrasound treated polyester fabrics were superior compared to the stirrer treated samples.     

Preparation of electroconductive,magnetic, antibacterial,and ultraviolet-blocking cotton fabric using reduced graphene oxide nanosheets and magnetite nanoparticles

The main goal of present study was the fabrication of cotton fabric with special functions, including electrical conductivity, magnetic, antibacterial, and ultraviolet (UV) blocking. In this regard, the cotton fabric was primarily coated with graphene oxide and then reduction of graphene oxide and synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles accomplished in one step. The alkaline hydrolysis of magnetite precursors and reduction of graphene oxide was simultaneously performed using sodium hydroxide to produce reduced graphene oxide/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite on the fabric surface. The prepared cotton fabrics were characterized with field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The treated fabrics with reduced graphene oxide/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite displayed a low electrical resistivity i.e. 80 kΩ/sq. Furthermore, the coated fabrics showed reasonable magnetic properties due to the presence of magnetite nanoparticles on the surface of cotton fabrics. Moreover, this process imparted proper antibacterial properties and UV blocking activity to cotton samples.     

Multifunctional modification of wool fabric using graphene/TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> nanocomposite

In this study, a new finishing technique is introduced through treatment of wool fabric with graphene/TiO₂ nanocomposite. Graphene oxide/titanium dioxide nanocomposite first applied on the wool fabric by hydrolysis of titanium isopropoxide in graphene oxide suspension and then this coating chemically converted by sodium hydrosulfite to graphene/TiO₂ nanocomposite. The homogenous distribution of the graphene/TiO₂ nanocomposite on the fiber surface was confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray mapping. X-ray diffraction patterns proved the presence of titanium dioxide nanoparticles with a crystal size of 127 Å on the treated wool fabric. Also, the defect analysis based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) established the composition of the nanocomposite. Other characteristics of treated fabrics such as antibacterial activity, photo-catalytic self-cleaning, electrical resistivity, ultraviolet (UV) blocking activity and cytotoxicity were also assessed. The treated wool fabrics possess significant antibacterial activity and photo-catalytic self-cleaning property by degradation of methylene blue under sunlight irradiation. Moreover, this process has no negative effect on cytotoxicity of the treated fabric even reduces electrical resistivity and improves UV blocking activity.     

Adhesion and durability of Cu film on polyester fabric prepared by finishing treatment with polyester-polyurethane and aqueous acrylate

To improve adhesion and wear durability at the interface between copper (Cu) film and polyester fabric, the Cu-coated polyester fabric was treated by two commercial solutions of polyester-polyurethane (PP) and aqueous acrylate (AC) as finishing process respectively. Both finishing agents with 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, 20 %, 25 %, 30 %, 35 % and 40 % concentrations were coated on the Cu-coated fabrics by a padding method in this study. The surface morphologies of the coated polyester fabric before and after finishing were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The adhesion of Cu-coated film before and after the finishing treatments was measured with scotch tape method; the durability was evaluated by colorfastness to washing, crocking and perspiration. Additionally, Ultraviolet (UV) shielding, water repellency and CIE L*a*b of the Cu-coated polyester fabric before and after the finishing treatments were determined. The Cu-coated polyester fabric has a high adhesion property of the 5 level, colorfastness to washing, wet crocking and perspiration of the Cu-coated fabric were obviously enhanced to level 5, level 4-5 and level 3-4. Meanwhile, The Cu-coated polyester fabric kept an excellent UV protection with UPF value over 68 after finishing treatment with PP and AC. The results demonstrate the finishing treatment with the PP presented effectively in durability performance than the AC for the Cu-coated polyester fabric.     

