日粮蛋白质水平对肉牛真胃营养物质流量和营养物质消化率的影响

本文旨在研究日粮蛋白质水平对肉牛真胃食糜营养流量和营养物质表观消化率的影响。试验选择4头体重(650±20)kg,安装有瘤胃、真胃瘘管的荷斯坦(Holstein)公牛,按4×4拉丁方试验设计分别饲喂精粗比和进食量相同的4种蛋白质水平日粮,以三氧化二铬(Cr2O3)作真胃食糜标记物,全收粪法收集粪样,测定真胃食糜和粪便中的有机物(OM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)流量及在瘤胃内和真胃后段消化道(简称肠道)内的表观消化率。结果表明:日粮蛋白质水平对瘤胃及全消化道的OM、NDF和ADF表观消化率没有显著影响(P>0.05),日粮蛋白质水平显著影响真胃食糜的粗蛋白质量(P<0.05),但全消化道CP表观消化率没有差异(P>0.05)。     

日粮精料进食水平对肉牛消化道营养物质流量和表观消化率的影响

为了研究日粮精料进食水平对肉牛真胃食糜营养流量和营养物质表观消化率的影响,试验选择体重650kg左右荷斯坦(Holstein)公牛3头,安装有瘤胃、真胃瘘管,按3×3拉丁方实验设计分别饲喂粗料进食量相同而精料不同的3种日粮,以三氧化二铬(Cr2O3)作真胃食糜标记物,全收粪法收集粪样,测定真胃食糜和粪中的有机物(OM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)流量及在瘤胃内、真胃后段消化道(简称肠道)内的表现消化率.结果表明日粮精料进食水平对瘤胃及全消化道的OM、NDF、ADF表观消化率没有显著影响(P＞0.05),日粮精料水平明显影响到达真胃的OM和蛋白质量(P＜0.05),但全消化道CP表观消化率没有差异(P＞0.05).     

添加酵母培养物对饲粮营养物质消化的影响

选用3只健康并装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的杂种羯绵羊,采用3×3无重复拉丁方试验设计.研究以玉米Zea mays秸、小麦Triticum aestivum秸和苜蓿Medicago sativa干草为粗料的全饲粮颗粒中添加不同水平酵母培养物(YC)对绵羊采食量和营养物质消化的影响,饲粮的粗/精比为67∶31.试验结果表明:添加YC的全饲粮颗粒,有提高绵羊干物质采食量(DMI)和有机物采食量(OMI)的趋势(P=0.255和P=0.324),粗纤维(CF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的采食量均无显著影响(P＞0.05);添加YC对饲粮DM、OM、CF、ADF和NDF在全消化道中的消化率均有提高的趋势(P=0.277、P=0.151、P=0.073、P=0.102和P=0.091);添加YC对饲粮粗蛋白的表观消化率无显著影响,但显著提高了N的存留率(P=0.021).     

不同粗蛋白质水平日粮对育肥羊小肠养分吸收率的影响

本研究旨在比较不同粗蛋白质（CP）水平日粮对育肥羔羊小肠养分吸收率的影响。选用体重30 kg左右,安装有瘤胃、十二指肠近端和回肠末端瘘管的3只哈萨克育肥羊为试验动物,采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,采用醋酸镱（Yb-Ac）、锂铬乙二胺四乙酸（LiCr-EDTA）分别作为消化道固相和液相食糜标记物测定小肠食糜流量。结果显示,增加全混合日粮中CP水平可显著提高育肥羊N的进食量、全消化道表观消化率和N沉积（P<0.05）,显著提高干物质（DM）和有机物（OM）的表观消化率（P<0.05）,但对小肠食糜流量无显著影响（P>0.05）;提高日粮CP水平对十二指肠食糜除EE和嘌呤外的营养成分流量均产生显著的影响（P<0.05）,仅对回肠食糜中CP、粗灰分（Ash）、DM、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）流量的影响显著（P<0.05）,且对CP、Ash、DM、NDF和ADF的小肠吸收率影响显著（P<0.05）。本试验为进一步深入分析增加日粮CP水平对其在育肥羊体内的消化利用奠定基础。     

不同日粮对肉牛瘤胃可发酵有机物和全消化道有机物表观消化的影响

为了研究不同日粮有机物瘤胃发酵量与全消化道消化量之间的关系,选择体重600 kg左右的荷斯坦(Holstein)公牛3头,安装瘤胃、真胃瘘管,以三氧化二铬(Cr2O3)作真胃食糜标记物,全收粪法收集粪样,测定真胃食糜和粪中的有机物(OM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)流量及在瘤胃内、全消化道的表观消化,分别以3×3拉丁方和2×3不完全拉丁方试验设计测定不同日粮有机物瘤胃发酵率和消化道表现消化率,试验Ⅰ为饲喂粗料进食量相同而精料进食量不同的3种日粮,试验Ⅱ为以豆粕、全脂大豆为蛋白质补充料来源的2种等蛋白日粮.结果表明:不同日粮对瘤胃及全消化道的OM、NDF、ADF表观消化率没有显著影响(P＞0.05),但明显影响有机物瘤胃可发酵量(P＜0.05);日粮有机物瘤胃表观发酵量(FOM,g/d)与日粮有机物全消化道消化量(DOM,g/d)有显著的相关关系:DOM(g/d)=1.27×FOM(g/d)+962.81(r2=0.95,n=5,P＜0.01).     

