Protective role of proline against salt stress is partially related to the improvement of water status and peroxidase enzyme activity in cucumber

A salt-sensitive cucumber cultivar "Jinchun No. 2" ( Cucumis sativus L.) was used to investigate the role of proline in alleviating salt stress in cucumber. Proline was applied twice (day 0 and day 4 after salt treatment) as a foliar spray, with a volume of 25 mL per plant at each time. Plant dry weight, leaf relative water content, proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl⁻ contents, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities in the plants were determined at day 8 after salt treatment. The results showed that 100 mmol L^–1 NaCl stress significantly decreased plant dry weight, leaf relative water and K⁺ contents, and increased leaf MDA, Na⁺ and Cl⁻ contents and SOD, POD, CAT and APX activities. However, leaf proline accumulation was not affected by salinity. The exogenous application of proline significantly alleviated the growth inhibition of plants induced by NaCl, and was accompanied by higher leaf relative water content and POD activity, higher proline and Cl⁻ contents, and lower MDA content and SOD activity. However, there was no significant difference in Na⁺ and K⁺ contents or in CAT and APX activities between proline-treated and untreated plants under salt stress. Taken together, these results suggested that the foliar application of proline was an effective way to improve the salt tolerance of cucumber. The enhanced salt tolerance could be partially attributed to the improved water status and peroxidase enzyme activity in the leaf.     

Physiological responses and adaptive strategies of wheat seedlings to salt and alkali stresses

Effects of salt (NaCl : Na₂SO₄) and alkali (NaHCO₃ : Na₂CO₃) stresses on the contents of inorganic ions and organic solutes in wheat shoots were compared to explore the physiological responses and adaptive strategies of wheat to these stresses. Wheat significantly accumulated Na⁺ and simultaneously accumulated Cl⁻, soluble sugars and proline to maintain osmotic and ionic balance under salt stress. Compared with salt stress, the high pH from alkali stress enhanced Na⁺ accumulation and affected the absorption of inorganic anions. To maintain ionic and osmotic balance, wheat accumulated organic acids, soluble sugars and proline. The accumulation of Cl⁻ and organic acids was the main difference in the physiological responses and adaptive mechanisms to salt and alkali stresses, respectively.     

干旱胁迫下H2S对板栗幼苗根系抗氧化特性及呼吸相关酶活性的影响

为探究干旱胁迫下H₂S对板栗幼苗根系特性的影响,以黄棚板栗幼苗为试验材料,通过PEG模拟干旱并进行H₂S供体硫氢化钠(NaHS)和清除剂次牛磺酸(HT)处理,分析板栗幼苗根系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)等抗氧化酶活性及丙二醛(MDA)、H₂O₂等抗氧化物质含量,检测苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)、磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)和葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G-6-PDH)等呼吸代谢相关酶活性。结果表明,0.5 mmol·L^-1 NaHS+15% PEG协同处理24 h后,与15% PEG处理相比,根系SOD、POD、CAT、APX活性分别提高19.64%、24.67%、56.91%、16.29%,根系脯氨酸含量增加15.25%,根系MDA和H₂O₂含量分别降低26.52%和20.86%,MDH、PFK和G-6-PDH活性分别提高27.28%、23.14%和15.36%;而添加H₂S清除剂HT则逆转了上述变化,说明适宜浓度的NaHS能够减轻干旱胁迫对板栗根系膜脂过氧化伤害和对呼吸代谢的抑制,从而有利于提高板栗幼苗对干旱逆境的适应能力。本研究结果为进一步探索H₂S缓解板栗树干旱胁迫的机理提供了理论依据。     

铝胁迫下外源抗坏血酸对水稻幼苗抗氧化性能的影响

为探讨外源抗坏血酸(AsA)对铝胁迫下水稻抗氧化损伤的效应,以滇优35号(杂交稻,粳稻)为试验材料,采用溶液培养法研究外源AsA对不同铝浓度(0、50、100、200、400 μmol·L^-1)胁迫下水稻根尖H₂O₂含量及抗氧化酶活性等生理生化指标的影响。结果表明,水稻根尖氧化损伤程度随铝浓度的递增而加剧,与对照相比,400 μmol·L^-1铝胁迫可导致水稻根尖H₂O₂和MDA含量增加1.53和3.16倍,脯氨酸含量、SOD、POD、APX和CAT活性分别增加1.73、1.39、1.42、1.76和1.56倍,内源AsA含量减少0.53倍;而施用外源AsA处理的根尖H₂O₂和MDA含量只增加1.04和2.69倍,内源AsA含量减少0.46倍,脯氨酸含量增加1.96倍,SOD、POD、APX和CAT活性分别增加1.48、1.63、1.90和1.89倍。综上所述,外源AsA可通过增强渗透调节物质含量来维护质膜结构的完整性,增强抗氧化酶活性和内源AsA含量,降低根尖H₂O₂的积累和质膜过氧化程度,促进水稻在铝胁迫条件下的生长。本研究结果为进一步探索外源AsA缓解水稻铝毒的机理提供了一定的理论依据。     

