五种农药对中华蜜蜂和意大利蜜蜂工蜂的经口毒性比较

分别采用"小烧杯法"和"饲喂管法"测定了5种农药对中华蜜蜂和意大利蜜蜂工蜂的经口毒性。比较了2种方法的优缺点以及2个蜂种对农药毒性的敏感程度差异。结果表明:无论是"意蜂"还是"中蜂","小烧杯法"得到的半致死浓度(LC50)均不同程度地低于"饲喂管法";与"意蜂"相比,"中蜂"对药剂更敏感,可能更适用于农药的毒理评价实验。     

毒死蜱和甲氰菊酯对蜜蜂毒性与安全评价研究

通过接触法和摄入法测定了毒死蜱和甲氰菊酯对蜜蜂的毒性。结果表明，毒死蜱和甲氰菊酯对蜜蜂的接触毒性(24h LD50)分别为0．1634μg／蜂和0．0501μg／蜂，胃毒毒性(24h LE50)分别为0．6406mg／L和7．8261mg／L。根据Atkins毒性等级划分标准，毒死蜱和甲氰菊酯对蜜蜂的毒性均为高毒，应禁止在蜜蜂活动区域使用。     

不同生长月份蜜蜂对农药的敏感性差异比较

从4月中旬至11月初,以乐果作为参比药剂,采用急性接触毒性试验方法,在北京跟踪测试了同一箱蜜蜂对农药的敏感性变化趋势。结果表明,不同月份蜜蜂对乐果的敏感性呈连续的单峰曲线分布,仅在5月底到10月初之间采集的蜜蜂的敏感性符合OECD试验准则和GB/T 31270.10中有关参比物毒性试验结果的要求,即乐果对蜜蜂急性接触毒性24hLD50应在0.10~0.30μg a.i./蜂范围内,其他时间的蜜蜂敏感性不符合试验要求。因此,建议在北京及周边地区,宜采用6-10月份的蜜蜂用于农药登记用毒性试验。     

三唑磷农药对三种非靶生物的毒性和安全评价研究

本文叙述测定了三唑磷农药３种有代表性非靶生物鲤鱼,家蚕,蜜蜂的急性毒性,并进行了安全评价,试验结果表明,三唑磷对鲤鱼ＬＣ５００．３２ｍｇ／Ｌ（４８ｈ）对家蚕ＬＣ５０（至３龄起）１．０３ｍｇ／ｋｇ桑叶,对蜜蜂触杀ＬＤ５００．０５８μｇ／蜂（２４ｈ）胃毒ＬＣ５０１．９０ｍｇ／Ｌ（２４ｈ）该农药对三种非靶生物均为高毒,本项工作为三唑磷农药的登记和合理表提供了科学依据。     

农药对蜜蜂的影响及毒理学机制研究进展

农药在现代农业生产中发挥着积极作用,但是农药使用不当则会对重要授粉昆虫如蜜蜂等造成负面影响。本文主要围绕农药对蜜蜂的急性毒性、亚致死剂量农药对蜜蜂生长发育和行为的影响,农药对蜜蜂的联合作用,以及新烟碱类杀虫剂与蜜蜂烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体的相互作用、农药对蜜蜂毒性差异的机理、农药对蜜蜂解毒代谢相关酶活性及其他生理生化指标的影响、植物化学物质在调控蜜蜂对农药耐受性中的作用等方面的研究进展进行了综述,以期为农药的合理使用及提高其对蜜蜂的安全性提供参考。     

五种杀虫剂对蜜蜂的经口毒性及风险评价

分别采用"小烧杯法"和"饲喂管法" 检测了50%虫螨腈水分散粒剂(WG)、1%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐乳油(EC)、80%氟虫腈水分散粒剂(WG)、50 g/L氟虫腈悬浮剂(SC)、10%阿维菌素·哒螨灵乳油(EC)5种杀虫剂对蜜蜂工蜂的经口毒性。其中, "小烧杯法"测得的48 h LC50值分别为21.3、0.490、0.112、0.075 7、0.488 mg/L, "饲喂管法"测得的48 h LC50值分别为134、0.730、1.33、0.668、1.54 mg/L。就这5种杀虫剂而言,"饲喂管法"测得的48 h LC50值均不同程度高于"小烧杯法"。以摄入量计,则"饲喂管法"测得的48 h LD50值分别为1.34、0.007 30、0.013 3、0.005 37、0.015 4 μg/蜂。按毒性等级标准划分, 50%虫螨腈WG对蜜蜂具有中等毒性,1%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐EC、10%阿维菌素·哒螨灵EC、80%氟虫腈WG和50 g/L氟虫腈SC对蜜蜂为剧毒。如果采用危害商值(Hazard Quotient,HQ)衡量药剂的风险性,则上述5种杀虫剂对蜜蜂的HQ值分别为84.0、205、3 247、3 609、8 939,表明它们对蜜蜂均具有潜在风险。同时还就两种检测方法的优缺点和适用范围进行了比较。     