Fabrication of electromagnetic shielding polyester fabrics with carboxymethyl chitosan-palladium complexes activation

Electromagnetic shielding polyester fabrics were prepared using carboxymethyl chitosan-palladium (CMCS-Pd) complexes as activation solution, followed by electroless nickel plating. CMCS-Pd complexes were prepared by the complexing adsorption between CMCS and Pd²⁺. The effects of reaction time and pH value on the adsorption of Pd²⁺ by CMCS were discussed. The maximum adsorption capacity was calculated as 4.27 mmol/g. CMCS-Pd complexes were characterized by ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometer and Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The induction time of electroless plating decreased gradually with the increase of Pd²⁺ concentration. The lowest surface resistance 125 mΩ/sq of the treated polyester fabric was obtained when Pd²⁺ concentration in CMCS-Pd complex was 1.5 g/l. The prepared polyester fabrics had excellent electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (SE) of 40–60 dB. The treated polyester fabrics were also characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results showed that CMCS-Pd was effective to form an active catalyzed layer on polyester substrate and the 1.5 g/l Pd²⁺ was sufficient to initiate electroless nickel plating reaction. The CMCS-Pd complex activation and electroless nickel plating treatment caused small changes in the polyester fabrics’ tensile strength and air permeability.     

Synthesis of a dodecylphenylsiloxane oligomer resin/silica nanocomposite and its application to cotton fabrics

A novel dodecylphenylsiloxane oligomer resin/nanocomposite (PHDESR-SiO₂) was prepared by graft copolymerization between dodecyl modified phenylsiloxane resin with pendent epoxy groups (PHDESR) and amino-functionalized silica nanoparticles (BTEPA-SiO₂). PHDESR-SiO₂ was then used to prepare a super hydrophobic surface on cotton fabric by a facile solution-immersion process method. Chemical structures, chemical compositions, wettability, surface morphology, and thermal properties were investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum (FT-IR), ¹H-NMR spectrum, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), static contact angle analyzer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Particle size distribution (PSD) and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that the target product PHDESR-SiO₂ has an anticipative structure with many micro/nanostructure tubercles, a cross-linked network hydrophobic organosilicon resin film and many clusters of cylindrical dodecyl molecular brushes. This created super hydrophobic structure on the surface of the treated cotton fabrics. XPS analysis indicated that the long carbon chain groups had a slight tendency to enrich the film-air interface. In addition, PHDESR-SiO₂ can provide good hydrophobicity for the treated fabric. As the dose of PHDESR-SiO₂ increased, the hydrophobicity of the treated fabric enhanced and consequently the water static contact angle reached 152.5 °. This had little influence on the softness, color, and gas permeability of the fabrics. This makes it slightly stiff at high doses, and the super-hydrophobic cotton fabric also had good launderability.     

Microstructure and properties of Ni-Fe3O4 composite plated polyester fabric

In this study, electroless Ni-Fe₃O₄ composite plating on polyester fabric modified with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) was investigated under ultrasonic irradiation. Effects of deposit weight on microstructure and properties of Ni-Fe₃O₄ composite coating were studied. Surface morphology, chemical composition and state, crystal structure of the electroless Ni-Fe₃O₄ composite plated polyester fabric were characterized by SEM, EDX, XPS and XRD. Magnetic properties, electrical resistivity and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SE) of Ni-Fe₃O₄ plated polyester fabric were also evaluated. The presence of co-deposition of Fe₃O₄ in Ni coating on the polyester fabric is demonstrated by an XPS analysis. At a higher deposit weight, there is an increase in particle size and saturation magnetization, and a decrease in electrical resistivity with respect to the rise of deposit weight, respectively. As the Ni-Fe₃O₄ weight on the treated fabric is 32.90 g/m², the EMI SE of the Ni-Fe₃O₄ plated polyester fabric arrives 15–20 dB at frequencies that range from 8 to 18 GHz. The results indicate the Ni-Fe₃O₄ plated polyester fabrics are used as super-paramagnetic, conductive and EMI shielding materials.     

Effects of deposition parameters of electroless copper plating on polyester fabric

Properties of electroless copper-plated polyester fabric mainly depend on the plating bath constituents/conditions. The nickel serves to catalyze the copper deposition when hypophosphite is used as a reducing agent. In this study, the effects of deposition parameters including additive NiSO₄ concentration and pH on microstructure and properties of the electroless copper plating on polyester fabric using hypophosphite as a reducing agent were investigated. The results show that at a higher NiSO₄ concentration, the copper content present in the coating decreases whereas the nickel content increases slightly. On the other hand, the copper content present in the coating increases, whereas the nickel content and phosphorus decreases with respect to the rise of pH. The morphology of the copper deposits show that the particle size increase with respect to the rise of NiSO₄ concentration and pH. The XRD patterns indicate that the copper-plated polyester fabrics are crystalline. In addition, there is a decrease in the surface resistance and an increase in the electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SE) with respect to the rise of Ni²⁺ concentration and pH of the solution as a result of gaining a greater weight in the deposits. The results suggest that the copper-plated polyester fabrics have a great potential application as an EMI shielding material.     

