云南松不同茎干类型种实性状表型多样性比较

按通直类型和扭曲类型对宜良、新平和禄丰3个群体的云南松球果与种子进行比较分析,以了解2种类型间及类型内的变异规律.结果表明,球果和种子的平均表型分化系数分别为1.70％和6.81％,通直类型和扭曲类型球果的平均变异系数分别为17.72％和17.94％、种子的平均变异系数为20.01％和21.05％.2种类型的平均球果长均为6.4 cm,平均球果直径均为3.6 cm,通直类型的平均球果重(43.944 g)和平均球果形状指数(1.800 9)均小于扭曲类型(44.480 g,1.811 3),通直类型种子重性状(种子总重、种子重)稍大于扭曲类型,而种子性状(种子长、种子宽、种子形状指数)和种翅性状(种翅长、种翅宽、种翅形状指数)比较接近.对球果和种子各性状的均值进行￡检验的结果显示,所有的性状在通直类型和扭曲类型间均未达到显著水平.     

紫荆群体表型性状多样性研究

以紫荆全分布区的7个天然群体为研究试材,另取2个栽培群体为对照,对当年生枝的叶片、荚果、种子等14个表型性状进行比较分析,讨论群体间和群体内的表型多样性。结果表明,紫荆种内表型性状在群体间和群体内存在着极其丰富的变异。群体平均表型分化系数(VST)为32.30%,群体内的变异贡献大于群体间的。紫荆表型性状与生态因子相关分析表明,其种内群体表型变异呈梯度规律性,随着海拔的升高,叶片和种子逐渐变大;随着经纬度的增加,荚果形状从窄条形向宽条形变异,种子形状从近圆形向椭圆形变异。利用主成分分析对8个群体进行了排序、归类(其中P6群体性状值缺失比较多,故未进行排序),分析表明8个群体大致可以划为天然和栽培两类,天然群体又可分为两亚类。天然紫荆与栽培紫荆在表型上已经产生了分化。     

吉林省西洋参栽培群体种子表型多样性研究

采用方差分析、多重比较等多种分析方法对吉林省西洋参栽培区13个群体种子单株种子数、千粒重、种子长、种子宽、种子厚5个表型性状进行研究,以系统揭示西洋参栽培群体种子表型性状的变异程度和变异规律.结果表明:西洋参种子单株种子数、种子宽在群体间和群体内均达到显著或极显著差异,而千粒重、种子长及种子厚仅在群体内存在极显著差异,说明西洋参种子性状在2个层次上都具有丰富的多样性.5个种子性状平均变异系数为0.161 9,变异幅度为0.088 2～0.314 9,其中单株种子数最大,为0.314 9,种子长最小,为0.088 2,各群体平均变异系数最大的是延吉2,最小的是汪清.各性状的平均表型分化系数(Vst)为9.8％,即群体间的变异(8.31％)远低于群体内的变异(49.49％).群体内的变异是吉林省西洋参栽培群体的主要变异来源.     

云南松不同类型群体种子形态及萌发特征比较

为了探究云南松通直和扭曲天然群体表型变异规律,对2种类型群体的种子形态及其萌发特征进行比较.结果表明,云南松种子性状的平均表型分化系数为9.87％,表型变异主要来源于群体内.群体内各种子性状均存在极显著的差异,群体间除了种翅长度外,其他均存在显著或极显著的差异,2种类型群体间的种子重量不存在显著差异,通直群体的种子形状指数高于扭曲群体,但种翅形状指数低于扭曲群体.从萌发特征来看,2种类型群体的发芽过程相似,通直群体的发芽率、发芽势和日均发芽率稍高于扭曲群体,由此表明,在相同条件下,云南松通直群体在种子萌发初期具有一定的优势.     

铁橡栎不同种源及家系种子的形态特征及变异

以铁橡栎4个种源的33个家系为研究材料,通过对种长、种宽、种形指数、单果重及千粒重等5个性状的测定,分析铁橡栎不同种源及家系间种子的形态特征及变异。结果表明:铁橡栎种子的5个性状在种源及家系间均存在着显著或极显著差异。种子的形态受遗传特性及环境因素的影响并具有一定的变化幅度,其中以单粒重及千粒重变异幅度较大,种长、种宽及种形指数3个性状更趋于稳定,种源间变异小于家系间的变异。种子的形状主要受遗传控制,且随着种子质量的增大及经纬度的升高呈"长圆形-圆形-扁圆形"的变化之势。种子的大小、形状及质量在不同种源及家系间均无明显的地理变异及垂直变异。影响铁橡栎种子形态特征的首要因子是种子的单粒重、千粒重和形状(种形指数),其次是纬度和海拔。综合种子形态特征及聚类分析的结果认为,8、10、12、14、16、19、22、26、29和31号家系共10个家系属种子质量较好的家系,其单粒重及千粒重分别为1.21～2.36 g和1 222.73～2 228.53 g,分别较总体平均值高1.1%～142.9%和3.6%～88.8%。种源则是弥勒和个旧种源较好。     

