短期土壤干旱对苹果叶片光合速率日变化的影响

以盆栽2年生的金矮生为试材研究了短期土壤干旱对苹果叶片光合速率日变化的影响以及光合速率日变化与叶片水势日变化的关系.短期土壤干旱明显改变了苹果叶片光合速率的日变化进程.夏、秋季节短期中度土壤干旱导致叶片产生“午休”现象.“午休”发生时先表现为气孔限制,后为非气孔限制.叶片水势与光合速率、气孔导度呈阈值关系,阈值水势为-2.15MPa,叶片水势降至阈值之下,光合速率,气孔导度迅速降低,但叶片水势的日变化与光合速率的日变化没有明显的关系.     

干旱过程中桃树茎和叶水势的变化

对田间生长的四年生桃树在充分灌水后的２２ ｄ 干旱周期内，分别在早上６∶００ 和中午１４∶００对茎、叶水势进行跟踪测定。同时测定了土壤充分湿润、中度水分亏缺及严重水分亏缺条件下上述指标的日变化。结果表明：在三种土壤水分条件下叶水势的变化幅度在０ ．２ ＭＰａ 左右，差异不明显；而午间茎水势则由土壤充分湿润时的－ ０．６ ＭＰａ 降至土壤水分严重亏缺时的－ １ ．８ ＭＰａ，下降了１ ．２ ＭＰａ。在整个干旱周期中，午间茎水势的变化虽受日蒸发量的影响，其变化趋势与土壤水势的变化趋势比较一致。随着干旱的加重，午间茎、叶水势之差即茎、叶水势梯度也出现极大变化。在土壤充分湿润时，茎叶水势梯度高达１ ．５ ＭＰａ，在土壤水分严重亏缺条件下，差异缩小为０。研究认为桃树外围新梢水势及茎、叶水势梯度的变化对土壤水分亏缺的反应比叶水势的变化更敏感，因此较适宜用作衡量果树水分亏缺程度的生理指标。     

高温干旱对库尔勒香梨光合特性的影响

以库尔勒香梨为试材,设置高温干旱、灌水、喷水3个处理,研究高温和干旱对库尔勒香梨光合特性和叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明:高温干旱条件下库尔勒香梨叶片的净光合速率变化呈"双峰型",受气孔限制且有"午休"现象;蒸腾速率和气孔导度变化趋势相同,呈凹型;细胞间二氧化碳浓度可能受净光合速率的影响呈现出中午降低的趋势。灌水处理下库尔勒香梨叶片的净光合速率变化呈"单峰型";蒸腾速率与气孔导度变化趋势一致;细胞间二氧化碳浓度变化幅度较小,可能是由于气孔发生了不均匀关闭。高温干旱处理导致库尔勒香梨叶片的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素的总含量降低。而灌水和喷水处理,则显著提高了叶绿素的含量。     

逐渐干旱对绵毛水苏光合特性的影响

以绵毛水苏为试材,研究其在4种土壤相对含水量（100%、75%、50%、25%）条件下,即在逐渐干旱条件下土壤含水量、光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度及蒸腾速率等的变化规律。结果表明:随着水分胁迫的加剧,叶片的净光合速率（Pn）和气孔导度（Gs）下降,胞间CO₂浓度（Ci）呈现在轻度和重度胁迫的条件下升高,在中度胁迫的条件下下降的现象。表明适度的轻度水分胁迫不会显著降低绵毛水苏的净光合作用和气体交换。75%～50%的土壤相对含水量最适合绵毛水苏的生长;同时发现与干旱胁迫相比,水分过多也不利于绵毛水苏的生长。     

干旱过程中桃树茎和叶水势的变化

对田间生长的四年生桃树在充分灌水后的２２ｄ干旱周期内，分别在早上６：００和中午１４：００对茎、叶水势进行跟踪测定。同时测定了土壤充分湿润、中度水分亏缺及严重水分亏缺条件下上述指标的日变化。结果表明：在三种土壤水分 条件下叶水斩变化幅度在０．２ＭＰａ左右，差异不明显；而午间茎水势则由土壤充分湿润时的－０．６ＭＰａ降至土壤水分严重亏缺时的－１．８ＭＰａ，下降了１．２ＭＰdisplay status     