Multifunctional polyester fabric using a multicomponent treatment

In this study, multifunctional polyester fabrics with the features of self-cleaning, water and stain repellency, and thermal stability were prepared utilizing a multicomponent system. To this end, both unmodified and alkaline-hydrolyzed modified fabrics were treated with nano TiO₂/citric or maleic acid/sodium hypophosphite/polysiloxane and triethanolamine via a pad-dry-cure method. Surface morphology and color variation of the samples were studied utilizing field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and CIE-Lab system, respectively. Also, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis indicated the content of Ti, P and Si on the surface of fabrics. Thermal stability of the specimen was scrutinized through thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and char yield. Both hydrolysis treatment and silicone softener increased the uptake of the nanoparticles. Also, in a comparison between the utilized carboxylic acids, citric acid demonstrated superior features. Generally, the treated fabrics showed desirable self-cleaning and stain repellency with some enhanced thermal stability.     

Effect of Silver Particle size on color and Antibacterial properties of silk and cotton Fabrics

In this study silver nanoparticles with different particle sizes and hence colors were synthesized on silk and cotton fabrics through reduction of silver nitrate. Particle sizes of the silver colloids were measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The structure and properties of the treated fabrics were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and UV-Vis reflectance spectroscopy. Various characteristics of the treated fabrics including antibacterial activities against a Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and a Gram negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria, color effect, wash and light fastness, water absorption, fabric rigidity, and UV blocking properties were also assessed. The results indicated that the treated fabrics displayed different colors in the presence of silver nanoparticles with different particle sizes and exhibited good and durable fastness properties. Also, the size of the silver particles had a tangible effect on antibacterial activity of treated fabrics and its antibacterial performance was improved by decreasing the size of particles. Moreover, this process imparted significantly UV blocking activity to fabric samples.     

Mechanical properties and crystallization behavior of polypropylene non-woven fabrics reinforced with POSS and SiO2 nanoparticles

PP/POSS and PP/SiO₂ composite non-woven fabrics filled with polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) and SiO₂ respectively using a convenient blending method were prepared through melt-blown process with corona charging. The morphology of the composite fibers and the distribution of POSS and SiO₂ nanoparticles in PP matrix were investigated by field-emission scanning electron microscope (FSEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM), respectively. POSS and SiO₂ can act as nucleating agent and accelerate the crystallization process during nonisothermal cooling. The shear storage modulus G??, loss modulus G??, and complex viscosity ??* of non-woven fabric reduce when 1 wt % POSS was added and increase for PP5/POSS composite non-woven fabric compared with pure PP non-woven fabrics. However, all G??, G?? and ??* of PP/SiO₂ non-woven fabric decrease with increasing SiO₂ content owing to plasticization by SiO₂. Both stress and elongation at break of the PP/POSS melt-blown non-woven fabrics are improved compared with PP non-woven fabrics, however decrease when SiO₂ was added, as compared to the neat PP non-woven fabric. The onset temperature of decomposition for both the PP/POSS and PP/SiO₂ composite non-woven fabrics is higher (5?C10 °C) than pure PP and char content is increased with increasing POSS and SiO₂.     

Application of silver nanoparticles to cotton fabric as an antibacterial textile finish

A novel nano-silver colloidal solution was prepared in one step by mixing AgNO₃ aqueous solution and an amino-terminated hyperbranched polymer (HBP-NH₂) aqueous solution under vigorous stirring at room temperature. All results of Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and UV/Visible Absorption Spectrophotometry indicated that silver nanoparticles had been formed in colloidal solution. Cotton fabric was treated with nano-silver colloid by an impregnation method to provide the cotton fabric with antibacterial properties. The whiteness, silver content, antibacterial activity and washing durability of the silver-treated fabrics were determined. The results indicated that the silver-treated cotton fabric showed 99.01 % bacterial reduction of Staphylococcus aureus and 99.26 % bacterial reduction of Escherichia coli while the silver content on cotton was about 88 mg/kg. The antimicrobial activity of the silver-treated cotton fabric was maintained at over 98.77 % reduction level even after being exposed to 20 consecutive home laundering conditions. In addition, the results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed that silver nanoparticles have been fixed and well dispersed on cotton fabrics’ surface and the major state of the silver presented on the surface was Ag⁰.     

