引起花生果腐病的新孢镰刀菌及其生物学特性

<正>0引言花生果腐病(俗称花生烂果病)是一种世界性土传病害,主要导致花生荚果腐烂。近年来花生果腐病在我国山东、河南、河北等花生主产区日趋严重,造成15%以上的减产甚至绝收^[1]。国内外已报道的花生果腐病病原菌有Sclerotium minor^[2]、Neocosmospora vasinfecta^[3,4]、N. striata^[5]、Fusarium sp.^[6]、Pythium myriotylum^[7]和Rhizoctonia solani^[8]。其中,我国不同地域的花生果腐病病原菌有N. vasinfecta^[3,4]、N. striata^[5]、Fusarium sp.^[6]、P. myriotylum^[7]和R. solani^[8]。     

大豆白粉病病原菌鉴定

<正>大豆白粉病是大豆叶部病害,能降低叶片光合作用,使产量损失高达35%。1921年首次在德国发现,之后在南美和北美陆续发生,在日本、韩国、越南、泰国也有报道[1]。而中国大豆白粉病报道较少,只在吉林、北京、贵州、河北有所报道[2,3],最近仅在浙江和广东有过报道。国外报道的大豆白粉病病原菌有Erysiphe glycines和E.diffusa[1,4,5],其中日本[1]和巴西[5]的报道主要依据无性态特征     

蘋果花叶病試驗初报

 苹果花叶病的分布广泛。据国外报导,在苏联^[55]、保加利亚^[20]、法国^[16]、英国^[63]、荷兰^[16]、瑞士^[15]、比利时^[58]、瑞典^[36]、挪威^[56]、意大利^[30]、南斯拉夫^[61]、美国^[13]、南非联邦^[38]、新西兰^[10]、印度^[12]以及德国、丹麦、澳大利亚等处均有此病的分布。     

不同枸杞品种叶绿素荧光参数差异分析

在田间试验条件下, 以宁杞1号、宁杞2号、大麻叶和蒙杞1号为材料,采用叶绿素荧光技术测定了不同枸杞品种的叶绿素荧光参数,并测定供试品种的叶绿素含量。结果表明：宁杞2号的PSⅡ最大光化学效率[WTBX]（Fv/Fm）[WTBZ]和PSⅡ潜在活性[WTBX]（Fv/Fo）[WTBZ]值显著高于其他3个品种。在不同光照强度(PAR,0～2 847 μmol·m-2·s-1)下,实际光合量子产量[WTBX]〔Y[WTBZ]（Ⅱ）〕、有效光合量子产量[WTBX]（Fv′/Fm′）、光化学淬灭系数(qP)和表观电子传递速率(ETR) 的变化差异显著,其中宁杞2号最大,其次是蒙杞1号和大麻叶,最小的是宁杞1号。拟合参数ETR变化的初始斜率α与ETR的变化趋势一致。[WTBZ]宁杞2号的叶绿素a、总叶绿素的含量也最高。叶绿素总含量与[WTBX]Y[WTBZ](Ⅱ)、[WTBX]Fv′/Fm′、 qP和ETR成极显著或显著正相关,与非光化学淬灭系数（NPQ）成负相关。[WTBZ][JP2]由此得知,在特定环境下供试品种中宁杞2号有较高的PSⅡ生理活性和潜在生物产量的生理基础,光合能力最强;其次是蒙杞1号和大麻叶,宁杞1号较弱。     

分离自我国北方玉米叶斑的链格孢和弯孢属真菌

<正>0引言国内由链格孢属(Alternaria)和弯孢属(Curvularia)真菌引起的玉米叶斑病在黑龙江、吉林、河南、海南等地都有报道^[1-8];在青海发生的玉米叶斑病多由Alternaria引起^[9];而在辽宁、内蒙古、北京、河北、山东、陕西和四川等地发生的玉米叶斑病多由Curvularia引起^[6,10-12]。根据多基因序列分析鉴定的种有A. burnsii[3];据rDNA ITS^[4,9]或多基因^[3]鉴定的种有A. alternata、A. tenuissima和Alternaria sp.;     

携带GFP的MNSV侵染性克隆载体的构建

正甜瓜坏死斑点病毒(Melon necrotic spot virus,MSNV)属于番茄丛矮病毒科(Tombusviridae)香石竹斑驳病毒属(Carmovirus),其主要寄主是葫芦科作物。MNSV首次在我国江苏海门发生[1],随后在山东寿光[2]、青州市[3]及广西南宁[4]等地均有报道。种子带毒是该病害初侵染的主要来源[5],随着种子调运、设施栽培推广和甜瓜产业的发展,该病害日趋严重。MNSV侵染初期叶片、叶柄和茎杆出现坏死斑或     