台湾桤木群体/单株种实性状的变异性

为揭示台湾桤木种实变异规律,对台湾桤木5个群体中76个优良单株的7个种实性状进行测定和变异性分析。结果表明,群体间和群体内单株间的差异性均达到极显著水平,台湾桤木种内存在丰富的群体变异和个体变异;双流和汩罗2个群体的种实性状均与其它群体之间存在较大的差异,多项性状间的差异达极显著水平,而南马、卫子和新胜等3个群体之间的差异较小;果实性状变异系数从大到小依次为果长×果宽果长果宽果长/果宽,种子性状变异系数从大到小依次为种子发芽率种子千粒重种子含水量。     

云南松天然群体球果表型变异研究

对采自云南松自然分布区内9个天然群体4个球果性状进行测定分析。结果表明,不同球果性状在各群体间和群体内均存在极显著差异,揭示变异存在的广泛性。群体内变异是云南松球果表型变异的主要来源,种质资源保护时以增加群体内个体数、减少群体取样数为宜。基于各性状两两群体间的表型分化均很低,甚至没有分化,经聚类分析,各群体的聚类并不完全按地理分布进行聚类。     

人工合成小麦改良品系的种子表型性状分析

为评价人工合成小麦在青海小麦育种中的价值,以528份人工合成小麦改良品系为研究对象,对种子长、宽、长宽比、面积、密度指数和千粒重等6个种子表型性状进行了比较分析。这些性状的变异系数在4.61%~18.40%之间,表明供试材料种子表型变异较大;千粒重与长宽比的相关性呈极显著负相关,而与其他4个性状间的相关性均达到了极显著正相关水平;主成分分析将6个种子表型性状分为3个主成分,其累计贡献率超过99%;排列在前十的各个人工合成小麦改良品系在相同耕作和栽培条件下,其千粒重、种子面积、种子宽度和种子长度方面,均显著高于对照品种高原338,说明它们在高产育种中具备很大的应用潜力。     

板栗叶片性状表型多样性研究

对中国板栗自然分布区8个产地采集的板栗叶片进行取样测定,分别测定叶片3项形态指标,结果表明,各指标在同一群体不同品种间差异显著。板栗叶片形态在群体间和群体内存在广泛差异,其中,叶片长、叶片宽及叶片长宽比等3个性状群体内的差异均达极显著水平,F值分别为7.50、6.36及7.39;群体间,叶片长、叶片宽及叶片长宽比3个性状差异均达极显著水平,其F值分别为19.36、18.32和3.40。根据3个性状的平均,群体间的方差分量占总变异的11.417%,群体内的占39.86%,机误占48.72%。板栗叶片3个性状群体间的表型分化系数平均为13.03%,而群体内的平均表型变异占86.97%,表明群体内变异是板栗叶片表型变异的主要来源。     

鹅掌楸不同产地聚合果和种子性状差异分析

对鹅掌楸13个产地种实性状的研究发现,聚合果表型性状(果长、果宽、长/宽比等)与种子性状(千粒重、发芽率等)的差异在产地间达显著或极显著水平,且变异主要存在于产地问,产地内也存在一定的变异.单聚合果翅果数随聚合果的增长而增加,翅果千粒重随聚合果增宽而增重.参试种子发芽率多在3%～5%,部分产地达10%以上,估计与参试产地的种群大小密切相关(如贵州黎平).地理生态因子对种实性状存在一定影响,产地的海拔及年降雨量是聚合果发育的主要影响因子;而海拔和无霜期则对种子发芽率存在一定影响.     

濒危植物长叶榧种子形态变异研究

长叶榧(Torreya jackii)为中国特有的濒危保护植物。以长度、宽度作为种子大小的指标,长宽比作为种子形状的指标,对长叶榧自然种群间以及种群内个体间的种子形态变异进行研究,并分析了种子形态特征与环境因子的相关性。结果表明:长叶榧种子形态特征在种群内和种群间均存在一定程度的变异,长度、宽度在种群间差异极显著,长宽比在种群间显著差异;长叶榧种子形态变异最大的是长度,其次为宽度,长宽比的变异相对较小;长叶榧种子形态特征与环境因子的相关性不显著。     

Polymorphism of natural populations of Pinus halepensis Mill. in Morocco as revealed by morphological characters

