Damage Detection for Beam and Bridge under Dead Load

We address damage detection based on dead loads in monitoring the health of beams and bridges. We discuss the damage characteristics of statically indeterminate beams under dead loads and analyze monitoring parameters and sensor placement in monitoring. We used an amended genetic algorithm to solve the optimization problem under constrained parameters. Damage in a beam was detected successfully based on dead loads with limited sensor allocations. We present a way to detect damage based on dead loads in bridge health monitoring.     

基于物联网的农田环境监测无线传感器网络的管理

针对农田环境监测无线传感器网络中网络节点电量和处理能力有限等特点,分别从网络拓扑管理、位置管理、能量管理和故障管理等4个方面提出了一套完整的网络管理方案,以对网络运行状况进行监测和管理。为了用户能够远程监控和管理无线传感器监测网络,开发了远程监控管理平台,该平台由后台数据库和前端监测管理软件组成。试验结果表明,所提出的网络管理方案,能够实时监测网络的运行情况,及时诊断网络中的异常,保障了网络正常运行、数据实时传输;所开发的远程监控管理平台人机交互界面良好、功能完善、运行稳定,实现了用户对无线传感器监测网络的远程管理和对农田环境的有效监测。     

卫星遥感在森林病虫害监测上的研究进展

总结了近20年来卫星遥感技术在森林病虫害监测领域的研究进展,并概括了遥感监测模型的主要应用形式,指出了目前卫星遥感监测森林病虫害工作的局限性,展望了其应用前景。目的在于为卫星遥感监测森林病虫害工作提供一种有益的启示。     

基于磁性标签石块的桥墩局部冲刷监测方法

针对桥墩局部冲刷监测存在服役环境恶劣、传感器需粗放式布设等特点,提出基于磁性标签石块的桥墩局部冲刷监测方法。桥墩局部冲刷监测系统,包括磁性标签石块和磁力梯度仪。磁性标签石块采用磁性标签浇筑成混凝土石块,通过运动自由度缩减的方式,避免了基于优化搜索的磁场梯度反演中的非线性和不适定性的问题,采用磁场梯度反演磁性标签石块的三维运动,实现桥墩局部冲刷的动态监测。在磁性标签石块的模拟定位试验中,最大误差为0.2 m,最大相对误差为5%,满足桥墩局部冲刷监测的要求。磁场梯度、磁场梯度张量不变量及张量的模量均与冲刷位移场高度相关,可直接用于冲刷监测的早期预警。     

基于双模定位的冷链物流实时监测系统

为加强冷链物流监管，实现冷链物流的全程温度和定位监测，设计了基于双模定位的冷链物流实时监测系统。本系统除了集成嵌入式技术、卫星定位技术和GPRS无线通信技术等以实现温度采集、数据远程传输和定位等功能，还使用融合数据的双模定位取代单GPS定位以提高复杂环境下的定位精度，并提出使用改进的扩展卡尔曼滤波算法进行定位解算以实现双系统下定位数据融合，在静态时对水平精度和三维精度分别提高了37.5%和28.6%。测试结果表明，本系统提高了冷链物流监测能力，为未来研究冷链无人配送的定位问题提供基础。     

Location of New Firms: Influence of Commuting Behaviour

In the entrepreneurship literature, it is generally assumed that an individual establishes a new firm in a location in which they have strong ties, normally in the municipality of residence or employment. We scrutinise this general assumption and show that firm location depends on individual characteristics, such as the commuting experience. Our results show that commuting influences the firm location choice. The probability of establishing a firm in the work municipality increases if the entrepreneur is a commuter, holding constant the type of region and unobservable and observable individual features.     

Fatigue life finite element analysis of output gear pair of wind turbine speed-increase gearbox

Cracking monitoring provides an important way to evaluate structural safety. Cracking monitoring method based on distributed optical fiber sensor can effectively avoid undetected phenomenon existed in point-wise test method, and it can run automatically. A theoretical model of cracking monitoring based on obliquely intersected fibers and Brillouin Optical Time Domain Analysis (BOTDA) is introduced, and the numerical equation among fiber strain, crack width and crack angle is established by the calibration experiment. The experiments are also carried out to study the performance of different kinds of cracking sensors with different gauge length and pretension. The quantitative relationship between optical fiber measured strain and crack (including width and angle) is established for the 300 millimeter crack sensor. The cracking simulation test proved that this new method can effectively record the width and the angle of cracks during the whole cracking process.     