Parametric study of CF4-plasma on the hydrophobicity of polyester synthetic leather

Atmospheric pressure plasma (APP) technology has been proven to be an effective method for improving the hydrophobicity of fabric surface. While many researchers have worked on apparel fabrics, polyester and synthetic leather fabrics, popular in the luxury textile market, have been examined rarely. In this regard, this paper reports the effects of APP treatment using tetrafluoromethane (CF₄) as the polymerizing monomer on hydrophobicity of polyester synthetic leather. The polyester synthetic leather samples were treated under various parameters and hydrophobicity was found to be greatly enhanced under a certain range of treatment conditions. An optimization of the treatment parameters was conducted and the results showed that a hydrophobic surface with a contact angle of 106 ° was achieved, compared to the untreated sample’s 0 °.     

Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles by PNP and its application on the functional finishing of cotton fabrics

This paper presents a facile and novel approach for the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles in aqueous solution based on a one-step reaction between a modified hyperbranched polymer (PNP) and zinc nitrate. The prepared ZnO nanoparticles polymeric hybrid was characterized and its antibacterial activity was investigated. The results indicated that the ZnO nanoparticles have an average size about 6 nm and well dispersed in aqueous medium. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of them was 20 ppm and 60 ppm against S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. For the functional finishing of cotton fabrics by these ZnO nanoparticles, a microwave assisted in situ fabrication method was employed. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements confirmed that the ZnO nanoparticles in situ generated in cotton fabrics successfully. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic investigation demonstrated that the ZnO nanoparticles were fixed on the cotton fibers by PNP. The treated cotton fabrics exhibited excellent UV protective properties and antibacterial activities. When ZnO content of cotton fabric was 1.49 %, the UPF value of treated cotton fabric exceeded 125 and the bacterial reduction rate against S. aureus and E. coli reached 99.97 % and 98.40 %, respectively.     

Evaluating antistatic performance of plasma-treated polyester

Use of low temperature plasma treatment has been attempted in the textile industry and there the has been some success in the dyeing and finishing processes. In this paper, an attempt was made to apply low temperature plasma treatment to improve the antistatic property of polyester fabric. The polyester fabrics were treated under different conditions with low temperature plasma. An orthogonal array testing strategy was employed for obtaining the optimum treatment condition. After low temperature plasma treatment, the polyester fabrics were evaluated with different characterization methods. Under the observation of scanning electron microscope, the surface structure of the polyester fabric treated by low temperature plasma was found to be seriously altered which provided more capacity for polyester to capture moisture and hence increased the static charges dissipation. The relationship between moisture content and half-life decay time for static charges was studied and the results showed that the increase in moisture content would result in shortening of the time for static charges dissipation. Moreover, the antistatic property of the low temperature plasma treated polyester fabric was greatly improved. In addition, the antistatic property of the polyester fabric treated by low temperature plasma was compared with that of the polyester fabric treated with a commercial antistatic finishing agent.     

Surface pretreatment of polyester fabric for ink jet printing with radio frequency O2 plasma

Plasma treatment of textiles is becoming more and more popular as a surface modification technique. It not only changes the outermost layer of a material without interfering with the bulk properties but also offers the advantage of greater chemical flexibility to obtain multifunctional textiles. Inkjet printing is becoming increasingly important and popular for the printing of textiles. When polyester fabric is inkjet printed with pigment-based inks, the printed patterns have poor color yield and easily bleeding. As a result, the fabric requires pretreatment prior to the stage of ink-jet printing. In the present study the polyester fabric was printed with magenta pigment ink after radio frequency O₂ plasma surface-treatment. At such condition, polyester fabric could obtain the effects of features with enhanced color yield and excellent pattern sharpness. The results showed that there were better patterns when the polyester fabric was treated for 9 min at a working pressure of 40 Pa and a working power 80 W. SEM images indicated that radio frequency oxygen plasma induced modifications to the surface of polyester fabric with more micro pits. Water absorption time measurement showed that the hydrophilicity of polyester fabric was remarkably improved after treatment. Anti-bleeding performance of the fabric was improved greatly, too. Therefore, radio frequency O₂ plasma treatment with the ink-jet printing technique could improve the final printed properties of polyester fabric.     

