火炬松纸浆材优良家系多性状选择

对６年生火炬松自由授粉子代测定林进行了生长、材性和干形等性状的遗传参数估算和相关关系分析。树高、木材基本密度在家系间存在极显著差异，且具有较高的遗传力，胸径、材积、干材干重和管胞长度具中度遗传力，树干通直度和分枝性状未发现显著的家系间差异。干材干重与生长性状呈高度正相关，与木材基本密度呈微弱的负相关，而与管胞长度呈负相关。以浆材为选择目的进行家系指数选择，认为包含产量（干材干重）和质量（木材基本密     

Juvenile genetic parameter estimates for vigour,stem form,branching habit and survival in three radiata pine (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus radiata</Emphasis> D.Don) progeny tests in Galicia,NW Spain

Individual and family heritabilities, as well as phenotypic and genetic correlations were estimated 2 and 3 years after plantation, in progeny tests carried out in plantations of open-pollinated Pinus radiata D.Don progeny located at three different sites in Galicia (NW Spain). The following factors were considered: survival, growth (free growth, height, diameter, volume, height/diameter ratio), form (number of branches, number of whorls, number of branches per whorl, number of branches per tree height meter, number of ramicorn branches, diameter of the thickest branch, internode length, branch angle, stem straightness, stem sinuosity, number of forks) and resistance (frost and insect resistance). Each plantation contained 50 female parents that had been selected as plus trees in genetically unimproved plantations in Galicia, as well as 6 female parents selected from the radiata pine breeding programme in the Basque Country (northern Spain) and two commercial lots of seed from Galicia, as controls. Individual heritabilities varied from low to high levels for each trait studied. Family heritabilities followed similar trends for individual heritabilities, but were of much greater magnitude. The results suggested that all traits except the number of branches per whorl and insect resistance could be expected to respond to selection based on individual performance. The less heritable traits could be improved by progeny testing. Height and diameter were strongly and positively correlated, and both traits were also correlated with the number of branches, the number of whorls and the branch diameter. The results are compared with previously published data and discussed in relation to the implications for breeding activities.     

红锥1.5代改良种子园无性系生长和形质性状变异分析

对红锥(Castanopsis hystrix) 1.5代改良种子园42个无性系共951个单株的生长和形质性状进行调查和变异规律研究.结果表明,8个性状的变异系数为25％～47％,平均变异系数为32.6％.无性系间在生长和形质性状上的差异达显著和极显著水平(P＜0.05),无性系间的方差分量为0.04～13.15.树高、胸径、冠幅、分枝角度、分枝数和分枝粗细的重复力介于0.23～0.34之间,表明它们在单株水平上受到中等水平的遗传控制.生长和形质性状相关分析表明,除通直度与冠幅、分枝数相关系数以及分枝粗细与分枝角度相关系数较低外,各性状间存在着不同程度的相关性.采用遗传值综合评分法筛选出6个优良无性系:28、3、4、23、33和22,这6个优良无性系的胸径比42个无性系总体平均值高出24.11％.     

马尾松实生种子园自由授粉子代测定及亲本家系选择增益估算

以福建省白砂国有林场的马尾松实生种子园自由授粉子代测定林为材料,分析了5、6年生家系生长量(树高、胸径及材积)及形质指标(通直度、冠幅及侧枝粗度)的遗传变异规律,估算了各性状的遗传力。结果表明,材积、胸径、树高生长性状及冠幅、通直度、侧枝粗度等形质指标在家系间和家系内均存在显著的遗传差异,且家系内变异大于家系间。家系、单株遗传力分别在0.493 0.731、0.080 0.199之间。利用最佳线性预测的单性状(材积)及多性状联合(材积、冠幅、侧枝粗度及通直度)估算了6年生家系育种值。分析了材积单性状选择方式、多形状联合选择以及冠幅约束选择在不同入选率下亲本家系的预测及现实遗传增益(材积及通直度)的变化规律,结果表明,在等权重条件下,联合材积及通直度指标进行亲本家系选择是最佳选择方式,能够获得相对较高的遗传增益。     