新型自动土壤水分传感器与传统FDR法传感器性能对比分析

本文在传统FDR法自动土壤水分传感器基础上,通过重新设计测量电路,开发了一种新型自动土壤水分传感器,并在实验室内开展了新型传感器电气性能、测量性能、抗温度变化特性、抗盐碱性能等传感器特性与传统FDR法自动土壤水分传感器的对比分析或试验。通过对比分析或试验,结果表明：新型自动土壤水分传感器可以实现土壤水分的连续监测,满足传感器的测量性能需求;新型自动土壤水分传感器与传统FDR法自动土壤水分传感器相比,标定过程相对简单、测量精度及测量准确性更高、抗干扰性更强、稳定性更高。新型自动土壤水分传感器的研发设计,提高了土壤水分监测的准确性、稳定性,为自动土壤水分观测仪的升级换代提供了技术支撑。     

The Returns to Migration: The Influence of Education and Migration Type

We show the impact of migration type on real wages over time. We create a migration and earnings history from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth over the period 1979–2002. We estimate the effects of primary, onward, and two types of return migration on real wages using a panel data model with individual, location, and time fixed effects. Panel data are well suited for the study of the returns to U.S. internal migration because the influence of migration on wages has been found to occur years after the event. We differentiate return migration into two types: return to a location with ties that form a geographical anchor (“home”) and return to a prior place of work. We find that real wage growth varies by migration type. Education attainment is a significant factor in real wage growth. Our results show that onward migration is an important channel by which the monetary rewards to a college education are manifested.     

农产品微环境监测系统设计

设计了一款将农产品微环境监测领域所用到的温度、湿度、氧气及二氧化碳气体浓度传感器集成到一起的多功能一体化传感器系统,并且可以通过Si4463无线模块将测得的数据发送给远端服务器,为后续的环境参数预警、保鲜期预测等提供原始的数据信息,利用液晶显示屏实时显示测量结果。该多功能一体化传感器系统解决了传统传感器测量类型单一,且测量数据不能远程传输的问题。经实际测试,该系统运行稳定,为农产品的仓储、物流等环节环境参数的监测提供了极大的便利。     

Fatigue monitoring of metallic structures by wireless smart sensor networks

Recent advanced sensor technology has enabled wireless smart sensor network (WSSN) for structural health monitoring (SHM). Because of many attractive features such as wireless communication, battery powered, on board computation, and low cost, the WSSN makes the dense array of sensors feasible for engineering practice.In this study, a method for fatigue life monitoring using wireless smart sensor networks is explored by implementing Rainflow cycle counting algorithm in the sensor network, which extracts the loading features including the number of each load cycles, amplitude and mean of strain.Instead of sending back raw strain data to basestation, only the onboard processed histogram of the strain data is transmitted, which tremendously reduces the amount of data and the associated energy consumption in the wireless smart sensor networks.In addition, the feasibility of the method is experimentally verified through lab-scale tests.     

多食性害虫大螟发生与防治研究进展

随着种植制度的变更和轻型栽培技术的推广,生产上大螟在局部地区已经由水稻次要害虫变成主要害虫,且有逐年加重趋势。但目前中国稻区多数仍沿用以二化螟为靶标的防治技术体系,亚致死剂量农药反而促进大螟种群增殖。为了加强大螟的防控研究和技术推广,笔者在整理中国大螟近几十年来与防治相关的文献报道基础上,针对大螟多寄主选择、倾向田边产卵等生物学特性、大螟发生与危害逐年加重和边际危害的特点,探讨了以性诱法为主导的预测预报方法,总结了农业防治以减低少虫源基数、生态调控以降低种群数量和科学测报精准施药等方面综合应用的防治技术研究进展,提出了未来研究中需重视大螟预测预报方法完善、大螟抗药性监测和转抗虫基因水稻的抗性风险评估。     

Quantitative analysis of damage extent of transmission tower by using strain energy method

In order to solve the structural damage identification problem of transmission tower, a two-step identification method based on change rate and dissipation rate of modal strain energy is proposed. The damage location is identified by the change rate of modal strain energy method. Then, the modal strain energy dissipation rate theory is analyzed further by using the element stiffness matrix after injury. As a result, a more accurate damage quantification equation method is introduced. This method requires only several modals of vibration. The numerical simulation results show that this two-step method can find the damage location and damage degree of transmission towers effectively.     

