小麦籽粒清蛋白和球蛋白表达对干旱胁迫的响应

为了解干旱胁迫对小麦籽粒灌浆期蛋白表达的影响,以强筋优质小麦品种藁城8901为材料,采用双向电泳以及质谱鉴定分析了干旱胁迫和正常生长条件下成熟籽粒清蛋白和球蛋白表达谱的差异。结果表明,与正常生长条件相比,干旱胁迫后,小麦籽粒出现130个差异蛋白质点。通过MALDI TOF-TOF质谱鉴定和数据库搜索,最终成功鉴定出57个差异蛋白,其中上调表达29个,下调表达19个,特异表达7个,沉默表达2个;涉及ADP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶、α-淀粉酶抑制剂、过氧化还原酶、β-淀粉酶、二硫键异构酶、丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂、超氧化物歧化酶等13种蛋白质,其中代谢类10个,能量类2个,蛋白质加工和储藏6个,病害防御相关17个,转录1个,功能未知和假定蛋白21个。说明干旱胁迫影响小麦籽粒灌浆期的多个代谢途径,进而影响小麦产量和品质。     

PEG 6000胁迫对小麦三叶期蛋白表达的影响

为了探索干旱胁迫下小麦蛋白质表达的变化,选取旱地品种烟D27、 陕优225和水地品种新麦18、小偃22、1031为材料,在小麦三叶期,用18%和35%两种浓度的聚乙二醇(PEG6000)模拟干旱胁迫,处理待试小麦24 h后,用TCA丙酮法提取叶片全蛋白,通过SDSPAGE电泳分析小麦在干旱胁迫后的蛋白质带谱,并运用高效液相色谱质谱联用技术鉴定了新麦18的35.0 kD干旱敏感蛋白条带。结果表明,PEG6000胁迫后分子量28.0 kD蛋白在水地品种中消失,在旱地品种中正常表达或诱导表达。此外,干旱胁迫使抗旱品种烟D27诱导产生33.0和23.0 kD干旱应答蛋白条带,导致抗旱性弱的水地品种新麦18的35.0 kD蛋白条带消失。对新麦18的 35.0 kD蛋白条带进行液相色谱分离结合质谱分析后发现其含有17种与基本生命活动有关的蛋白,这些蛋白与小麦对干旱胁迫的适应性代谢调节有关。     

PEG-6000胁迫对小麦三叶期蛋白表达的影响

为了探索干旱胁迫下小麦蛋白质表迭的变化,选取旱地品种蝈D27、陕优225和水地品种新麦18、小偃22、10-31为材料,在小麦三叶期,用18%和35%两种浓度的聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫,处理待试小麦24 h后,月TCA丙酮法提取叶片全蛋白,通过SDS-PAGE电泳分析小麦在干旱胁迫后的蛋白质带谱,并运用高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术鉴定了新麦18的35.0 kD干旱敏感蛋白条带.结果表明,PEG6000胁迫后分子量28.0 kD蛋白在水地品种中消失,在旱地品种中正常表达或诱导表达.此外,干旱胁迫使抗旱品种烟D27诱导产生33.0和23.0 kD干旱应答蛋白务带,导致抗旱性弱的水地品种新麦18的35.0 kD蛋白条带消失.对新麦18的35.0 kD蛋白条带进行液相色谱分离结合质谱分析后发现其含有17种与基本生命活动有关的蛋白,这些蛋白与小麦对干旱胁迫的适应性代谢调节有关.     

低温-干旱交叉胁迫对东农冬麦1号地下茎蛋白表达的影响

为给寒地冬小麦抗逆性的分子育种提供依据,采用蛋白质双向电泳及质谱技术,对不同低温-干旱交叉胁迫下抗寒品种东农冬麦1号地下茎的蛋白质表达进行了比较分析。结果表明,在pH 4~7范围内,在东农冬麦1号地下茎蛋白表达图谱中发现25个蛋白点在低温-干旱交叉作用下的表达量与单独低温胁迫下有明显差异,其中9个蛋白点在干旱-低温交叉作用下表达量上调,16个下调。对差异蛋白点进行质谱分析,并通过数据库检索进行蛋白质鉴定,得到完整的肽指纹图谱,其中逆境诱导蛋白占26%,代谢相关蛋白占38%。     