盐胁迫下两种草坪草膜脂过氧化和抗氧化酶比较

Salinity stress is a major factor limiting the growth of turfgrass irrigated with recycled wastewater. The change in lipid peroxidation in terms of malondialdehyde (MDA) content and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxide (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) in the shoots and roots of Kentucky bluegrass and tall fescue were investigated under salinity stress. Plants were subjected to 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mmol L 1 NaCl for 40 d. The MDA content under salinity stress was lower in tall fescue than in Kentucky bluegrass in both shoots and roots. Activities of SOD in the shoots of both species increased with salinity stress. The activities of CAT and APX decreased in Kentucky bluegrass, but no significant difference in the activities of CAT and APX was observed in tall fescue. The activities of SOD, CAT and APX in the shoots of tall fescue were higher than those in Kentucky bluegrass. In the roots of Kentucky bluegrass, SOD and GR activities increased and CAT and APX activities decreased in comparison with the control. In the roots of tall fescue, salinity increased the activities of SOD, CAT, and APX. These results suggested that tall fescue exhibited a more effective protection mechanism and mitigated oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation by maintaining higher SOD, CAT and APX activities than Kentucky bluegrass.     

甜菜M14品系与二倍体栽培甜菜耐盐性的比较研究

【目的】甜菜属于耐盐碱作物,通过比较两个优质甜菜材料的耐盐性,为甜菜育种提供科学依据。【方法】本试验以甜菜M14品系(18+1条染色体)和来自同一亲本分离得到的二倍体栽培甜菜(18条染色体)为试验材料,在正常和200 mmol/L NaCl胁迫条件下进行水培试验。在处理0、1、3、5、7天后,采集幼苗样品,测定株高、根长,分析K^+、Na^+、丙二醛(MDA)和甜菜碱含量,测定主要抗氧化物酶基因(SOD、CAT、APX、GR)和甜菜碱合成基因(CMO、BADH)的转录水平及以上6个基因编码酶活性。【结果】1)正常条件下,两个甜菜材料的株高和根长均无明显差异;200 mmol/L NaCl胁迫条件下,M14品系的株高和根长均优于二倍体。2)正常条件下,M14品系与二倍体的根吸收K^+和Na^+的能力相似,代谢过程中产生甜菜碱的量相当;200 mmol/L NaCl胁迫条件下,两个甜菜材料根中的K^+、Na^+含量差异不显著,而M14品系根中的甜菜碱含量高于二倍体。3)正常条件下,两个甜菜材料根中的SOD、CAT、APX、GR、CMO和BADH基因转录水平差异均不显著;200 mmol/L NaCl胁迫条件下,M14品系根中的SOD和GR基因转录水平均在第1天时高于二倍体,CAT、APX、CMO和BADH基因转录水平在第3~5天显著高于二倍体。4)正常条件下,两个甜菜材料根中SOD、CAT、APX、GR、CMO和BADH活性差异不显著;200 mmol/L NaCl胁迫条件下,M14品系根中各酶活性均显著高于二倍体。【结论】在200 mmol/L NaCl胁迫条件下,甜菜M14品系根部的甜菜碱含量较高,抗氧化物酶基因转录水平及酶活性均显著高于二倍体,表现出更高的耐盐性。     

