农业部颁布《执业兽医管理办法》等四部动物防疫法配套规章

近日,根据<动物防疫法>规定,农业部孙政才部长签发第16号、第17号、第18号和第19号部长令,颁布<动物诊疗机构管理办法>、<执业兽医管理办法>、<乡村兽医管理办法>和<动物病原微生物菌(毒)种保藏管理办法>等四部规章,自2009年1月1日起施行.     

兽药使用的法律规定

<兽药管理条例>、<兽药产品批准文号管理办法>、<兽药标签和说明书管理办法>等法规规章是兽药生产、经营、使用必须遵守的法律规定.     

《生猪定点屠宰厂(场)病害猪无害化处理管理办法》中值得商榷之处

2008年7月9日商务部、财政部发布<牛猪定点屠宰厂(场)病害猪无害化处理管理办法>(以下简称<办法>),该办法是根据<生猪屠宰管理条例>和国家有关法规而制定的,其目的是防止病害猪产品流入市场.保证上市生猪产品质量安全.并给予病害猪货主无害化处理财政补贴.笔者认为该<办法>有以下几个问题值得商榷.     

新修订的《兽药GMP检查验收办法》发布实施

农业部于2005年4月27日发布农业部第496号公告,为进一步规范兽药GMP检查验收活动,加快兽药GMP实施进程,根据<兽药管理条例>和<兽药生产质量管理规范>,农业部修订了<兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法>(以下简称<办法>),现予以公布,自2005年6月1日施行.原<兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法>(农业部公告第267号)同时废止.     

2008年度全省饲料持证企业备案审查结果公告

按照<饲料和饲料添加剂管理条例>、<饲料添加剂和添加剂预混合饲料生产许可证管理办法>、<动物源性饲料产品安全卫生管理办法>和<饲料生产企业审查办法>的规定,湖南省饲料工业办公室元月8日以"湘饲[2008]1号"文件发出<关于做好2008年度生产许可证、安全卫生合格证和审查合格证备案审查工作的通知>,要求持证企业在4月15日前办理年度备案手续.从3月份开始至4月15日止,对全省2007年底持有生产许可证、安全卫生合格证和审查合格证的企业进行了年度备案审查.     

奶牛的饲养管理规程

参照<内蒙古自治区无公害产地认定管理办法>、<内蒙古自治区无公害产品认定管理办法>及相关农业行业标准,对奶牛生产的环境、品种、饲料、饲养管理、卫生防疫等提出了要求.结合内蒙古包头市奶牛业发展实际,制定<奶牛的饲养管理规程>,对规模养殖场、人工授精站(点)、奶牛专业户进行科学指导.     

浅谈动物防疫检疫收费标准对动检工作的制约与建议

现行的<畜禽及其产品防疫检疫收费管理办法及收费标准>是1992年国家物价局、财政部、农业部根据<家畜家禽防疫条例>及其实施细则的有关规定制定的,<动物防疫法>公布实施以后,<家畜家禽防疫条例>及其有关配套规章、制度、办法均已废止,而<畜禽及其产品防疫检疫收费管理办法及收费标准>却一直沿用着,随着社会的进步和科学技术的不断发展,该标准不仅与动物检疫工作不相适应,也制约着动物检疫工作的正常开展,笔者就此谈几点认识和建议.     

兽用生物制品管理中存在的问题及对策

<兽用生物制品管理办法>(以下简称<办法>)已颁布实施多年,但目前不按<办法>规定生产、经营兽用生物制品的行为日益突出,其结果使不合格甚至假冒产品进入畜牧业生产环节,影响畜禽预防免疫效果,导致某些疫病不断发生、流行,不但造成不应有的经济损失,而且影响到畜产品安全和人民身体健康.究其原因,主要是监督管理工作滞后,具体表现:     

畜禽标识生产、使用及信息化管理的法律规定

畜禽标识制度是动物防疫工作的组成部分,是为推进动物标识及疫病可追溯体系建设,保障畜禽产品质量安全而确定的一项基本制度.<动物防疫法>、<畜牧法>、<畜禽标识和养殖档案管理办法>、<牲畜耳标技术规范>、<牲畜耳标生产系统技术规范>,<牲畜耳标管理规范>,<畜禽标识信息数据库管理规范>等法律法规对畜禽标识生产、使用及畜禽标识信息化管理等作出了规定.     

我国正式启动执业兽医资格考试试点工作

随着2008年新<动物防疫法>的出台,以及2009年1月1日起<执业兽医管理办法>、 <动物诊疗机构管理办法>、<乡村兽医管理办法>的正式施行,标志着执业兽医制度建设已纳入今后兽医工作的管理范畴,我国将加快这方面的建设步伐.前些年,一些专家和学者就曾呼吁:要求在我国兽医行业引入官方兽医和执业兽医制度建设,这一制度也是国际上一些先进国家的通行做法,目前在我国已正式列入兽医工作日程.     