我国北方TOMS气溶胶光学厚度与地面沙尘天气频数的比较

利用卫星监测和反演沙尘天气频率或沙尘气溶胶光学厚度,检验卫星监测和反演结果是否与地面观测一致。采用地面观测记录获得全部沙尘天气事件频数（[WTBX]DF[WTBZ]）资料,对1979-2002年TOMS（臭氧总量绘图系统）反演的气溶胶光学厚度指数（[WTBX]AI[WTBZ]）进行检验分析。结果表明：① [WTBX]AI[WTBZ]高值区基本与我国北方地面观测的沙尘天气频数高值分布区一致,两者均在我国西北部极端干旱的盆地和高原地区出现最高值,相对低值一般分布在气候湿润的东部地区,但东北平原和华北平原[WTBX]AI[WTBZ]值相对较高,冬季尤其明显,与地面沙尘观测差异很大;② [WTBX]AI和DF[WTBZ]年内变化也具有很高的一致性,均在春季最大,4月达到峰值以后减小,但前者在冬季12月和1月出现次高值,而后者冬季为全年低谷;③ 相关性分析表明,[WTBX]AI和DF[WTBZ]相关系数一般在夏季最大,冬季最小,年和季节的相关系数具有随时间呈下降的趋势;④ TOMS [WTBX]AI[WTBZ]数据在反映我国北方沙尘天气频数时空变化特征方面,区域上西北干旱区效果最好,东部季风区的华北和东北较差;季节上夏季、初秋和春季较好,冬季效果较差。同时还对[WTBX]AI和DF[WTBZ]资料时空分布差异的可能原因及其潜在应用意义进行了讨论。     

油梨苗期黑茎病病原菌的鉴定

正油梨(Persea americana Mill.)又名鳄梨、牛油果和樟梨等,为樟科、鳄梨属,原产中美洲,属热带、亚热带名贵果树之一~[1],具有营养价值高、风味好,其消费遍及全球,经济潜力巨大~[2]。目前关于国内外病害的报道,主要有根腐病、炭疽病~[3]、蒂腐病~[4]和褐斑病~[5]等。2017年5月,作者在海南省儋州市附近的苗圃中发现一种为害油梨苗茎基部的病害,发病率在15%～20%,严重时导致整株植物死亡。本研究对该病进行症状描述和     

新疆菊科3种新的外来植物种

近几年,通过对新疆北部地区杂草的野外调查研究,在准确鉴定的基础上,发现菊科(Asteraceae) 新的外来植物3种及新记录属1属,分别为一年蓬[WTBX]Erigeron annuus[WTBZ] (L.) Pers.、大狼把草[WTBX]Bidens frondosa[WTBZ] L.和粗毛牛膝菊[WTBX]Galinsoga quadriradiata[WTBZ] Ruiz et Pav.。其中,牛膝菊属[WTBX]Galinsoga[WTBZ] Ruiz et Pav.为新疆菊科新记录属。在此基础上,详细描述了它们的形态特征,并初步分析了它们在我国的地理分布。     

田间常见8种有害蝽类若虫龄期的区分

本文采集了田间常见的8种有害蝽类,华麦蝽(Aelia nasuta Wagner)、斑须蝽[Dolycoris baccarum(Linn.)]、菜蝽[Eurydema dominulus(Scopoli)]、横纹菜蝽(Eurydema gebleri Kolenati)、茶翅蝽[Halyomorpha halys(Stl)]、二星蝽[Stollia guttiger(Thunberg)]、红脊长蝽[Tropidothorax elegans(Distant)]和瘤缘蝽[Acanthocoris scaber(Linn.)]。经过室内饲养获得其1~5龄若虫及成虫。通过对不同龄期若虫形态特征的比较形态学研究,确定了不同龄期若虫的鉴别特征,特别是低龄若虫的识别特征。     

Changes in agronomic practices and incidence and severity of diseases in winter wheat in England and Wales between 1999 and 2019