盐胁迫下添加外源硅提高水稻抗氧化酶活性与钠钾平衡相关基因表达

  【目的】  盐胁迫是影响全球作物生长的主要非生物胁迫之一,添加外源硅可有效提高植物对盐胁迫的抗性。本研究通过水培试验,分析硅对盐胁迫下水稻生长、光合系统、钠钾含量、抗氧化酶活性和钠钾平衡关键基因表达量的影响,以探究硅缓解水稻盐胁迫的机制。  【方法】  供试材料为日本晴水稻 (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare),设置NaCl 0 (CK)、50 (Na1) 和100 mmol/L (Na2) 3个盐胁迫浓度与Na₂SiO₃ 0 (Si0)、0.5 (Si1) 和1.5 mmol/L (Si2) 3个硅浓度,共9个处理。处理5天后,测定水稻长度与生物量、光合与蒸腾速率、氧化伤害、钠钾含量。结果表明,在100 mmol/L NaCl与1.5 mmol/L硅处理下,硅盐互作效果最显著,据此进一步测定了该处理下水稻的抗氧化酶活性与钠钾转运关键基因表达量。  【结果】  盐胁迫显著降低了水稻地上部与地下部的长度与干重,同时显著降低了光合速率、蒸腾速率和叶绿素含量,并明显促进丙二醛的累积。盐胁迫下,外源硅显著增加了水稻地上部高度与干重,但对地下部长度与干重无显著影响;盐胁迫下添加硅显著提高了叶片光合速率和叶绿素含量,显著降低了丙二醛含量,但对蒸腾速率无显著影响。盐胁迫均引起地上部与地下部钠含量显著上升与钾含量显著下降,盐胁迫下添加外源硅可显著降低地上部钠含量,但是对钾含量没有显著影响,并且硅对根系钠钾含量均无显著影响。总体而言,100 mmol/L NaCl处理在水稻中造成的生长抑制、氧化伤害与钠钾失衡等胁迫伤害比50 mmol/L NaCl处理更为严重,而添加1.5 mmol/L的硅对盐胁迫的缓解效果优于添加0.5 mmol/L的硅。在100 mmol/L NaCl处理下,添加1.5 mmol/L的硅显著提高了SOD、CAT、APX的活性,但是对POD的活性无显著影响;同时,添加1.5 mmol/L硅显著提高了盐胁迫下水稻钾吸收基因 (OsHAK1、OsHAK7、OsHAK11与OsHAK12)、钠外排基因 (OsSOS1) 与钠区隔化基因 (OsNHX1、OsNHX3与OsNHX5) 的表达。  【结论】  营养液中添加1.5 mmol/L的硅比0.5 mmol/L的硅对盐胁迫下水稻的生长、光合系统和离子平衡调控效果更好,能更有效地缓解水稻盐胁迫。硅可通过调控SOD、CAT、APX等抗氧化酶活性与钾吸收、钠外排和钠区隔化等钠钾平衡关键基因的表达,从而缓解水稻盐胁迫。     

葛根素对小白菜镉损伤的保护作用研究

为探究葛根素(PUE)对小白菜镉(Cd)损伤的保护效果,采取外源添加不同葛根素处理,将小白菜植株随机分为7组,即对照组(CK)、PUE30组(葛根素30μmol·L^-1)、Cd4组(镉4 mg·L^-1)、Cd与PUE共处理组(4+15、4+30、4+45、4+60)。处理30 d后,观察小白菜植株生长状况、测定Cd富集量及抗胁迫生理活性物质,包括叶绿素、抗氧化酶(SOD、APX、CAT、POD)活性及过氧化氢(H₂O₂)、丙二醛(MDA)Vc、可溶性蛋白含量,并用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)技术检测抗氧化酶基因(SOD、POD、APX及CAT)表达量。结果表明,与CK组相比,Cd4组小白菜根中Cd含量、H₂O₂和MDA含量显著升高,而地下部鲜重、地上部鲜重、抗氧化酶(SOD、POD和APX)活性和叶绿素含量整体显著降低(P<0.05)。与Cd4组相比,Cd+PUE共处理组小白菜氧化损伤程度减轻,H₂O₂     

The impact of selenium application on enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems in Zea mays roots treated with combined osmotic and heat stress

Selenium (Se), regarded as an antioxidant, has been found beneficial for plants growing under stressed conditions. To investigate whether the Se application helps to improve stress tolerance, sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃ · 5H₂O, 5–15 μM) was hydroponically applied to Zea mays variety OSSK-713-roots under heat and/or PEG-induced osmotic stress (25% PEG-6000) for 8 h. The individual/combined stress caused accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). While only superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased with heat stress alone, the activities of SOD, catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) increased under PEG exposure. The combination of these stresses resulted in an induction of both SOD and CAT activities. Lipid peroxidation (TBARS) levels were also high in all the stress treatments, especially under the combination treatment. Addition of Se not only improved the activities of SOD, APX and glutathione reductase (GR) in stress-treated roots, but it also changed the activities of monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR). The findings reveal that Se has a positive effect on heat and/or osmotic stress mitigation mainly by regulating the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, especially in PEG-treated plants. Under the combined stress treatment, addition of 5 µM of exogenous Se was most effective.     