晋麦47幼苗叶片水分胁迫差异表达蛋白的鉴定与分析

为了从蛋白质水平进一步揭示小麦抗旱机理,以旱地小麦品种晋麦47为试验材料,采用蛋白质双向电泳技术,结合质谱鉴定技术,研究幼苗在正常供水与水分胁迫(-0.5 MPa的PEG-6000溶液处理48h)后叶片蛋白质组表达谱间的差异,分析水分胁迫差异表达的蛋白种类及其功能.研究发现,在正常供水和水分胁迫处理两种条件下,幼苗叶片蛋白的双向电泳图谱均可重复检测到850个蛋白点;31个蛋白点在两种供水水平间表达量存在显著差异,其中17个蛋白点在水分胁迫处理下表达量明显增加,14个蛋白点表达量明显减少.对这些蛋白点进行肽指纹图谱分析,并利用Mascot软件在NCBInr数据库搜索,最终有26个蛋白点被成功鉴定;其中,未知功能蛋白7个;已知功能蛋白19个,主要涉及能量、代谢、抗病与防御、细胞结构、转录与翻译以及信号转导等功能类别.结果表明,小麦体内的多个代谢及调控途径参与了对干旱的应激反应.最后,本文还对鉴定到的差异蛋白点与水分胁迫的关系进行了分析和讨论.     

PEG-6000干旱胁迫对小麦三叶期蛋白表达的影响

为了探索小麦在正常情况和干旱胁迫下的蛋白质表达变化,选取旱地品种烟D27、 陕优225和水地品种新麦18、小偃22、10-31为材料,在小麦三叶期,用18%和35%两种浓度的聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)干旱胁迫,处理待试小麦24 h后,收获处理的叶片。TCA丙酮法提取叶片全蛋白,通过SDS-PAGE分析小麦在干旱胁迫后蛋白质的表达变化。并运用高效液相色谱－质谱联用技术鉴定了新麦18的35.0kD水分敏感诱导蛋白条带。结果表明,PEG-6000胁迫后分子量28.0 kD蛋白在水地品种中消失,在抗旱品种中正常表达或诱导表达。此外,抗旱品种烟D27诱导出33.0kD和23.0 kD干旱应答蛋白条带;水地品种新麦18的35.0kD蛋白条带消失。对新麦18的 35.0kD蛋白条带进行液相色谱分离结合质谱分析后发现其含有17种与基本生命活动有关的蛋白,这些蛋白与小麦对干旱胁迫的适应性代谢调节有关。     

药隔至开花期低温对小麦产量和生理特性的影响

为明确小麦药隔期、孕穗期和开花期三个阶段低温对麦穗的伤害以及小麦对低温的生理响应,以春性品种扬麦16和半冬性品种徐麦30为试验材料,利用人工气候室模拟低温逆境,研究药隔期、孕穗期和开花期低温处理后小麦产量和生理特性的变化。结果表明,药隔期-2℃胁迫24h,穗数显著下降,两品种产量平均下降了25.62%;孕穗期0℃胁迫24h,穗数和穗粒数显著下降,产量平均降低了21.00%;开花期6℃胁迫48h,粒重显著下降,产量降低了12.28%。三个阶段低温处理后,叶片可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸、脱落酸及丙二醛含量随胁迫程度的加重而升高;赤霉素(GA3)含量下降。药隔期、孕穗期低温迫胁后,两品种单株钾、钙及钼的积累量较对照上升,随着胁迫时间的延长,钾、钙的积累量下降;开花期低温胁迫下植株钾、钙的积累量较对照先升后降,钼积累量较对照呈下降趋势。三个阶段低温处理后徐麦30的应激反应虽强于扬麦16,但药隔期、孕穗期低温对徐麦30幼穗伤害重于扬麦16,产量降幅也略高于扬麦16。     

低温胁迫对小麦叶绿素荧光参数及产量的响应

为了解小麦低温胁迫后叶绿素荧光特性及产量的变化特征,以新麦26和郑麦366为供试材料,在拔节期进行3个梯度的低温处理(分别为5℃、0℃和-5℃),处理时间均为10 h,以自然生长(10℃)为对照(CK),研究低温胁迫对小麦叶绿素荧光参数及产量的响应。结果表明,与CK相比,低温胁迫导致小麦株高、倒一至倒三节间长、叶片SPAD值、F_v/F_m、Φ_(PSⅡ)、穗粒数、千粒重和单株产量均降低,且对新麦26的影响总体上大于郑麦366,其中低温胁迫后新麦26和郑麦366的单株产量分别减少29.58%～55.52%和23.65%～47.95%。此外,低温胁迫对小麦的伤害程度与温度有关,在本试验条件下,-5℃低温胁迫的影响最大。这说明拔节期低温会影响小麦植株生长发育、光合和产量形成。     