樟树无性系生长与形质性状早期分析

对2012和2013年种植在广东省河源市紫金县的2片樟树（Cinnamomum camphora）无性系林进行调查分析,结果表明,参试无性系保存率达93％以上,不同无性系间树高、地径、冠幅和干形4个性状均存在极显著差异,生长与形质性状的重复力较高,为0．8077-0．9354;树高、地径和冠幅3个生长性状之间极显著相关,但干形与生长指标的相关度随林龄增加呈降低的趋势。建议今后开展樟树无性系选择时应兼顾生长和形质两方面的性状。     

7年生短枝木麻黄优良无性系选择的研究

以海南2个试验点上各含17个无性系的短枝木麻黄无性系为试验材料,进行树高、胸径、单株材积、主干分叉习性、主干通直度和保存率等6个性状的方差分析,并估算出6个性状的遗传相关和遗传力及指数选择等遗传参数。结果表明:无性系和地点的交互作用除了主干分叉习性有显著差异(p0.05)外,其他性状在无性系间差异均极显著(p0.001)。当不考虑无性系和地点互作时,无性系间不同性状的重复力均较高,为0.35 0.85,其中,树高重复力最高,主干分叉习性最低。遗传相关分析结果表明:树高、胸径、单株材积和保存率之间的表型及遗传存在极显著的正相关。树高、胸径、单株材积、主干分叉习性、主干通直度和保存率的平均遗传增益分别为6.5%、4.8%、10.9%、3.7%、1.5%和8.1%,筛选可获得明显的遗传增益。通过Smith-Hazel指数选择并按20%的入选率,选育出编号17、21和20三个优良无性系。     

桉树9个无性系在黔西南的早期生长表现

对9个按树无性系在黔西南州巧马林场的早期生长研究表明：无性系间在7月生树高以及20月和34月生树高、胸径和材积性状上的差异均达0．01显著水平,表明优良无性系选择的潜力较大;各性状广义遗传力介于0．01（D34）～0．22（H20）之间,表明早期生长性状受较低程度的遗传控制;相同林龄的生长性状间表型相关系数和遗传相关系数均较大,而7月生树高与后期生长的相关性随林龄增加而减小。初步选出DH32．29、GL-9和1-082为速生的优良无性系。     

Growth and Survival of Drip-Irrigated Hybrid Poplar in the Semi-Arid Four Corners Region

Abstract

Rapid growth rates and versatility have made hybrid poplar (Populus L.) a common choice to fulfill timber and pulp needs in temperate regions with adequate precipitation. Hybrid poplar production in drier regions has recently received interest as an irrigated source of cut logs and shredded fiber. Ten hybrid poplar clones were selected from nurseries in Washington and Oregon to determine their growth potential and water-use requirements on a calcareous soil at the NMSU Agricultural Science Center in Farmington, NM. Planted in May 2002, the clones were evaluated for survival growth characteristics over two seasons. Clones 50-194 and 184-411 had poor survival and were not continued during the 2003 season. Clone OP-367 had low chlorosis ratings, the greatest height (4.16 m), basal diameter (9.16 cm), diameter at breast height (4.65 cm) and wood volume (2.87 m³ ha^-1) during both seasons. A range of responses to environmental conditions of the Four Corners region was exhibited. Mid-season leaf greenness, as determined with a SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter, was a good predictor of growth characteristics. OP-367 appeared to be a potential candidate for inclusion in drip-irrigated wood production strategies for this and other arid/semi-arid regions of the world.     