施磷对镉胁迫下黄瓜苗期光合作用及抗氧化酶系统的影响

  目的  探究石灰性土壤中施磷对镉胁迫下黄瓜苗期光合作用及抗氧化酶系统的影响,为合理施用磷肥、缓解镉毒害提供依据。  方法  采用盆栽完全组合设计方案,研究了不同土壤镉添加水平（0、1、3和5 mg kg?1土）下施加不同浓度磷（0、50、100、150和200 mg P₂O₅ kg?1土）对黄瓜苗期生物量、叶片光合作用及抗氧化酶系统的影响。  结果  随着施Cd量的增加,黄瓜生物量先增后降,黄瓜叶片的净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、蒸腾速率（Tr）显著降低,胞间CO₂浓度（Ci）呈上升趋势。施加适量磷（≤ 150 mg P₂O₅ kg?1）能够显著提高黄瓜生物量、Pn、Gs、Tr、叶绿素总量和类胡萝卜素含量（Car）,降低叶片中Ci。对于抗氧化酶系统来说,随着施Cd量的增加黄瓜叶片中过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性显著降低,丙二醛（MDA）含量明显增加。施磷后,能够明显增强抗氧化酶系统。施Cd量为1 mg kg?1,施磷量为50和100 mg P₂O₅ kg?1时,CAT活性增加了1.9% ~ 9.6%。施Cd量为3和5 mg kg?1时,随着施磷量的增加,POD和CAT活性出现不同程度增加,与不施磷相比,POD活性分别增加了149.1% ~ 197.8%和150.4% ~ 252.0%,CAT活性分别增加了5.8% ~ 16.6%和0.55% ~ 19.4%,其中施磷量为100 mg P₂O₅ kg?1时黄瓜叶片POD和CAT活性达到最大。同时,施P能够降低叶片中MDA含量,且随着施磷量的增加而降低。  结论  在石灰性土壤中,施磷量为100和150 mg P₂O₅ kg?1时,能够明显缓解镉毒害,增强黄瓜叶片的光合作用及抗氧化酶系统,而施磷量达到200 mg P₂O₅ kg?1时则对黄瓜生长产生抑制作用。     

盐碱胁迫对柳树抗氧化酶的影响

[目的]探讨柳树抗氧化系统对盐胁迫和碱胁迫响应的差异机制,以期为今后耐盐碱柳树选育工作提供科学依据。[方法]以盐柳1号为试验材料,分别以中性盐NaCl和NaSO_4、碱性盐NaHCO_3和Na_2CO_3混合模拟盐、碱胁迫(两者摩尔比均为9∶1),共设计了5个梯度处理(0~200 mmol/L),共胁迫14d来研究盐与碱胁迫下柳树幼苗相关生理表现。[结果]在碱胁迫情况下随着盐浓度升高,柳树叶片的SOD,POD,CAT这3种酶活性呈先升后降变化趋势,其中SOD在盐浓度为100mmol/L时达到最大为对照的1.48倍,POD和CAT在盐浓度为150mmol/L达到最大,分别为对照的4.26和5.24倍。中性盐胁迫下SOD和POD活性一直保持增大,在盐浓度为200mmol/L时达到最大值分别对照的1.33和3.26倍,在盐浓度为150mmol/L时CAT活性达到最大值为对照的2.79倍。碱胁迫下柳树叶片中丙二醛(MDA)含量明显高于中性盐胁迫下,当盐浓度为150mmol/L时为同浓度中性盐胁迫下的2.23倍。[结论]从氧化胁迫角度分析,碱胁迫和盐胁迫是两种不同性质的胁迫,碱胁迫对柳树抗氧化系统造成的危害更大。     