饲粮不同粗蛋白质水平对育肥羔羊小肠氨基酸流量及吸收率的影响

本研究旨在比较饲粮不同粗蛋白质(CP)水平对育肥羔羊小肠氨基酸(AA)流量及吸收率的影响。选用体重(30.0±3.7)kg,安装有瘤胃、十二指肠近端和回肠末端瘘管的3只哈萨克羊公羔为试验动物,采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,各处理饲粮CP水平分别为11.00%、12.00%和13.00%;预试期10 d,正试期10 d。采用镱锕(Yb-Ac)、锂铬乙二胺四乙酸(Li Cr-EDTA)分别作为消化道固相和液相食糜标记物测定小肠食糜流量。结果表明:提高饲粮CP水平可增加羔羊氮进食量、表观消化率和氮沉积,13.00%CP处理显著高于11.00%CP处理(P0.05),并有增加饲粮干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)表观消化率的趋势(0.05≤P0.10),但不影响酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的表观消化率(P0.05)。提高饲粮CP水平虽然对小肠真食糜流量及氨基酸吸收率无显著性影响(P0.05),但十二指肠氮、总氨基酸(TAA)流量以及必需氨基酸(EAA)中精氨酸(Arg)、组氨酸(His)和赖氨酸(Lys)的吸收率在数值上有所增加。结果显示,提高饲粮CP水平有提高消化率、小肠食糜流量及氨基酸吸收率的潜在趋势。     

不同加工方式苜蓿干草在肉羊瘤胃内的降解及对消化代谢的影响

选用12只安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的1.5岁杂交一代(无角陶赛特×小尾寒羊)肉用羯羊,随机分成3组,研究日粮中不同加工方式(整株、颗粒、草粉)苜蓿干草在瘤胃内的降解及其对肉羊消化代谢的影响。试验结果表明:苜蓿干草经粉碎及颗粒处理后,DM、CP、NDF在瘤胃内的降解率较整株组有显著提高(P<0.05),但ADF降解率未有明显变化(P>0.05)。不同加工方式(整株、颗粒、草粉)苜蓿干草对DM、OM、NDF、ADF表观消化率没有影响(P>0.05),但加工成颗粒及粉料使氮的利用率显著提高(P<0.05)。3种不同加工方式下DM、OM、NDF、ADF表观消化率分别高达71.74%～72.18%、73.67%～74.22%、66.69%～68.48%、45.64%～52.41%。     

日粮中不同葡萄籽添加比例对多浪羊营养物质消化代谢的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中不同葡萄籽添加比例对多浪羊营养物质消化代谢的影响。试验选用15只健康、1.5岁左右、体重(41.0±1.0)kg、安装永久瘤胃瘘管的多浪羊羯羊,随机分成5组,分别饲喂添加0%(D1组)、4%(D2组)、8%(D3组)、12%(D4组)和16%(D5组)葡萄籽的全混合日粮。采用全收粪尿法通过采食量与营养物质排出量之间的关系计算各组的干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)、氮(N)、脂肪(EE)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的表观消化率及能量代谢参数。结果表明:D5组的DM和OM表观消化率显著低于D1组(P0.05),NDF的表观消化率D5组显著低于D1组(P0.05),D5组氮存留率显著低于D3组和D4组(P0.05),D4组ADF和EE表观消化率最高,但各组间差异不显著(P0.05);总能消化率和总能代谢率变化规律相同(D2D1D4D3D5),消化能代谢率表现为D1D4D2D5D3,但各组间无显著差异(P0.05)。综上,16%的葡萄籽添加日粮可降低DM、OM、NDF、氮表观消化率,不利于营养物质的消化。     

黄牛常用粗饲料营养物质瘤胃降解参数研究

试验选用2头装有瘤胃瘘管的科尔沁黄牛,采用尼龙袋法测定5种粗饲料(三叶草、苜蓿干草、稻草、玉米秸秆和羊草)在黄牛瘤胃内干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的有效降解率(ED)和营养物质消化率。结果表明:DM和CP有效降解率和营养物质消化率三叶草最高,稻草最低,羊草、苜蓿干草和玉米秸秆居中;NDF和ADF的有效降解率和营养物质消化率以苜蓿干草最高,玉米秸秆最低;稻草和玉米秸秆饲用价值较低,苜蓿干草和三叶草饲用价值较高。     

不同比例花生秸-象草青贮料对锦江黄牛饲粮养分表观消化率的影响

试验研究不同比例花生秸-象草青贮料对锦江黄牛饲粮养分表观消化率的影响,并使用套算法计算花生秸-象草青贮料的表观消化率。选用12头锦江黄牛母牛,随机分为3组。对照组饲喂精料(37.50%)+稻草(25.00%)+酒糟(37.50%)的基础饲粮,试验组分别添加18.75%和37.50%的花生秸-象草青贮料,用于替代基础饲粮中的酒糟。结果表明:添加18.75%和37.50%的花生秸-象草青贮料后,饲粮干物质(DM)、有机物质(OM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的表观消化率分别下降3.91%、3.61%、15.44%、7.58%、9.86%和9.41%、10.89%、16.60%、15.74%、15.40%。在替代比例为18.75%和37.50%时,经套算法测定花生秸-象草青贮料的DM、OM、CP、NDF和ADF表观消化率分别为59.62%、63.92%、40.88%、44.81%、38.95%和55.53%、56.24%、49.61%、41.15%、41.53%。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.