干旱胁迫对卷柏光合日变化的影响

以卷柏为试材,从卷柏的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度与大气CO2浓度比值(Ci/Ca)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用效率(WUE)5个生理指标入手,研究了不同程度的干旱胁迫对卷柏光合日变化的影响。结果表明:正常浇水的卷柏光合速率日变化曲线为双峰,具有明显午休现象;干旱胁迫使得卷柏的光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率降低,对植株的光合日变化影响明显;轻度干旱胁迫条件下,卷柏的光合作用日变化与CK基本一致;中度干旱胁迫条件下,卷柏光合速率日变化曲线仍表现出双峰现象,但全天净光合速率值明显下降;重度干旱胁迫条件下,卷柏光合速率日变化曲线的"双峰"和"午休"现象消失,气孔导度、蒸腾速率的数值变化范围较小,且接近于零。     

外源水杨酸(SA)与甜菜碱(GB)对干旱胁迫下辣椒开花结果期光合特性的影响

以“云椒2号”为试材,采用盆栽控水法,研究外源水杨酸(SA,200mg·L^-1)和甜菜碱(GB,100mmol·L^-1)对干旱胁迫下辣椒开花结果期光合生理特性的影响。结果表明:在干旱胁迫下,外源GB、SA处理的辣椒叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)有明显增高,各处理的日平均净光合速率值为GB>SA>干旱。通过相关分析得出净光合速率与环境影响因子的关系,干旱胁迫下,净光合速率与气孔导度呈正相关,而外源GB、SA处理的净光合速率与气孔导度、蒸腾作用呈正相关。     

杏净光合速率与相关生理生态参数的灰色关联分析

运用灰色系统理论,分析了干旱处理与正常管理下"沙金红"、"玛瑙"和"山杏"净光合速率(Pn)与气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、叶片温度(Tleaf)、大气CO2浓度(Ca)、水分含量(H2O)、空气相对湿度(RH)、光合有效辐射(PAR)等主要生理生态参数的灰色关联系数及关联度,明确了干旱处理与正常管理下影响杏净光合速率各生态因子的主次关系。结果表明:正常管理下影响杏净光合速率最大的分别是蒸腾速率、光合有效辐射和叶片温度,干旱处理下影响杏净光合速率最大的分别是CO2浓度、气孔导度和叶片温度,而且不同品种影响其净光合速率的生态因子主次关系不同,同一品种在不同栽培环境条件下影响其净光合速率的生态因子主次关系也不同,生产上应针对不同品种、不同发育阶段制定相应的配套栽培措施。     

不同生境条件下能源植物菊芋净光合速率和蒸腾速率的研究

自然条件下利用Li-6400便携式光合测定仪,对沙地、盐碱地、弃耕地及农田4种生境条件下菊芋主枝与侧枝叶片净光合速率和蒸腾速率进行测定,探讨不同生境条件对菊芋的光合特性和蒸腾特性的影响。结果表明:沙地的净光合速率显著高于盐碱地、农田和弃耕地,同时在同一生境条件下主枝叶片的净光合速率均要显著高于侧枝叶片;盐碱地和农田生境条件下菊芋的蒸腾速率要显著高于沙地和弃耕地,在同一生境条件下,主枝叶片蒸腾速率显著高于侧枝叶片;在各种生境条件下,气孔导度均是影响植物净光合速率和蒸腾速率的主要因子,并且在4种生境条件下叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率与各种生态生理因子之间的相关性基本一致。     

高温对温州蜜柑叶片光合作用的影响

通过在夏季晴天测定不同温度条件下温州蜜柑叶片的光合作用参数,研究高温对叶片光合作用的影响。结果表明:高温胁迫(38℃)显著影响了温州蜜柑叶片光合作用,引起光合作用及气体交换参数的变化,如最大净光合速率(Pnmax)、气孔导度(Gs)、表观量子效率(AQY)、蒸腾速率(Tr)降低,细胞间隙CO2浓度(Ci)上升,表现为由气孔限制和非气孔限制共同作用的强"光合午休"现象。     