烟嘧磺隆胁迫对甜玉米幼苗活性氧积累、抗氧化系统及相关基因表达的影响

为减轻烟嘧磺隆对甜玉米(Zea mays L. seccharata Sturt)的药害作用,探究甜玉米幼苗抗氧化系统对烟嘧磺隆胁迫的响应机制,本研究以一对甜玉米姊妹系(对烟嘧磺隆表现耐药性的甜玉米自交系HK301和对烟嘧磺隆表现敏感的甜玉米自交系HK320)为试材,研究烟嘧磺隆胁迫对不同耐药性甜玉米品种氧化压力、抗氧化酶、抗氧化系统非酶类物质和抗氧化酶关键基因表达量的影响。结果表明,烟嘧磺隆胁迫后,与对照(HK301-CK)相比,HK301的超氧阴离子自由基( {\mathrm{O}}_2^{\frac{-}{·}} )产生速率、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量和丙二醛(MDA)含量先增加后减少,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性均呈先升高后降低的趋势,抗坏血酸(AsA)含量、脱氢抗坏血酸(DHA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量先增加后减少,氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量持续增加,抗坏血酸氧化还原状态(AsA/DHA比值)显著降低,谷胱甘肽氧化还原状态(GSH/GSSG比值)无显著差异。与对照(HK320-CK)相比,HK320的 {\mathrm{O}}_2^{\frac{-}{·}} 产生速率和H₂O₂含量显著增加, CAT、APX、DHAR、GR活性先升高后下降,SOD、MDHAR活性和GSH含量、GSH/GSSG 比值、AsA/DHA 比值呈下降趋势,DHA含量持续增加,GSSG含量无显著差异。烟嘧磺隆胁迫后,相较于HK320,HK301显著上调了SOD、CAT、APX、MDHAR、DHAR和GR基因的相对表达量。综合分析显示,不同耐药性甜玉米幼苗通过调节体内抗氧化物质含量和酶活性来清除活性氧,从而提高幼苗对除草剂的耐药性。本研究为揭示烟嘧磺隆胁迫下甜玉米幼苗抗氧化系统的代谢机制提供了理论依据。     

Ca2+ Effects on K+ Fluxes in Arabidopsis Seedlings Exposed to Al3+

Potassium transport was investigated in the root elongation zone of Arabidopsis seedlings during the first minutes of Al³⁺ exposure, using the non-invasive MIFE microelectrode technique. To prevent pH changes during Al³⁺ application, and to separate aluminium from acidic stress, plants were pre-treated with 5 mM homoPIPES before addition of AlCl₃ (pH 4.2). The 30-min treatment with 50 or 500 μM AlCl₃ led to a significant increase in K⁺ efflux in solutions containing 100 μM CaCl₂. This efflux was suppressed by high concentrations of Ca²⁺ (10 mM) in the bathing solution. Our results suggest that elevated external Ca²⁺ activities can sustain K⁺ influx in the root elongation zone during Al³⁺ exposure either by maintaining [Ca²⁺]_cyt or by affecting Al³⁺ uptake across the plasma membrane.     

功能叶早衰突变体水稻后期自然衰老的生理特性研究

生育后期功能叶早衰已成为限制杂交水稻产量和品质发挥的重要因素。为探究生育后期功能叶早衰生理特性的变化,以生育后期功能叶早衰的突变体(ospls2)和野生型水稻浙恢7954为材料,对其生育后期上部3片功能叶的叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光、活性氧(ROS)、抗氧化保护酶系统和可溶性糖进行比较分析。结果表明,突变体ospls2功能叶叶绿素含量、叶绿素a/b值和PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)均随着生育后期叶片的衰老明显降低,且明显低于相同叶位的野生型,初始荧光(F₀)表现则相反;在水稻生育后期,突变体ospls2功能叶的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性均明显低于野生型,且随着叶片的衰老明显降低。其中,CAT活性的降低时间晚于APX,表明在水稻生育后期叶片自然衰老过程中,突变体ospls2功能叶H₂O₂含量早期上升主要与APX活性降低有关,而后期的升高则与CAT活性的降低有关。POD活性在水稻叶片自然衰老过程中可能与ROS合成有关,而并未起到抗氧化保护酶的功能。本研究为水稻生育后期耐早衰品种的选育提供了理论依据。     

Salt-Induced Stress Effects on Biomass,Photosynthetic Rate,and Reactive Oxygen Species-Scavenging Enzyme Accumulation in Common Bean

We studied the effects of salinity stress on biomass production, photosynthesis, water relations, and activity of antioxidant enzymes in two cultivars of common bean (‘HRS 516’ and ‘RO21’). Seedlings were raised in nutrient solution supplemented with increasing concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl) at 0, 50, and 100 mM. After 10 days of salinity treatment, the plants were sampled to determine the enzyme activity, protein content and dry biomass. Plant biomass and activities of most antioxidant enzymes were adversely affected by salinity stress. Leaf osmotic potential was found to be directly proportional to salt stress. The cultivar, ‘HRS 516’ accumulated less sodium (Na⁺) than ‘RO21’. Under salinity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity increased 3 folds in both bean cultivars (‘HRS 516’ and ‘RO21’) compared to other antioxidants (APX, CAT, and GR). While not neglecting other possible factors, photosynthesis and biomass remains reliable indicators of plant functioning in response to salinity stress.     