Analyse der räumlichen Korrelation des Unkrautauftretens mit der Verunkrautung des Vorjahres und mit abiotischen Standortfaktoren am Beispiel Efeublättriger Ehrenpreis (Veronica hederifolia L.) und Stickstoffgehalt

Spatial correlation analysis between weed occurrence and those of the previous year and abiotic soil properties by example of ivy-leaved speedwell ( Veronica hederifolia L.) and nitrogen content
The spatial dependence of the occurrence of Veronica hederifolia L. on the previous year and on the nitrogen content of the soil (0–30 cm) is characterized by cross correlograms. These are drawn by use of the correlation coefficient of Pearson's ρ and Kendall's τ_b. The results from cross correlograms are compared with the correlation coefficients at the same sampling location between the occurrence of the weed for 2 consecutive years running and also between the nitrogen content and the weed occurrence in the same year. With the help of the cross correlograms we found up to which distances the two variables correlate significantly. The correlation coefficient calculated between two variables at the same sampling point are not sufficient to characterize their spatial dependence. Kendall's τ_b, corrected for ties, as a nonparametric measure of correlation, leads in two cases to more significant dependencies than does Pearson's correlation coefficient.     

南充市水稻稻瘟病区划和发生流行规律研究

为提高南充市水稻稻瘟病监测预警和综合防控水平,切实减轻稻瘟病危害,采用GPS和GIS定位、系统监测和普查、品种抗稻瘟性鉴定、稻瘟病菌生理小种监测和气象资料分析等方法,开展了南充市水稻稻瘟病发生流行区划、精准勘界和发生流行规律研究。首次明确了南充市稻瘟病的流行区划和精准勘界,探明了水稻稻瘟病菌越冬后的初始侵染源(即始见期)地点、发生特点、流行趋势和特点,明确了南充市水稻稻瘟病在田间存在4个流行高峰期,其中第1个流行高峰期发生面积对当年病害流行起着决定作用,5月底的累计发生面积与年发生面积成正相关,相关系数为0.8172;建立了孕穗末期病田率和蜡熟期病株率同年发生面积预测数学模型。对其成因探讨发现,导致南充市近年水稻稻瘟病重发及流行的内因是水稻品种抗稻瘟能力的降低或丧失、稻瘟病菌致病力强的生理小种增加与更强致病力的小种出现;温度适宜和阴雨寡照偏多是造成稻瘟病在南充市流行的外因。2001—2015年,全市水稻稻瘟病短期预报准确率达100%,中、长期预报准确率分别达到98%和95%以上,比1997年以前提高5~15个百分点,促进稻瘟病防效提高15%~30%。     

Evaluation of optical sensor measurements of canopy reflectance and of leaf flavonols and chlorophyll contents to assess crop nitrogen status of muskmelon