Effect of alleviating products with different mode of action on physiology and yield of olive under drought

Two years old self-rooted Koroneiki olive trees (Olea europaea L.) were subjected to two irrigation regimes, i.e. the fully irrigated and the severely water stressed trees, while they were treated with three alleviating products of different mode of action. The products used were the osmolyte glycine betaine, the antioxidant Ambiol and the heat and irradiance reflecting kaolin clay particles. The effects of product application and water regime on leaf characteristics, shoot and root growth, photosynthesis, leaf compatible solids (carbohydrates) concentration and yield were evaluated. All products applied, exhibited significant alleviating action, based on the relative alleviation index. Irrigated trees exhibited greater growth than drought stressed ones, while the ameliorating products maintained the water content of the leaves under drought conditions and resulted in lower leaf tissue density. On the other hand carbon assimilation rate, stomatal conductance and intrinsic water use efficiency were significantly reduced under drought stress, while the opposite stood for intercellular CO₂. Drought stress resulted in elevated sucrose leaf concentration, while the application of Ambiol increased stachyose concentration and that of glycine betaine did the same with the mannitol concentration. Among the alleviating products tested in this experiment Ambiol and glycine betaine had a significant positive effect on leaf water content, photosynthesis and yield under both drought and well irrigated conditions.     

Water relations of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) as affected by phenological stages and water regimes

Pistachio is a drought tolerant fruit tree that can be cultivated in rainfed and irrigated conditions. The water requirements of the tree, however, are considerable so in most of the commercial orchards deficit irrigation is a common practice. Regulated deficit irrigation in pistachio trees has been described in several works, which reported that the phenological stage of shell hardening, so called stage II, is the most drought tolerant. This paper proposes that such drought resistance is related to changes in water relations linked to the phenological stages, even in conditions of no water stress. In order to evaluate such changes, the daily pattern of stem water potential and gas exchange (net photosynthesis, P_n, and leaf conductance, g_s) was measured, determining also the pressure–volume curves, in three different phenological stages of mature pistachio trees (Pistacia vera cv Kerman on P. terebinthus L. rootstock.). The daily pattern of stem water potential and gas exchange were performed in three different irrigation treatments: control, regulated deficit irrigation and rainfed. The pressure–volume curves were made only in the control and rainfed treatments. Significant differences were found in the daily pattern of stem water potential in all the phenological stages considered, while only in the last one the net photosynthesis was affected by water stress. The daily pattern of gas exchange at the beginning of the season was not affected by the evaporative demand, with a constant value when radiation was not limiting. Moderate levels of water stress during the last measurement date reduced the maximum values of g_s and P_n resulting also in a clear change in the pattern of the daily curve, with maximum values only at the beginning of the day. The relationships between stem water potential and gas exchange parameters were different during stage II and almost the same in stages I and III. The parameters drawn from the pressure–volume curves also indicated a change in the elastic modulus of the leaf cells in stage II. In addition, differences in the osmotic adjustment (OA) index suggested different degree of osmotic adjustment of the phenological stages in the response to water stress. The results showed that different mechanisms of drought resistance are operating in the different phenological stages in pistachio trees.     