盐胁迫下木炭对小麦幼苗根系蛋白表达的影响

为明确木炭对小麦盐胁迫的缓解效应,以冬小麦品种临汾6339为材料,对小麦幼苗分别进行盐和木炭单因素处理及二者复合处理,应用蛋白质双向电泳与质谱联用技术对小麦根系差异表达蛋白进行了分析。结果表明,相对盐处理,在盐和木炭复合处理的小麦根系中共检测到丰度变化在2倍以上的差异表达蛋白点12个。经过MALDI-TOF-TOF分析及数据库检索,被鉴定的12个蛋白点按其功能大致可归为5类。其中,第Ⅰ类为与能量代谢相关的蛋白质,包括ATP合酶和ATP酶;第Ⅱ类为与糖代谢相关的蛋白质,包括磷酸甘油醛异构酶、磷酸丙糖异构酶、6-磷酸葡糖酸脱氢酶、苹果酸脱氢酶以及乌头酸水合酶;第Ⅲ类为与氨基酸代谢相关的蛋白质,如半胱氨酸合成酶;第Ⅳ类为与遗传物质有关的蛋白质,如染色体的结构蛋白;第Ⅴ类为未知功能蛋白质。     

晋麦47幼苗中一个水分胁迫应答蛋白的SDS-PAGE和Nano LC-MS/MS鉴定

水分胁迫应答蛋白的表达与小麦品种的抗旱性密切相关。为了明确与抗旱相关的水分胁迫D-应答蛋白的表达特点及蛋白组成,对小麦品种晋麦47幼苗进行不同供水量处理,应用SDS-PAGE、纳升级液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱联用技术(Nano LC-MS/MS),分析了水分胁迫D-应答蛋白条带表达量的变化和蛋白组成。SDS-PAGE检测结果表明,水分胁迫D-应答蛋白条带在-0.5 MPa PEG-6000水溶液胁迫下,6 h出现可见表达,胁迫至48 h时表达量最大,之后,此蛋白条带的表达量又逐渐下降;幼苗胁迫48 h后恢复正常供水,复水72 h后该蛋白消失。切取正常供水和胁迫处理两个条件下SDS-PAGE胶差异表达蛋白条带,经质谱分析分别获得两个阳性结果,且正常供水和PEG-6000胁迫两种处理条件下D-应答蛋白组成一致,均由核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶大亚基和磷酸甘油酸变位酶组成(P<0.05);PEG-6000胁迫条件下两个蛋白(亚基)的鉴定得分分别为1 632和88,覆盖率分别为30%和21%;在鉴定的肽段中,有65个肽段同属于核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶大亚基,其中35个肽段可信度均超过阈值分数;有5个肽段同属于磷酸甘油酸变位酶,其中4个肽段的可信度超过阈值分数。结果表明该蛋白条带可能主要由核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶大亚基等组成。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Cytoplasmic substitution inSolanum. II. Tuber characteristics of reciprocal backcross progeny

Summary Recurrent backcrosses (BC) were used to introduce nuclear factors ofS. tuberosum L. ssp.tuberosum into the cytoplasm of Andean potatoesS. tuberosum ssp.andigena (Juz. and Buk.) Hawkes andS. phureja Juz. and Buk. Each generation BC was produced in reciprocal directions to test the effect of cytoplasmic substitution on yield. This report analyses tuber number, tuber weight, and tuber length of BC₂ and BC₃ substitution into ssp.andigena cytoplasm and BC₂ and BC₂ substitutions intoS. phureja cytoplasm. Direction of cross had no consistent significant effect on yield components of ssp.andigena substitution lines. InS. phureja reciprocal progenies direction of cross was responsible for significant differences of some reciprocal sets. When there were significant differences the higher yield usually occurred when ssp.tuberosum was the pistillate parent, but in some progenies when ssp.tuberosum was the pistillate parent the yield was significantly lower than in the reciprocals. It is suggested that differences between reciprocals resulted from chromosomally encoded gene action, resulting from maternal and/or paternal effects, rather than cytoplasmic factors. Authorized for publication as paper No. 7494 in the Journal Series of The Pennsylvania Agriculture Experiment Station.