外源精胺对NO_3~-胁迫下黄瓜幼苗抗氧化酶活性及光合作用的影响

采用营养液培养方法,研究了添加不同浓度的精胺(Spm)对NO3-胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长、叶片抗氧化酶活性及光合作用的影响。结果表明,140 mmol/L NO3-胁迫下,外加1 mmol/L Spm,10 d后,黄瓜幼苗叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性显著增加,电解质渗漏率和丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低;气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和净光合速率(Pn)显著升高,气孔限制值(Ls)显著降低。说明1 mmol/L Spm处理能增强黄瓜幼苗对活性氧的清除能力,降低膜脂过氧化程度;降低气孔关闭,改善叶片的气体交换,幼苗生长势增加,对高浓度NO3-胁迫的抗性增强。当Spm浓度高达1.5~2 mmol/L时,与1mmol/L Spm相比,SOD、POD、APX、CAT活性均开始降低,电解质渗漏率和MDA含量增加,Gs、Ci和Pn显著降低,黄瓜幼苗生长受到抑制。可见,外加一定浓度的Spm可通过提高抗氧化酶活性、降低膜脂过氧化程度及改善光合作用来缓解NO3-胁迫对黄瓜幼苗的影响。     

Rhizosphere pH Profile of Rice Plant Influenced by Al Treatment

To study the mechanisms of Al tolerance in rice, we focused on the change of rhizosphere pH. The 4-d seedlings were treated with Al solution (0, 10, 50 mM) for 24 h. Then each sample was put on an agarose gel including bromocresol green, so that the color of the gel indicated pH change. During 2-h contact, the pH of rhizosphere was decreased gradually, especially for Al-treated samples, showing the specific pH profiles along the root axis. Pretreatment of sample plants with a decoupling reagent 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) or a plasma membrane H⁺-ATPase inhibitor Na₃VO₄ did not decrease rhizosphere pH. Therefore, it was suggested that the H⁺ secretion activity was involved with Al-tolerant mechanisms of rice.     

镉和模拟酸雨胁迫对苦楝幼苗镉含量及叶片抗氧化系统的影响

为探讨苦楝在重金属Cd和酸雨的单一及复合胁迫下的生理响应特征,采用人工配置土壤盆栽试验,研究不同浓度Cd(0、30、60、90、120、150、180 mg·kg^-1)和3个梯度模拟酸雨(pH值5.6、4.5、3.5)单一及复合处理对苦楝幼苗生物量、Cd含量及叶片保护性酶[超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)]活性和抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环(AsA-GSH)的影响。结果表明,除低浓度Cd(≤30 mg·kg^-1)单一及其与pH值4.5酸雨复合处理对幼苗地上部、地下部生物量有促进作用外,其他处理均表现出抑制作用,其中复合处理对苦楝幼苗的抑制作用更明显,表现为叠加效应;单一Cd处理时,随着Cd浓度的增加,幼苗根、茎、叶中Cd含量逐渐升高,且根系大于茎叶,复合处理抑制了植物对Cd的积累,对叶片的抑制作用最强;Cd和酸雨单一及复合处理下叶片SOD、CAT和POD活性均有所增加,分别在60 mg·kg^-1 Cd、pH值5.6,60 mg·kg^-1 Cd、pH值4.5和90 mg·kg^-1Cd、pH值4.5时出现阈值;在AsA-GSH循环中,单一Cd处理下,AsA、GSH含量和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性均随着Cd浓度的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,单一酸雨处理对上述4个指标的影响不尽一致,而复合处理下上述指标在Cd浓度≤60 mg·kg^-1、pH值≥4.5时均能保持较高值,且随着胁迫程度的加深均出现了阈值。综上所述,苦楝对重金属Cd和酸雨胁迫具有一定的耐性,可在Cd浓度≤60 mg·kg^-1和pH值≥4.5的酸雨双重污染区域正常生长。本研究结果为土壤Cd污染的酸雨区域的修复植物筛选提供了理论基础和参考依据。     