苹果幼苗部分根系水分胁迫对光合作用主要参数的影响

以1年生苹果组培苗为试材,用改良的Hoagland营养液加20%PEG-6000进行半根渗透胁迫(HS)处理,与仅加营养液的正常水分条件的对照(CK)和加20%PEG-6000进行全根胁迫处理(TS)进行比较,研究了根系不均匀供水条件下植株的叶片水势和光合作用主要参数的反应特点。结果表明,HS与CK之间叶片的日出前水势不存在显著差异,且显著高于TS,但日水势变化动态在大部分情况下HS显著低于CK;和CK相比较,HS处理的叶片气孔导度、蒸腾速率和净光合效率显著降低,但在处理的早期显著高于TS。HS还导致叶片温度较对照显著增高。另外,试验体系中HS处理部分根系处于水分胁迫状态,而另外的根系处于良好的水分供应条件下,可用于模拟定位灌溉和分根区交替灌溉根系不均匀供水条件,对于开展相关果树生理反应及生长发育调控机制的研究提供了良好的试验体系。     

叶面喷施抗蒸剂对苹果树水分状态的影响

研究了叶面喷施抗蒸剂对盆栽苹果水分状态的影响。结果表明：抗旱剂一号（主要成分为黄腐酸）可明显降低树体蒸腾（最低时为对照的３９．２１％）、提高气孔阻力（最大时为对照的２４３．９６％）和叶片水势（一般比对照提高０．２－０．４ＭＰａ、最大０．７ＭＰａ），并对叶温未产生明显的影响（变化一般小于１℃），有效作用期长达１５ｄ以上。在果树旱期喷施，可明显改善树体水分状态。腐殖酸效果不明显。     

Detecting different levels of drought stress in apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) with selected biochemical and physiological parameters

Rational irrigation scheduling based on sensing drought stress directly in plants is becoming more important due to increasing worldwide scarcity of fresh water supplies. In order to evaluate a set of potential biochemical and physiological stress indicators and select the best drought stress markers in apple trees, two experiments with potted trees and an experiment with intensive orchard grown apple trees ‘Elstar’ and ‘Jonagold Wilmuta’ were conducted in early summer in tree following years. Biochemical parameters: ascorbic acid, glutathione, tocopherols, chlorophylls, carotenoids, free amino acids, soluble carbohydrates, and physiological parameters already known as stress indicators in apple trees: predawn and midday leaf water potential, net photosynthesis (Pn), stomatal conductance (g_s), transpiration (Tr) and intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci) were measured in leaves of apple trees subjected to different intensities of slowly progressing drought or no drought. Our study pointed out zeaxanthin and glutathione as the best drought stress markers in apple trees. Ascorbate and sorbitol appeared to be reliable indicators of moderate drought only. Responses of other tested biochemical parameters were not consistent enough to prove their role as drought stress markers in apple trees. Relative air humidity should be taken in consideration when physiological parameters g_s, Pn, Tr and Ci are used as drought stress markers in apple trees. Our study revealed that in situations where low relative air humidity affects g_s and with g_s connected physiological parameters, biochemical markers may be better tool for determination of drought stress intensities in apple trees.     

Daily and seasonal variation of water relationship in sugar apple (Annona squamosa L.) under different irrigation regimes at semi-arid Brazil

In the northeast of Brazil the drought period determines the yield period of the sugar apple (Annona squamosa L.). As a result, the use of irrigation is essential to stagger production over the course of the year. The results shown here represent an analysis of water status levels in sugar apples in daylight and seasonal periods in semi-arid regions. Two plant groups were studied: one without irrigation and the other with irrigation during drought months. This study showed that younger leaves displayed greater stomatal conductance and transpiration. In drought months, even in irrigated plants, the high air moisture deficit had a strong influence on the stomatal closure, which did not translate into a reduction in transpiration. Over the same period, the leaf water potential was −1.8 and −2.9 MPa at mid-day in irrigated and non-irrigated plants, respectively, and only the irrigated plants could recover their leaf hydration level at night. With a water deficit, plants showed greater control of transpiration through stomatal closure, with a linear relationship between stomatal conductance and transpiration.     

不同水分亏缺程度对番茄叶片显微结构及光合作用的影响

试验通过设置5个不同的水分处理研究不同水分亏缺程度对番茄叶片显微结构及光合作用的影响。结果表明：随着浇水量的减少，单位长度栅栏组织细胞数增多，番茄叶片厚度下降；番茄叶片中叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量增加；但净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率下降。水分亏缺程度越大，对番茄显微结构的影响越大。