Field performance of ten clones and two sizes of planting stock of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus deltoides</Emphasis> on the Indo-gangetic plains of India

A study was conducted from 1996 to 2001 on well drained sandy loam soils in the central plain region of Punjab to determine the effect of initial size of planting stock and clones of poplar (Populus deltoides) on their height, diameter and volume growth. Two categories of planting stock viz. large size (height >4.7 m and collar diameter >4.2 cm) and small size (height 2.5–4.3 m and collar diameter 2.5–4.0 cm) of ten poplar clones were used for the experiment using a completely randomized design with single tree plots and ten replications. The large sized stock attained significantly greater diameter and volume growth at all ages than those of small size, whereas, the superiority of the former in plant height was only up to 3 years of age. The respective differences for diameter and volume between the stock sizes decreased from 11.7 and 27.96% at 3 years to 4.9 and 11.42% at 5 years of age. Significant differences were observed among clones for all the growth parameters. Clones G-48, 3167, WSL-31 and WSL-38 exhibited the highest growth.     

Quantitative Estimation of Genetic Variability in Morphological Characteristics of Eastern Cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr.) Clones

The study was carried out to analyze the genetic variability for different growth parameters in poplar clones at the age of 2 and 3 yr in the nursery. Forty-nine exotic and indigenous clones of poplar were evaluated for eight morphological traits. Clones were planted in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications with four clones in a block in each treatment. Observations for different characters were recorded on six selected competitive clones per genotype. Results showed a high interclonal variability for most parameters. Statistically significant differences among clones indicated that the majority of study characters are controlled by genetic factors, specific to each clone. Highly significant genotypic difference supported by wide range of variation of mean and range values were observed for the characters under study. Significant and positive correlation was observed between diameter at breast height (DBH) and plant height. Leaf lamina length showed positive and significant correlation with petiole length, total leaf length, leaf width, and L/B ratio. Total leaf length showed positive and significant correlation with leaf width and L/B ratio. High estimates of heritability (in a broad sense) were observed for almost all characters in the study. High genetic advance expressed as percent of mean was recorded for petiole length (60.90), followed by plant height (60.78) and collar diameter (44.19) at 2 yr. At the age of 3 yr, genetic advance was found maximum for petiole length (60.05), followed by collar diameter (47.62) and plant height (45.29). The efforts for selecting new clones and their field-testing must continue under a long-term improvement plan so that the best clones can be recommended for plantations and hybridization programs.     

粤西地区西南桦优良无性系早期选择

对粤西地区27个3 a 生西南桦（Betula alnoides）无性系进行调查测定,分析其生长和干形因子的差异,应用相对排序法进行综合评价,进而初步筛选优良无性系。结果表明,27个西南桦无性系间胸径、树高、冠幅和干形等级均呈极显著差异(P<0.01),其均值分别为4.96 cm、4.32 m、2.58 m 和1.78;4个性状的变异系数为18.86%~40.88%,重复力为0.08~0.24。通过综合评价筛选出 FB2、A13、B1、Q2、Q4和 FB4共6个生长较为迅速、树干通直且较为圆满的西南桦优良无性系,其胸径、树高和冠幅均值分别比群体均值高7.62%、8.08%和5.50%,其干形等级值低18.87%,这些无性系可在粤西、桂东等地区推广应用。     

不同藏川杨无性系1年生苗期生长差异比较

从西藏川藏公路沿线收集300个藏川杨优株的穗条,以黑杨为砧木进行嫁接,经扦插繁育后形成114个无性系,通过对1年生的藏川杨无性系生长性状和叶片性状的测定分析,结果表明,藏川杨无性系间苗高和地径差异极显著,无性系间生长差异大,选择潜力大。结合苗高和地径主要苗期生长性状,选择出11个生长快速的无性系,并发现藏川杨不同无性系间分枝习性、叶片性状存在丰富的遗传变异。以叶片、叶柄、分枝等性状为参数,当欧氏距离阈值为10时,可将藏川杨无性系分为6类。     

