磷对NaCl胁迫下玉米幼苗渗透调节能力的影响

研究不同供磷水平对NaCl胁迫下玉米幼苗有机渗透调节物质和离子含量的影响。结果表明,盐胁迫下低磷处理玉米幼苗叶片中可溶性糖和游离氨基酸增加,根系中显著降低;增加供磷水平,叶片中可溶性糖和游离氨基酸含量下降,根系中含量上升,同时叶片和根系中可溶性蛋白含量增加。磷可降低盐胁迫下玉米幼苗各器官中的Na~+含量,同时增加各器官的K~+、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)含量,降低Na~+/K~+与Na~+/Ca~(2+)比值。磷有助于维持植株的碳氮代谢平衡,促进有机渗透调节物质的运输与分配,改善各器官的离子平衡,增强植株的渗透调节能力,从而缓解盐胁迫带来的伤害。     

硅对NaCl胁迫下玉米幼苗生理特性的影响

采用水培法研究盐胁迫下不同浓度硅对玉米幼苗生长、叶绿素含量、保护酶活性等生理特性的影响。结果表明,适量的硅(1mmol/L)能有效促进玉米生长,抑制叶绿素含量降低,降低细胞膜透性,提高玉米叶片和根系中的SOD、CAT和POD活性。叶片中SOD、CAT、POD活性均以Na2SiO3浓度为1mmol/L时活性最强;根系中三种酶活性以Na2SiO3浓度为2mmol/L时最强,表明硅对叶片和根系中的酶活性调控并非完全同步,也可能是硅在叶片和根系中作用途径不同所致。     

外源NO对NaCl胁迫下玉米幼苗脂质过氧化和抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用营养液培养法,以硝普钠（SNP）为外源NO供体,分析不同浓度外源NO对NaCl胁迫下玉米幼苗叶片电解质渗出率、叶片和根系中MDA含量和SOD、POD、CAT活性的影响。研究结果表明,盐胁迫下不同浓度SNP处理可以降低玉米幼苗叶片的电解质渗出率,使叶片和根系中MDA含量降低,不同程度增加玉米叶片和根系中SOD、POD、CAT活性;对玉米叶片和根系中3种保护酶活性的影响具有不同的剂量效应。适量外源NO能够缓解NaCl胁迫带来的伤害,增强叶片和根系抗氧化能力。     

亚精胺提高玉米幼苗抗寒性的研究

以玉米品种农大108为试验材料,当玉米幼苗2叶1心时,一部分在常温下(25℃/18℃)培养,另一部分在低温下(10℃/4℃)培养,以叶片喷施0.4 mmol/L亚精胺为处理组,喷施蒸馏水为对照组,研究亚精胺在玉米幼苗冷胁迫过程中的作用。结果表明,低温胁迫抑制了幼苗生长,加剧了叶片中超氧自由基和过氧化氢的产生,提高了膜脂过氧化水平,降低了叶绿素含量。叶片喷施亚精胺,显著缓解了冷胁迫导致的生长抑制、叶绿素含量下降、活性氧积累和膜脂过氧化,提高了幼苗可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量,使抗氧化酶活性显著提高。此外,亚精胺处理提高了冷胁迫条件下幼苗热激蛋白HSP70和HSP90的mRNA和蛋白表达水平。结果表明,外源亚精胺能提高玉米幼苗的抗寒性。     

外源褪黑素对盐胁迫下金盏菊幼苗生长、光合及生理特性的影响

为探讨褪黑素（melatonine,MT）对盐胁迫下金盏菊幼苗生理机制的影响,采用盆栽砂培法研究不同浓度外源褪黑素（0、50、100、200 μmol/L MT）对不同程度盐胁迫（0、100、200 mmol/L NaCl）下金盏菊幼苗生长、光合作用及生理特性的影响。结果表明,100、200 mmol/L NaCl胁迫严重限制了金盏菊幼苗的生长,叶绿素含量、光化学荧光效率及光合作用强度降低,MDA、H₂O₂含量升高加剧了脂质过氧化程度,诱导POD酶活性升高的氧化应激反应及脯氨酸含量增加。经外源褪黑素处理能有效缓解盐胁迫对金盏菊幼苗的伤害,其中100 μmol/L MT处理下株高、茎围、地上部和根系干重较对照分别平均提高了17.35%、17.64%、32.14%和19.83%;叶绿素含量和F_v/F_m增幅分别达71.96%和4.13%,光合作用参数P_n、G_s和T_r平均分别提高了88.74%、97.21%和58.88%,而C_i降幅达18.07%;MDA和H₂O₂含量降幅达33.77%和64.29%,POD、CAT酶活性及可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸含量平均分别提高了118.02%、67.29%、55.47%和56.30%。盐胁迫条件下,MT处理能有效提高抗氧化酶活性及降低脂质过氧化水平,促进可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸积累,改善光合荧光特性,最终表现为促进金盏菊幼苗生长。     