酸铝胁迫对栝楼根系生长及铝积累的影响

针对南方酸性红壤对作物的生长造成的不利影响,采用水培方式,研究酸铝环境0、100、300、500、1000μmol·L-1Al3＋pH4.5,处理7d对长兴栝楼根系生长及铝积累的影响。测定指标包括根系活力、质膜透性、抗氧化酶类活性（过氧化物酶POD、过氧化氢酶CAT、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶APX、愈创木酚过氧化物酶GPX、超氧化物歧化酶SOD）及其同工酶、过氧化氢（H2O2）含量、根尖铝含量的影响。结果表明：随着铝处理浓度升高,根系活力增大,根系质膜透性无显著变化;POD、CAT、APX酶活升高,GPX和SOD活性降低,多种抗氧化酶都有多条同工酶谱带出现;根尖相对铝含量升高,桑色素染色情况显示,荧光梯度与铝含量测定结果一致,并观察到根尖以上根毛处细胞凸起较之平整排列的根细胞更容易积累铝。栝楼对南方酸性红壤具有较强的适应能力,其体内抗氧化酶系统及根尖吸收、积累铝的机制对缓解铝毒害起着重要作用。     

施硅提高玉米抗蚜性的组成型和诱导型生理代谢机制

  【目的】  禾谷缢管蚜 (Rhopalosiphum padi) 是危害玉米的主要害虫之一,其生长繁殖严重影响了玉米的产量和品质。分析施硅 (Si) 诱导玉米植株对蚜虫的抗性对玉米正常生长尤为重要。本研究从玉米抗氧化系统、次生代谢和信号传导途径3个方面,探究了施硅提高玉米抗蚜性的生理代谢机制。  【方法】  采用玉米水培试验方法,共设置4个处理:不施硅不接蚜虫 (–Si–A)、不施硅接蚜虫 (–Si+A)、施硅不接蚜虫 (+Si–A)、施硅接蚜虫 (+Si+A)。分别于蚜虫侵染后48、60、72、96、120 h,调查玉米植株蚜虫密度,并取样分析玉米植株抗氧化系统 (CAT、SOD、H₂O₂和MDA)、次生代谢 (PAL、PPO、LOX和木质素含量) 和信号传导物质 (JA、SA) 含量,以未接虫玉米3个系统中的相关成分含量为组成型抗性,以接虫前后各成分含量的差值为诱导型抗性,讨论了硅对玉米抗蚜组成型和诱导型抗性的影响。  【结果】  随着蚜虫侵染后时间的延长,蚜虫密度增加,与侵染后48 h相比,在–Si处理下,侵染后60～120 h时蚜虫数量显著增加了12.50%～40.18%;+Si处理下,侵染后60～120 h蚜虫数量显著增加了12.36%～49.44%;在侵染后48～120 h相同时间点下,与不施硅处理相比,施硅处理的蚜虫种群密度显著降低了15.29%～20.64%。整个培养时间内,与不施硅处理相比,施硅处理的玉米抗氧化系统中组成型CAT、SOD活性均显著提高,组成型H₂O₂、MDA含量分别降低了4.41%～15.35%、5.35%～17.95%,诱导型CAT活性显著增加 (除侵染后72 h外),诱导型SOD活性显著降低,诱导型H₂O₂含量先提高后降低;施硅处理显著提高了次生代谢中组成型PAL、LOX和PPO活性、木质素含量,降低了诱导型PPO活性、木质素含量,诱导型PAL活性表现为先提高后降低,诱导型LOX活性表现为先降低后升高随后又降低;施硅处理显著提高了信号传导中组成型JA、SA含量,增加了诱导型SA含量43.77%～117.48%,降低了诱导型JA含量。同一时间点,无论是否施硅,组成型CAT、SOD活性、H₂O₂和MDA含量、PAL、LOX和PPO活性、木质素、JA和SA含量均显著高于诱导型。PCA与相关性分析结果表明,组成型和诱导型CAT、SOD活性和诱导型H₂O₂、SA含量为体现玉米抗蚜虫的组成型和诱导型抗性的较优指标。  【结论】  施硅可显著降低蚜虫的密度,并显著提高玉米抗氧化系统、次生代谢和信号传导途径各物质的组成型与诱导型抗性,因此,施用硅肥为玉米田间蚜虫的生态调控提供了理论基础和科学依据。