Nitrogen losses from intensive vegetal production systems are commonly associated with contamination of water bodies. Sustainable and optimal economic N management requires correct and timely on-farm assessment of crop N status to detect N deficiency or excess. Optical sensors are promising tools for the assessment of crop N status throughout a crop or at critical times. We evaluated optical sensor measurement of canopy reflectance and of leaf flavonols and chlorophyll contents to assess crop N status weekly throughout a muskmelon crop. The Crop Circle ACS 470 was used for reflectance measurement, the SPAD 502 for leaf chlorophyll, and the DUALEX 4 Scientific for leaf chlorophyll and flavonols. Four indices of canopy reflectance (NDVI, GNDVI, RVI, GVI), leaf flavonols and chlorophyll contents and the nitrogen balance index (NBI), the ratio of chlorophyll to flavonols contents, were linearly related to crop N content and to crop Nitrogen Nutrition Index (NNI) throughout most of the crop. NBI most accurately predicted crop N status; in five consecutive weekly measurements, R² values were 0.80–0.95. For NDVI during the same period, R² values were 0.76–0.87 in the first three measurements but R² values in the last two measurements were 0.39–0.45. Similar relationships were found with the three other reflectance indices. Generally, the relationships with NNI were equal to or slightly better than those with crop N content. These optical sensor measurements provided (i) estimation of crop N content in the range 1.5–4.5%, and (ii) an assessment of whether crop N content was sufficient or excessive for optimal crop growth for NNI ranges of 0.8–2.0. Composite equations that integrated the relationships between successive measurements with the optical sensors and crop N content or NNI for periods of ≥2 weeks (often 2–3 weeks) were derived for most indices/parameters. Overall, these results demonstrated the potential for the use of these optical sensor measurements for on-farm monitoring of crop N status in muskmelon.     

CLDAS数据在早稻低温冷害监测中的应用

本研究旨在实现水稻低温灾害的实时动态监测,改善目前遥感数据在南方地区应用受云雨天气影响受限的现状。利用CLDAS气温数据,结合遥感水稻种植本底信息,参考低温冷害监测指标,选取广西典型早稻低温冷害过程进行监测试验。试验结果表明：利用CLDAS气温分量数据可对区域气温变化状况进行有效的动态监测,结合水稻种植空间分布信息,可实现精细化的水稻受灾面积及等级监测。CLDAS反演的气温精度较高,与气象台站实测气温误差多小于0.5℃。CLDAS和遥感数据结合可为水稻精细化低温冷害监测提供一种新的有效途径。     

水产养殖水质监测温度补偿系统

水产养殖水质的准确监测对保证水产品健康养殖至关重要,为了克服温度对溶解氧传感器、pH传感器的影响,重点对二者进行了温度补偿研究,采用三次多项式拟合法对溶解氧电极进行了温度补偿分析,采用最小二乘法对不同温度段的电压与pH 关系进行了线性分析,最后得出两者的温度补偿模型。试验结果表明,该温度补偿系统所测得溶解氧与pH平均相对误差分别为1.82%和1.72%,实现了对水产养殖水质因子的准确监测,对现代水产养殖业水质监测具有良好的应用前景。     

农作物灾情田间调查分级规范的研究现状

近年来,农业气象灾害对中国农业生产的影响呈现危害范围逐年扩大、灾害程度逐年加重的态势,农作物灾情调查和灾害损失评估的研究越来越受到各级政府和部门的重视,为此,农作物受灾等级研判标准的重要性凸显。文章主要对中国现有的灾损评估方法及标准进行了归纳,主要包括农业部门在农情调度中对灾害的统计方法和气象部门对农业气象灾害等级的观测方法,还介绍了正在研究拟定中的农作物灾情田间调查分级规范,并指出农作物灾情田间调查分级的方法是一种将农业标准与气象标准相结合的方法,有利于将科学研究与生产实际相结合,并且便于各级部门及时采取科学的防灾减灾措施,将为农情调度、灾害损失评估、灾后农业生产自救提供科学依据。     

Analysis of Damage Localization in Crack Weakened Rock Mass

Damage localization in crack weakened rock mass is closely related to the crack growth pattern. Bifurcation of the alternative evolution of cracks occurs when the cracks grow to some extent, then some cracks keep on growing while other ceased evolving. It is found that damage localization in crack weakened rock mass is caused by bifurcation of the crack growth pattern, and the initial location is also determined by the crack growth pattern. Based on the analysis on the bifurcation of crack growth pattern, the critical length of wing crack and the critical stress of damage localization in crack weakened rock mass are obtained. Subsequently, the onset location of damage localization is determined by using the eigenvalue and eigenvector of coefficient matrix, and crack interaction is also taken into account in this model. Finally, the relationship between the interval between columns and rows, the orientation of crack, confining stress and the critical stress of damage localization is defined in the example.