计算毒理学在农药毒性预测、活性筛查及风险评估中的应用

农药在农业病虫草害的防控中起着重要作用, 但农药应用后其母体和转化产物在农产品和水体、土壤、空气等环境中的残留存在一定的生物活性或毒性风险。传统的农药活性和毒性的评估手段不仅耗时、耗力、耗成本, 且违背实验动物“3R”原则, 也难以快速准确预测种类繁多且不断增加的农药化学品对人体和生态健康的风险。计算毒理学为农药化合物的毒性预测、活性筛查及风险评估提供了新的研究手段。本文主要介绍计算毒理学的发展及其在农药毒性预测、活性筛查及风险评估中的应用现状, 以期为新时代背景下农药对人类健康及环境安全的风险评估提供新思路。该领域的研究对指导农药的安全生产、科学使用管理具有重要意义, 对生态系统的保护具有重要参考价值。     

农药对蜜蜂的风险评价技术进展

在对美国国家环保局关于农药对蜜蜂的风险评价程序及工作进行调查研究的基础上,详细介绍了该评价体系所涵盖的不同层次,包括蜜蜂的室内急性毒性研究、叶面残留农药对蜜蜂的毒性影响的半田间研究及田间风险评价技术研究方面的进展,旨在为我国建立农药对蜜蜂的风险评价技术体系提供一定的借鉴作用。     

拟除虫菊酯类农药的免疫毒性研究进展

拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂因其高效、对哺乳动物低毒和易降解等特性已被广泛使用,目前对其生态毒理学的研究主要集中在神经及内分泌干扰、发育和生殖毒性方面,而关于其免疫毒性的研究也越来越受到了关注。文章对拟除虫菊酯类农药的免疫毒性及其分子机制研究进展进行了总结,主要从免疫器官、免疫细胞、免疫分子和免疫功能等方面综述了此类杀虫剂对不同生物的免疫毒性及其可能的分子机制,同时总结了拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂暴露与免疫相关疾病发生的关联,以期为拟除虫菊酯类农药免疫毒性的进一步探究提供参考。     

农药对家蚕的毒性及安全性评价研究进展

家蚕是农业生态系统中对农药十分敏感的重要经济昆虫,又是非靶标生物的代表物种之一。本文综述了农药对家蚕的毒性及安全性评价的研究现状和进展。     

The relevance of sublethal effects in honey bee testing for pesticide risk assessment

The option of an evaluation and assessment of possible sublethal effects of pesticides on bees has been a subject of discussion by scientists and regulatory authorities. Effects considered included learning behaviour and orientation capacity. This discussion was enhanced by the French bee issue and allegations against systemic insecticides that were linked to the hypothesis that sublethal intoxication might even have led to reported colony losses. This paper considers whether and, if so, how sublethal effects should be incorporated into risk assessment, by addressing a number of questions: What is meant by a sublethal effect? Which sublethal effects should be measured, when and how? How are sublethal effects to be included in risk assessments? The authors conclude that sublethal studies may be helpful as an optional test to address particular, compound‐specific concerns, as a lower‐tier alternative to semi‐field or field testing, if the effects are shown to be ecologically relevant. However, available higher‐tier data (semi‐field, field tests) should make any additional sublethal testing unnecessary, and higher‐tier data should always override data of lower‐tier trials on sublethal effects. © Crown copyright 2007. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于3种机器学习方法的农业干旱监测比较

频繁的旱灾对甘肃省经济、农业生产造成严重危害,因此利用先进方法建立准确可靠的农业干旱监测模型对该省防旱减灾十分重要.本文基于随机森林(RF)、BP神经网络和支持向量机(SVM)3种机器学习方法,利用甘肃省2002-2019年4-10月多源遥感数据得到的植被状态指数(VCI)、温度状态指数(TCI)、植被供水指数(VSW...     