In Morocco, Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) is the most used species in reforestation. However, no data is available about its intraspecific variation and adaptability. Morphological traits of 15 natural populations located on a North-East South-West orientation, representing its natural distribution in Morocco, were used to assess geographic variation of this species. Seed size (length, width, depth, weight and 1000 seed weight), wing length and width, cone length and width and needle length were measured for 760 trees (43–65 trees per population). A correlation matrix between morphological characters and geographic parameters (altitude, latitude north and longitude west) exhibited negative and positive correlations of seed size with the latitude and longitude parameters, respectively. Also cone characters correlated positively with altitude. Thus, populations originating from the South-West region (High Atlas and a part of Middle Atlas) showed high values of Aleppo pine characters. Factorial component analysis (FCA) and hierarchical classification of all populations lead to the formation of two major groups (South-West and North-East) containing, each one, two minor groups. Geographic pattern of Aleppo pine distribution and its adaptability in Morocco are discussed in this study. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Genetic variation among and within populations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cordia africana</Emphasis> in seed size and germination responses to constant temperatures

Cordia africana Lam. is a commercial timber species that grows naturally throughout sub-Saharan Africa and tropical Arabia. At present very little is known about genetic variation in this species and baseline information is needed to initiate improvement programs in Ethiopia. Thus, the objectives of the study were to quantify the inter- and intra-population variations in seed size traits and germination responses to different constant temperature regimes. Seeds were collected from 30 open-pollinated families within each of the five populations representing the natural distribution of the species in Ethiopia. To examine seed size variations, seed length, seed width, and 1,000-seed weight were quantified. Inter- and intra-population variations in seed germination were investigated under different constant temperature regimes from 20 to 35°C in climate chambers. Significant variations in seed length, width and weight were detected both at inter- and intra-population levels, and family heritabilities of 0.63–0.76 showed that much of the phenotypic variation in seed size traits were additive genetic variation. Significant variation in germination was also found among and within populations as well as between the different constant temperature regimes. Generally the variation in germination was considerably higher within population than between populations. The optimal temperature for germination of C. africana seeds was 25–30°C with family heritabilities for germination ranging between 0.20 and 0.33, depending on the germination temperature.     

Variation between and within Trifolium repens L. populations collected from sown swards in Uruguay

Nineteen Trifolium repens L. (white clover) populations were collected in different parts of Uruguay (where conditions are marginal for the species) from swards sown 2–15 years earlier. Twenty five genotypes of each population were grown as spaced plants on a single site. Leaflet length and width, petiole length, plant height, plant diameter and internode length were recorded. In a second experiment, ten of the populations were studied in a similar way. Large genetic correlations were obtained among leaflet length, leaflet width, petiole length and plant height as one group, and among major plant diameter, minor plant diameter and internode length as another group, in both experiments. Collection site characteristics that tended to result in relatively short, small-leaved plants were: the sowing of cv. Bayucuá or Santa Fé (rather than Zapicán orYi); a relatively old sward; relatively high available soil P; overgrazing; and dry conditions. There was an indication that, in some respects, there was less variation within a population in older than in younger swards. Overall and within populations heritabilities were relatively high for leaflet length, leaflet width and petiole length and relatively low for plant diameter, with plant height intermediate. Genotypes from populations (such as that from Romero) that survived for 15 years in unfavourable conditions could be useful in a plant breeding programme. Selection for rather smaller-leaved types might enhance persistence. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

中国板栗北方种群表型变异频率研究

研究了中国板栗北方产区5个地理种群种子及叶片特征的表型分化、表型性状值(数量性状)的频率分布及表型频率多样性。结果表明,板栗种群间的方差分量占总变异的10.97%,种群内的占41.57%,7个性状种群间的表型分化系数变幅在11.85%~28.34%。板栗7个性状种群间的表型分化系数平均为24.26%,表明种群内变异是板栗表型变异的主要来源,种群内品种间的多样性大于种群间的多样性。板栗7个性状频率分布基本符合正态分布,但偏度和削度各自不同,众数的位置及所在组的频率也存在一定差异。表型多样度、Shannon信息指数均可用于表型多样性的评价。     

滇西北野生牡丹天然居群的表型多样性

为揭示滇西北天然牡丹居群的表型变异程度和变异规律,利用12 个形态指标对18 个滇西北牡丹(Paeonia delavayi)的天然居群进行表型多样性研究。结果表明：滇西北牡丹表型性状在居群间存在广泛的变异,12 个性状居群间的变异系数为16.65%~107.78%,种群间的平均变异系数为38.44%。在研究的18 个居群中,宁蒗拉伯乡居群的变异最小,变异系数为25.02%;其次是玉龙县大平坝居群,变异系数为26.68%;以丽鸣线路旁居群的变异为最大,变异系数为50.86%。滇西北牡丹变型性状在居群间和居群内存在着丰富的表型多样性,12 个表型性状的平均表型分化系数为98.51%,居群间的变异(48.87%)大于居群内的变异(0.59%),表明居群间的变异是表型变异的主要来源。滇西北牡丹表型性状与地理因子的典型相关分析表明,坡度能正向依次解释单荚荚长(y11)、果柄长(y8)、叶柄长(y4)和单荚总数(y10),负向依次解释单荚荚宽(y12)、荚果数(y9)和株高(y1);聚类分析结果说明滇西北牡丹居群间表型性状变异是不连续的。     