Genetic parameters of growth and wood quality traits in Picea abies

Genetic parameters were estimated for wood and growth traits in two 19-yr-old clonal trials and a 40-yr-old full-sib progeny trial of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.]. In the clonal trials high (>0.4) broad-sense heritabilities were found for wood density traits, lignin content, number of internal cracks, growth traits, spiral grain and number of resin canals. Moderate (0.2–0.4) heritabilities were found for tracheid lumen diameter and cell wall thickness, microfibril angle and tracheid length, while low heritabilities (<0.2) were found for pulp yield, fibre strength, wood stiffness and wood colour. Lignin content and pulp yield showed low genetic variation, whereas the genotypic coefficient of variation for most other traits ranged between 5 and 15%. Most traits showed low levels of genotype by environment interaction. Among the wood properties, latewood proportion, earlywood density and ring density showed significant, adverse correlations with volume in both clonal trials.     

Variation and selection analysis of Pinus koraiensis clones in northeast China

Understanding genetic variation is important for efficiently selecting excellent clones and utilizing genetic resources during tree breeding. We investigated 16 growth traits of 50 32-year-old Pinus koraiensis clones. Analyses of variance showed that all the test traits differed significantly among clones. Average height, diameter at breast height(DBH), and volume of all clones were 10.41 m, 21.30 cm,and 0.148 m3, respectively. Phenotypic coefficients of variation and repeatabilities of traits ranged from 4.37 to48.03% and from 0.013 to 0.900, respectively. There exists significant positive correlations among heights, diameter at different heights(1.3, 3.0, 5.0 m), and volumes; genetic correlation was close to phenotype correlation. Using four growth traits(height, DBH, volume, average crown width)as indices for a comprehensive evaluation, five clones(PK11, PK 19, PK 04, PK 14, and PK 28), whose traits scored in the top 10%, were selected as elite clones. For these clones,genetic gains in height, DBH, volume and crown height were 8.58, 13.02, 32.72 and 3.83%, respectively. These results provide important information for improving P.koraiensis breeding programs.     

不同基因型细叶桉生长特征的变异性

Eighteen clones of Eucalyptus tereticornis (Sm.) were evaluated for three years by adopting randomized block design for various growth parameters at Hoshiarpur, Punjab, India and compared with two checks. Significant variations were recorded for height, diameter at breast height (DBH) and clear bole height (CBH). The broad sense heritability was low to moderate for both height and CBH. The genetic gain for height and CBH increased substantially per se with the increase in age of trees. The average genetic gain for three years was recorded maximum for height (159.60%) followed by DBH (110.97%) and CBH (70.34%). Clone 17 attained maximum DBH over other genotypes for second and third year followed by clones 14 and 11. Clone 5 showed an upward trend for DBH and maintained its superiority for CBH as the age of the tree increased. Similarly, clone 11 changed its ranking from 9th to 8th to 3rd for DBH and from 9th to 4th to 2nd for CBH, respectively for the age of one, two and three years. Nonetheless, clones 6 and 10 performed poorly for all the characters studied. Clones 17, 14 and 5 were found to be the most promising clones for commercial deployment.     

大叶榉树无性系生长性状的早期变异

该文报道了大叶榉树无性系2年生幼林生长测定结果。研究表明,不同无性系树高、胸径、枝下高、冠幅、干形、分枝数、分枝粗、分枝角度等8个性状均有显著差异(P0.05),不同性状的遗传变异系数在4.7%~26.6%之间,性状重复力在0.49~0.89之间。胸径与树高、枝下高之间,冠幅与分枝角度、干形(弯曲度)之间存在显著正相关,树高与分枝粗度之间存在显著的负相关。主成分分析结果显示,无性系性状前4个主成分的贡献率达85.21%,利用主成分得分值进行聚类分析,可将24个无性系划分为4类。以用材为育种目标,初选出"红4"、"桔3"和"黄10"等3个优良无性系。     