甜菜碱对玉米幼苗抗旱性的诱导效应

以旱玉5号和太单32为材料,在20%PEG模拟干旱条件下,研究外源甜菜碱对玉米幼苗抗旱性的诱导效应。结果表明,水分胁迫显著降低了玉米幼苗的生物量和叶片相对含水量,提高了幼苗的根冠比和渗透调节物质、抗氧化酶活性、ABA含量。喷施0.5mmol/L的甜菜碱溶液能缓解玉米幼苗的水分胁迫,提高幼苗的生物量、叶片相对含水量、根冠比及渗透调节物质、抗氧化酶活性、ABA含量。     

外源亚精胺对盐胁迫下甜菜生长及养分吸收的影响

为了探究外源亚精胺是否具有缓解甜菜盐害作用,采用霍兰营养液室内水培方法,测定了280mmol/L NaCl胁迫条件下,喷施0.25 mmol/L外源亚精胺后,耐盐‘T510’和盐敏感‘210’甜菜品系幼苗生长、生理及其体内N、P、K养分含量的变化情况。结果发现,盐胁迫下(Na处理),除MDA和P素含量升高外,两品系甜菜幼苗的叶片相对含水量、叶面积、叶绿素含量、幼苗生物量及N、K养分含量指标均明显降低;与Na处理比,喷施亚精胺的盐胁迫处理,除MDA和P素含量降低外,其它指标明显增加,两品系甜菜幼苗生长和养分吸收状况明显改善;外源亚精胺对耐盐‘T510’品系的调节作用大于‘210’品系。因此外源亚精胺能有效缓解盐胁迫对甜菜生长的伤害,对耐盐品系的调节效果更佳。     

外源一氧化氮对盐胁迫下水稻根部脂质过氧化的缓解作用

 在100 mmol/L NaCl的胁迫条件下，研究了两种浓度的一氧化氮供体硝普钠（sodium nitroprusside，SNP）处理对水稻幼苗根部脂质过氧化的影响。低浓度（10 μmol/L）的SNP处理明显缓解盐胁迫下水稻幼苗根组织膜脂过氧化产物MDA的累积，显著提高可溶性蛋白含量，并诱导根系APX、POD和SOD活性的上升；而高浓度（50 μmol/L）SNP处理的效果则基本相反。表明外源低浓度NO可以通过提高盐胁迫下水稻幼苗根组织的抗氧化能力来缓解氧化损伤。     

外源钙对盐胁迫下玉米幼苗不同器官离子含量的影响

以郑单958为试验材料,采用水培法研究盐胁迫下外源钙对玉米幼苗根、生长叶、成熟叶叶鞘和叶片生长的影响及K+、Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+含量,探讨盐胁迫下外源钙对玉米幼苗不同器官离子含量的影响。结果表明,外源钙可缓解盐胁迫对玉米幼苗生长的抑制作用,促进干物质积累及根冠比的增加。外源钙可明显降低根系对Na+的吸收量,减少Na+向地上部的运输量;增加对K+、Mg2+、Ca2+的吸收量和运输量;降低盐胁迫下玉米幼苗各器官Na+/Ca2+值、Na+/K+值,表明Ca2+可改善玉米幼苗体内的离子平衡,缓解盐胁迫造成的伤害。     

外源水杨酸对Hg~(2+)胁迫下小麦幼苗生长及生理的影响

为了解水杨酸(SA)对Hg2+胁迫小麦幼苗生长的缓解作用,以小麦品种豫麦58号为材料,采用室内水培法分析了在Hg2+胁迫下小麦幼苗经不同浓度SA处理后的生长及生理变化。结果表明,外施SA能显著提高Hg2+胁迫下小麦幼苗的根长、株高、单株鲜重,叶片叶绿素、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量,以及抗氧化酶活性和根系活力(P0.05),极显著降低丙二醛含量与超氧阴离子产生速率(P0.01)。说明外施SA可通过提高小麦幼苗可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量及抗氧化酶活性来维持细胞膜的稳定性,降低膜脂过氧化伤害程度,从而缓解了Hg2+胁迫对幼苗生长的抑制作用,其中以40mg·L-1 SA缓解效果最好。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Citrus Flavonoids in Fruit and Traditional Chinese Medicinal Food Ingredients in China

Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China.     

Evolutionary aspects of the trade-off between seed size and number in crops

Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.

The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).

The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.