Analysis of quantitative trait loci associated with leaflet types in two recombinant inbred lines of soybean

Leaf area, length and width affect the photosynthetic capability of a plant and so increasing the photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area may improve seed yield in soybean. In this study, simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to identify the genomic regions significantly associated with the quantitative trait locus (QTL) that controls length, width and the length/width ratio of the terminal and lateral leaflet in two segregating F_2:10 recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations, ‘Keounolkong’ × ‘Shinpaldalkong’ (K/S) and ‘Keounolkong’ × ‘Iksan10’ (K/I). In the K/S population, one QTL was identified for terminal leaflet length (TLL), two for lateral leaflet length (LLL), four for terminal leaflet width (TLW), four for lateral leaflet width (LLW), two for terminal leaflet length/width ratio (TLR) and four for lateral leaflet length/width ratio (LLR), with total phenotypic variations of 7.43, 10.9, 26.57, 23.46, 20.25 and 23.31%, respectively. In the K/I population, two QTLs were identified for TLL, two for LLL, three for TLW, and two for LLW, four for TLR and two for LLR with total phenotypic variations of 29.89, 22.77, 18.5, 12.15, 22.96 and 17.85%, respectively. Only a few QTLs coincided among the leaflet traits and no relationships were observed between the two populations. Many QTLs were associated with leaflet traits but each single QTL made only a minimal contribution. Thus, pyramiding the favourable alleles for leaflet traits in soybean breeding programmes may accelerate vegetative growth and perhaps lead to higher yields by maximizing total photosynthetic performance.     

Genetic diversity in pod and seed quality traits of common bean populations from northwestern Spain

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important food in the northwest of Spain where it is consumed as either green pods or dry seeds after cooking. Quality properties play a major role in cultivar acceptance by processors and consumers. To determine if sufficient variation in important culinary and nutritional traits exists within common bean, fifty-nine populations (plus five commercial cultivars) were grown in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula in three different environments and evaluated for sixteen fresh pod and dry seed quality traits. Populations showed significant differences for pod curvature, length/width and width/thickness ratios of pod and seed, pod and seed texture, volume, hardness, seed coat percentage and water absorption of seed, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, toal sugars and starch content. Genotype × environment interaction was significant for fresh pod traits such as curvature, length/width and width/thickness ratios, and texture, and for dry seed traits such as length/width and width/thickness ratios, volume, hardness and water absorption. Estimates of heritabilities and constancies (genotypic/environmental variance) were higher than 0.5 and 1.0 respectively for pod curvature, length/width and width/thickness ratios of pod and seed, seed volume and seed water absorption. There were high correlations of pod texture with seed length/width and width-thickness ratios, seed coat percentage, seed water absorption, crude fat, total sugars, starch content and crude fiber. Pod texture could be used as an important parameter for evaluating both seed culinary and nutritional quality. In addition, 17 populations showed promise as parental material in a breeding program for pod and seed culinary quality and protein content. The culinary and nutritional quality potential of the accessions such as PHA-0171, PHA-0253 and PHA-0257 which are known as Alubias de riñón could be the base material in a breeding program to obtain accessions with a good seed quality.     

黄秋葵种质资源遗传多样性及相关性分析

为有效地利用黄秋葵种质资源,给新品种选育提供理论依据,以60份黄秋葵种质资源为试验材料,对31个植物学特征和生物学特性指标进行了遗传多样性分析和相关性分析。结果表明:(1)黄秋葵植物学特征间存在明显相关性,茎色、茎表面、叶色、果色呈同一对应关系。叶姿越直立的,其叶型多为浅裂叶或全叶,花冠中等偏小,种子形状多是圆形;反之,叶姿下垂的,叶型多为深裂叶,花冠较大,种子多为扁圆形、肾形。(2)黄秋葵的生物学特性多样性丰富,存在广泛变异,其变异系数排序为:种子产量(72.51%)果数(43.84%)叶柄长(40.84%)果长(36.95%)第1朵花开花天数(28.22%)叶片长度(22.69%)叶片宽度(21.28%)分枝数(21.05%)株高(20.99%)开花天数(18.14%)出苗天数(16.96%)生育天数(8.97%)花瓣数(2.57%)。(3)黄秋葵生物学特性间存在明显相关性,黄秋葵种子产量与叶柄长度、果数、叶片长度、叶片宽度、开花天数达极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.53、0.49、0.46、0.39、0.37。开展黄秋葵种质遗传多样性的研究对黄秋葵种质的鉴定、评价及利用有着重要的意义。