Improving Application Performance of <Emphasis Type="Italic">in situ</Emphasis> Polymerization and Crosslinking System of Maleic Acid/Itaconic Acid for Cotton Fabric

Maleic acid (MA) and itaconic acid (IA) used as crosslinking agents for cotton fabrics are more cost-effective than the most efficient nonformaldehyde crosslinker 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA), but poor stability of finishing bath and fabric yellowing are the main disadvantage of MA/IA in situ polymerization and crosslinking system. In this research, the application performance improvement of MA/IA crosslinking system for cotton fabrics was studied. Replacement of the widely used sodium hypophosphite (SHP) with potassium hypophosphite (PHP) as catalyst allowed for obtaining a stable finishing bath under ambient temperature and led to improved final durable press (DP) performance of the treated fabrics. The influences of PHP concentration, curing temperature, and curing time on the performance of finished fabrics were investigated. Cotton fabrics treated by MA/IA/PHP crosslinking system exhibited comparable DP performance and laundering durability to that finished with BTCA. To address the fabric yellowing problem, the residual MA and IA attached on the treated fabrics by single-ended ester linkage was determined by HPLC. The data indicated that the degree of fabric yellowing was linearly related to the unpolymerized carboxylic acid MA and IA concentration on the treated fabrics. Several approaches were explored to improve the whiteness of MA/IA/PHP crosslinked fabrics. It was found that steam drying with 30-50 % humidity could effectively improve fabric whiteness. The findings of this study have significant implications for better application of unsaturated polycarboxylic acids in crosslinking of cellulose.     

Durable multifunctional properties on acrylic fabric using nano TiO2 and polysiloxane

Producing fabric with multifunctional properties has been recently a center of research and utilizing nanoparticles is an efficient approach to gain this purpose. Here, nano TiO₂ photo catalyst and polysiloxane softener were utilized as stabilizer on the acrylic fabric to obtain soft handle, hydrophilic, and self-cleaning features on the fabric. The effect of various concentrations of nano TiO₂ and polysiloxane on the fabric handle, water droplet absorption time, and self-cleaning properties of the fabric has been mathematically modeled based on the response surface methodology (RSM). The optimized treatment conditions indicated that treated acrylic fabric with 2.19 % polysiloxane and 0.68 % nano TiO₂ produced the rigidity of 26.8 g.cm, water absorption time of 15.8 s and self-cleaning of ΔE _T *=18.1. Also increasing the concentration of polysiloxane enhanced both wettability and photoactive properties of nano TiO₂ treated acrylic fabrics. Further, the nano TiO₂/polysiloxane treated acrylic fabrics is significantly enable to absorb the light with wavelength lower than 400 nm and improve discoloration of C.I. Reactive Yellow 1.     

In situ loading TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> and its photocatalysis and UV resistance on cotton fabric

Anatase TiO₂ nanoparticles was in-situ formed on the cotton fabric by using tetrabutyl titanate (TBT) as a precursor through the normal pressure hydrothermal method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV visible spectra (UV-VIS), ATR-IR were used as the characterization techniques. Photocatalytic performance of TiO₂ on the fabric surface was evaluated by methylene blue (MB), 4 kinds of the common living stains and three dyes under ultraviolet and visible light radiation. XRD analysis found that the TiO₂ loaded on the fabric was mainly anatase crystalline phase with particle size of 6.4 nm. SEM observed that a large number of nano TiO₂ particles are distributed on the fabric surface. UV-VIS test indicated that theTiO₂-coated fabric possessed an obvious absorption for ultraviolet. ATR-IR analysis indicated that the nano-TiO₂ possesses a strong affinity with the hydroxyl group of the cotton fabric, and the soaping tests showed that the TiO₂ was firmly bonded with the fabrics. The treated fabrics have good degradation ability for MB aqueous solution, and could degrade azo, anthraquinone and phthalocyanine dyes. The order of degradation of the common life stains was: pepper oil> tea > coffee > soy sauce.