黄龙林区引进瑞典能源柳的适应性及生长调查

以黄龙林区引种的8个瑞典能源柳无性系为研究对象,开展了形态学特征、物候、病虫害与日灼、1a生苗木生长量等调查。结果表明,1a生瑞典能源柳无性系扦插苗,以瑞能A、瑞能C和瑞能E高径生长量最大;病虫害和日灼对引种能源柳危害比较小;瑞典能源柳在3月中下旬开始叶芽萌动,展叶期一般为1周左右,多数开花无性系花期超过1月;瑞能2和瑞能4花期长,观赏价值高,更适于作为园林绿化树种;清水浸泡插穗以瑞能A和瑞能成活率最高,分别为96%和93%,其它6个无性系成活率介于73%～89%之间。     

Variation analyses of growth and wood properties of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Larix olgensis</Emphasis> clones in China

The growth traits (tree height, diameter at breast height, and stem straightness degree) and wood properties [wood density (WD), fiber length, fiber width, ash content (AC), lignin content, cellulose content, hemicellulose content (HEC), and holocellulose content] of 208 26-year-old Larix olgensis clones were analyzed. Except for WD and AC, there were significant differences (p < 0.01) for all traits among clones. The phenotypic coefficient of variation and repeatability of all traits were 9.34–35.33% and 0.218–0.930, respectively. Tree height and diameter at breast height showed significant positive correlation; however, the correlation coefficients among growth characteristics and wood properties were mostly not significant. Ten clones (L70, L56, L82, L90, L59, L91, L61, L92, L86, and L64) were selected as excellent clones under a selection rate of 5%, using tree height, diameter at breast height, and stem straightness degree as evaluation indexes, providing genetic gains of 28.69, 17.96, and 0.67%, respectively. Ten clones (L88, L305, L59, L66, L253, L304, L277, L298, L248, and L293) were selected as excellent clones using wood properties as an evaluation index, with a selection rate of 5%, providing genetic gains in WD, fiber length, fiber width, cellulose content, and HEC of 4.14, 3.64, 9.28, 6.77, and 9.61%, respectively. This study provides a theoretical basis for selecting excellent L. olgensis clones.     

Seedling test and genetic analysis of white poplar hybrid clones

Cross breeding strategies are very efficient for gaining new and superior genotypes. Ninety-eight new white poplar hybrid clones produced from 12 cross combinations within the Section Leuce Duby were studied using genetic analysis and seedling tests. We exploited the wide variation that exists in this population and found that the differences among diameter at breast height （DBH）, root collar diameter （RCD） and height （H） were statistically extremely significant. The repeatability of clones of these measured traits ranged from 0.947-0.967, which indicated that these traits were strongly controlled by genetic factors. Based on multiple compari- sons, a total of 25 clones showed better performance in growth than the control cultivar. These 25 clones were from six different cross combinations, which can guarantee a larger genetic background for future new clone promotion projects. This study provides a simple overview on these clones and can guide us to carry out subsequent selection plans.     

Variation and selection analysis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus koraiensis</Emphasis> clones in northeast China

Understanding genetic variation is important for efficiently selecting excellent clones and utilizing genetic resources during tree breeding. We investigated 16 growth traits of 50 32-year-old Pinus koraiensis clones. Analyses of variance showed that all the test traits differed significantly among clones. Average height, diameter at breast height (DBH), and volume of all clones were 10.41 m, 21.30 cm, and 0.148 m³, respectively. Phenotypic coefficients of variation and repeatabilities of traits ranged from 4.37 to 48.03% and from 0.013 to 0.900, respectively. There exists significant positive correlations among heights, diameter at different heights (1.3, 3.0, 5.0 m), and volumes; genetic correlation was close to phenotype correlation. Using four growth traits (height, DBH, volume, average crown width) as indices for a comprehensive evaluation, five clones (PK 11, PK 19, PK 04, PK 14, and PK 28), whose traits scored in the top 10%, were selected as elite clones. For these clones, genetic gains in height, DBH, volume and crown height were 8.58, 13.02, 32.72 and 3.83%, respectively. These results provide important information for improving P. koraiensis breeding programs.