两种绿头鸭肌肉营养成分分析及评价

本试验旨在研究两种绿头鸭（白羽绿头鸭和绿头鸭）肌肉营养组成和价值,为绿头鸭肉产品的开发利用提供基础数据和理论依据。选择白羽绿头鸭和绿头鸭60只（每个品种各30只,公母各半）,依照国家标准测定胸肌粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、胆固醇含量及氨基酸、脂肪酸、微量元素和维生素的组成和含量,并对胸肌进行氨基酸评价及脂肪酸营养价值评价。结果显示,白羽绿头鸭肌肉粗蛋白质含量显著低于绿头鸭（P<0.05）;两种绿头鸭肌肉中均检测到17种含量大于0.01%的氨基酸,其中白羽绿头鸭肌肉苏氨酸、组氨酸、丝氨酸和脯氨酸含量显著高于绿头鸭（P<0.05）,赖氨酸、谷氨酸和精氨酸含量显著低于绿头鸭（P<0.05）;检测到13种含量均大于0.01%的脂肪酸,其中白羽绿头鸭硬脂酸和油酸含量显著低于绿头鸭（P<0.05）;检测到9种矿物质元素（钠、镁、钾、钙、锰、铁、铜、锌和硒）,两种绿头鸭差异不显著（P>0.05）;检测到8种维生素,白羽绿头鸭肌肉维生素B₁含量显著高于绿头鸭（P<0.05）,维生素D和维生素E含量显著低于绿头鸭（P<0.05）。两种绿头鸭肌肉氨基酸比例接近世卫组织推荐的理想模式,富含人体所需的矿物质元素和维生素,具有广阔的开发利用前景。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

甘肃农业大学草业科学人才培养体系分析

甘肃农业大学草业科学专业经过60多年的不断探索和创新,在基本理论创新,教学指导思想确定、教学计划与培养方案制定,课程设置、教学模式建立及推广、教材建设、人才培养体系建立和学研产结合等方面取得了显著成绩,形成了独具中国特色的草业高等教育教学体系,培养了一大批优秀草业科学人才。针对教学存在的问题,提出了今后相应的整改措施。     

猪附红细胞体小鼠感染模型建立条件的优化

为探究猪附红细胞体感染特性,进而优化猪附红细胞体小鼠感染模型建立的条件,本试验设计了不同小鼠处理方式感染试验（A试验）、不同病原形式感染试验（B试验）、冻存病原感染试验（C试验）和小鼠模型血液再感染小鼠试验（D试验）。通过对每个试验中各组小鼠血液感染情况、感染首现时间、临床症状和平均感染时间的综合评估,分析不同小鼠处理方式、不同病原形式、冻存病原及小鼠模型血液再感染是否对小鼠模型的建立有影响。通过PCR检测、电镜观察和特异基因片段序列测定,进一步鉴定小鼠模型感染的病原与猪附红细胞体是否一致。结果显示,A试验中,昆明小鼠切除脾脏组感染效果最优;B试验中,猪附红细胞体阳性血液样本组感染效果最优;C试验中,阳性血液未冻存组感染效果优于冻存组;D试验中,猪阳性血液样本组、小鼠模型阳性血液样本组无明显差异。PCR检测、电镜观察和特异基因片段序列测定结果显示,小鼠模型感染的病原与猪附红细胞体一致。结果表明,不同小鼠处理方式、不同病原形式和病原的冻存等条件对猪附红细胞体小鼠感染模型的感染效果均有影响,通过对比,以猪阳性血液感染切除脾脏的昆明小鼠的方式建立小鼠感染模型效果最优。     

Observations of fracture of the anconeal process of the ulna of swine

Fractures of the anconeal process of 5 pigs ranging in age from 4 to 8 months were studied radiographically and histologically. Clinically, animals with a fracture of the anconeal process had a "tight," restricted gait. In pigs at 4.5 months of age, a radiolucent line through the base of the anconeal process was composed of fibrocartilage, fibrous connective tissue, and hyaline cartilage. Subperiosteal proliferation of woven bone was located along the cranial surface of the olecranon, adjacent to the base of the anconeal process. In older animals, the radiolucent line through the anconeal process contained variable amounts of fibrous connective tissue and fibrocartilage. The proliferation of subperiosteal bone at the base of the anconeal process formed a "buttress callus" which retained a radiolucent area between the callus and the proximal surface of the anconeal process. The latter region of radiolucency was continuous with the transversely oriented line that traversed the base of the anconeal process.     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Lack of mutagenicity of fasciolicides

Six fasciolicides, bithionol, bromofenofos, DS-6, nitroxynil, oxyclozanide and tribromsalan, were tested for mutagenicity in the Salmonella reverse mutation test using S. typhimurium tester strains TA100, TA98, TA1535, TA1537 and TA1538 and the micronucleus test in mice. None of the fasciolicides increased the number of revertant colonies in any tester strain in the presence and absence of S9 mix, nor did they induce a significant increase of the micronuclei in erythrocytes. Taking the high correlation between mutagenicity and carcinogenicity into consideration, these results suggest that the fasciolicides tested in this investigation are devoid of carcinogenic action.     

Keeping of pets--assessment of accessories

In keeping of pets accessories play an important role. They serve to improve the conditions of pet keeping or even help to make it possible at all. Beyond that, accessories enrich activity of the animals and thus may increase their well-being. But accessories can endanger health and life of the pets due to deficient quality or due to inadequate use. This paper demonstrates the sources of danger potentially arising from accessories by pointing out examples. On the other hand exemplary paraphernalia and ways of pet keeping are presented which are qualified to increase well-being of the pets and to avoid physical impairment.