Toxicity of dimethoate and fenoxycarb to honey bee brood (Apis mellifera), using a new in vitro standardized feeding method

A new in vitro method was devised to assess the effects of pesticides on honey bee brood. The method allowed the quantification of doses ingested by larvae and the assessment of larval and pupal mortality. Larval mortality in control samples was lower than 10%. Two active substances were tested: dimethoate and fenoxycarb. The LD(50) of dimethoate was 1.9 microg larva(-1) 48 h after oral exposure of larvae at day 4. Additional dose-related effects on pupal mortality were noted. After a chronic intoxication, the NOAEC (No Observed Adverse Effect Concentration) for larval mortality at day 7 was 2.5 mg kg(-1), whereas a NOAEC of 5 mg kg(-1) was found at day 22 for delayed effects on the reduction of adult emergence. Fenoxycarb applied at day 4 showed no effect on larvae, whereas emergence of adults was affected at doses higher than 6 ng larva(-1).     

Modelling long-term effects of IGRs on honey bee colonies

Systems have been developed to monitor the direct effects of insect growth regulator (IGR) pesticide exposure on honey bee development, but there has been little work on the longer-term impact of exposure on the colony. A honey bee population model provided the opportunity to investigate the effects of short-term mortality of brood and of sublethal changes in behaviour of the surviving adults on honey bee populations. The model showed that brood mortality alone has limited effect on colony size. There were two mechanisms that could have greater influence on productivity. Precocious foraging in affected adult bees, and hence early loss of brood-rearing (nurse) capabilities, had a much larger effect than expected. Increasing mortality rates by 30% to simulate sublethal effects on lifespan, rather than reduced brood-rearing capability, gave a significantly smaller effect. In order to simulate an effect with the 'shortened lifespan' mechanism as large as that with the 'premature ageing' mechanism, the mortality rate of affected adults had to be increased by 500%. A significant finding from the model is that application of IGRs in spring and early summer could have substantial effects on colony size and viability. Sublethal effects such as precocious foraging can have worse effects than massive brood mortality, as it severely reduces the ability to rear the next generation of nurse bees.     

Adaptability of machine learning methods and hydrological models to discharge simulations in datasparse glaciated watersheds

The accurate simulation and prediction of runoff in alpine glaciated watersheds is of increasing importance for the comprehensive management and utilization of water resources. In this study, long shortterm memory(LSTM), a state-of-the-art artificial neural network algorithm, is applied to simulate the daily discharge of two data-sparse glaciated watersheds in the Tianshan Mountains in Central Asia. Two other classic machine learning methods, namely extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost) and support vector regression(SVR), along with a distributed hydrological model(Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT) and an extended SWAT model(SWAT_Glacier) are also employed for comparison. This paper aims to provide an efficient and reliable method for simulating discharge in glaciated alpine regions that have insufficient observed meteorological data. The two typical basins in this study are the main tributaries(the Kumaric and Toxkan rivers) of the Aksu River in the south Tianshan Mountains, which are dominated by snow and glacier meltwater and precipitation. Our comparative analysis indicates that simulations from the LSTM shows the best agreement with the observations. The performance metrics Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient(NS) and correlation coefficient(R~2) of LSTM are higher than 0.90 in both the training and testing periods in the Kumaric River Basin, and NS and R~2 are also higher than 0.70 in the Toxkan River Basin. Compared to classic machine learning algorithms, LSTM shows significant advantages over most evaluating indices. XGBoost also has high NS value in the training period, but is prone to overfitting the discharge. Compared with the widely used hydrological models, LSTM has advantages in predicting accuracy, despite having fewer data inputs. Moreover, LSTM only requires meteorological data rather than physical characteristics of underlying data. As an extension of SWAT, the SWAT_Glacier model shows good adaptability in discharge simulation, outperforming the original SWAT model, but at the cost of increasing the complexity of the model. Compared with the oftentimes complex semi-distributed physical hydrological models, the LSTM method not only eliminates the tedious calibration process of hydrological parameters, but also significantly reduces the calculation time and costs. Overall, LSTM shows immense promise in dealing with scarce meteorological data in glaciated catchments.     

The incidence of honey bee pests and diseases in England and Wales

The Central Science Laboratory (CSL) National Bee Unit (NBU) has been responsible for maintaining the Integrated Bee Health Programme in England and Wales since the early 1990s. The role of the Bee Health Programme is to protect the honey bee, a major pollinator of agricultural and horticultural crops and wild flora, and to provide up-to-date technical support to beekeepers. The Bee Health Programme is funded in England by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) and in Wales by the Welsh Assembly Government (WAG). The work includes inspection of honey bee colonies, disease and pest diagnosis, development of contingency plans for emerging threats, minimising the risk of introduction of potentially serious exotic pests and diseases through importation by import risk analysis and related extension work and consultancy services to both government and industry. There is also an underpinning programme of research and development.     

Experimental study on the toxicity of imidacloprid given in syrup to honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies

Two groups of eight honey bee colonies were fed with two different concentrations of imidacloprid in saccharose syrup during summer (each colony was given 1 litre of saccharose syrup containing 0.5 microg litre(-1) or 5 microg litre(-1) of imidacloprid on 13 occasions). Their development and survival were followed in parallel with control hives (unfed or fed with saccharose syrup) until the end of the following winter. The parameters followed were: adult bee activity (number of bee entering the hive and pollen carrying activity), adult bee population level, capped brood area, frequency of parasitic and other diseases, mortality, number of frames with brood after wintering and a global score of colonies after wintering. The only parameters linked to feeding with imidacloprid-supplemented saccharose syrup when compared with feeding with non-supplemented syrup were: a statistically non-significant higher activity index of adult bees, a significantly higher frequency of pollen carrying during the feeding period and a larger number of capped brood cells. When imidacloprid was no longer applied, activity and pollen carrying were re-established at a similar level for all groups. Repeated feeding with syrup supplemented with imidacloprid did not provoke any immediate or any delayed mortality before, during or following the next winter, whereas such severe effects are described by several French bee keepers as a consequence of imidacloprid use for seed dressing in neighbouring cultures. In any case, during the whole study, mortality was very low in all groups, with no difference between imidacloprid-fed and control colonies. Further research should now address several hypotheses: the troubles described by bee keepers have causes other than imidacloprid; if such troubles are really due to this insecticide, they may only be observed either when bees consume contaminated pollen, when no other sources of food are available, in the presence of synergic factors (that still need to be identified), with some particular races of bees or when colonies are not strong and healthy.     

农药纳米混悬剂及其制备方法探析

纳米混悬剂是指药物有效成分以晶体或无定型状态,在表面活性剂的作用下,均匀分散至水中形成的稳定的纳米胶态分散体系。纳米混悬剂可增大难溶性药物的溶解度,提高药物的渗透性、生物活性及利用率。文章就纳米混悬剂的几种主要制备方法及其在医药和农药领域的研究应用进展进行了综述,初步分析了其贮存稳定性并就其未来发展进行了总结展望。农药纳米混悬剂制备方法主要有两种——自上而下法和自下而上法。其中自上而下法包括介质研磨法、活塞-裂缝均质化法和高压微射流法;自下而上法包括控制沉淀法和超临界流体法。自上而下法适用于疏水、疏油型农药原药的加工,其制备过程简单,易于扩大生产;缺点是其中的介质研磨法在研磨过程中也会出现介质腐蚀,易造成样品污染,活塞-裂缝均质化法则须预先将药物微粉化。自下而上法的优点是设备简单、耗能低,但要求农药原药需至少能溶解于1种溶剂中。介于各方法均有其优缺点,在实际应用中也会将几种方法结合使用。基于目前农药使用中存在的有效利用率低的问题,探析纳米混悬剂作为一种新型农药剂型的应用前景具有重要的现实意义。     

农药致癌性分级与评估方法分析

致癌性评价是农药风险评估的重要领域,然而,各国对于致癌物的分类方法及依据却存在差异。文章介绍了国际癌症研究机构 (IARC)、美国环保署 (EPA) 和欧盟关于农药致癌物的分级标准和原则,分析了几种分级与评估方法的特点和差异。其中,IARC分级以危害为基础,不审查其他机构考虑的定量风险特征。致癌机制是分级的重要证据之一,但各机构采用的评估方法还普遍处于探索和完善当中。文章以草甘膦为例,阐述了因致癌性分级和评估方法的不同,以及证据收集与分析的差异而导致的致癌评估的复杂性,旨在为中国建立和完善农药致癌性评价体系,开展相关国际交流提供参考。