In continuation of the annual national surveys of winter wheat, which began in 1970, samples from between 250 and 350 randomly selected wheat crops in England and Wales between 1999 to 2019 were visually assessed for disease symptoms during the milky ripe development stages (GS 73–75). Septoria tritici blotch was the most prevalent and severe foliar disease each year, although annual levels fluctuated considerably and there was no overall significant change over the two decades. Incidence of brown rust, yellow rust, take-all, and barley yellow dwarf virus also showed no significant overall change during the survey period, whereas glume blotch, powdery mildew, eyespot, and sharp eyespot all showed significant decline. Fusarium ear blight has significantly increased in both incidence and severity, causing a serious epidemic in 2012, when 96% of crops were affected. Tan spot has been the third most prevalent foliar disease since 2009 although severity is still very low. Regional disease levels were consistent over the two decades, providing reliable baselines to measure changes in seasonal disease severity. There were significant changes in agronomic practice with a rise to predominance of minimum tillage over the use of ploughing, decreases in overall disease susceptibility of cultivars grown, a major increase in the use of oilseed rape in the rotation and a long-term trend towards earlier sowing. Fungicide use increased considerably, with over 98% crops sprayed and an average of 3.5 applications made per crop each year since 2014. Implications of changes over the last 21 years are discussed.     

Incidence of benomyl and iprodione resistance in isolates of Botrytis cinerea in tomato crops in England and Wales in 1986

In 1986, mass-mycelial isolates of Botrytis cinerea from 67 tomato crops in England and Wales were examined for benomyl and iprodione resistance. Of the 706 isolates obtained, 62.7% were resistant to benomyl at 2μg/ml and 43.2% were resistant to iprodione at 2 μg/ml. Iprodione resistance persisted in the absence of a dicarboximide spray programme. The incidence of benomyl resistance has not decreased since the last survey in 1984 in spite of a considerable reduction in the use of benzimidazole fungicides. There were no clear indications that the use of dichlofluanid influenced the incidence of benomyl or iprodione resistance. Disease control was poorer in crops with a higher incidence of iprodione resistance.     

Plant-pathogen interactions of sunflower and Macrophomina phaseolina in vitro and in vivo

The relative pathogenicity of isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina was comparable both on sunflower tissue cultures and on mature plants and seedlings. The relative susceptibility of the different sunflower lines in vitro showed a similar pattern for cotyledon callus cultures, but not for immature embryo cultures. Although these protocols appear to be unsuitable for the selection of novel disease resistance, they do offer the potential for a rapid, non-destructive screen for resistant material.     

吡虫啉和百菌清在设施内外葫芦和黄瓜中的残留特性比较

采用高效液相色谱和气相色谱法,分别研究了吡虫啉和百菌清在薄膜大棚设施内外葫芦叶和黄瓜中消解动态及其在葫芦和黄瓜中的残留量,并结合气象因子对产生残留差异的原因进行了分析。样品中的吡虫啉经乙腈和盐酸溶液提取,中性氧化铝和弗罗里硅土层析柱净化后,用高效液相色谱检测;百菌清经乙腈提取,中性氧化铝层析柱净化后,用气相色谱检测。结果表明:吡虫啉在设施内外葫芦叶和黄瓜中均消解迅速,施药7 d后,其在设施内外葫芦叶上的消解率分别为90.4%和98.7%,在黄瓜中的消解率分别为67.8%和85.9%;而百菌清在葫芦叶上的消解速率均比在黄瓜中的稍慢,施药7 d后其在设施内外葫芦叶上的消解率分别为15.4%和38.1%,在黄瓜中的消解率分别为87.8%和91.5%。表明2种农药在设施外2种蔬菜上的消解速率均快于设施内的。两种农药均是在设施外葫芦及黄瓜中的残留量低于设施内的,而降雨和光照强度可能是引起农药在设施内外蔬菜上残留差异的主要因子。     

西部降水氢氧稳定同位素温度及地理效应

本文基于IAEA和WMO建立的GNIP网降水资料,得出中国西部地区大气降水线方程(LMWL)为δ2H=7.56δ18O+5.05‰(VSMOW)。分析了降水中氢氧稳定同位素温度效应、地理效应,确定了降水中δ18O和δ2H与月平均气温、降水量、海拔高度、纬度的相关关系。根据张掖站降水δ18O与温度之间的相关关系和民勤地下水14C年龄和δ18O特征,初步重建了晚更新世以来民勤盆地地下水补给温度,并与惰性气体补给温度(NGT)进行了比较,其相关系数为0.65,晚更新世地下水的补给温度(据δ-T关系)较大,可能是没有考虑降水量效应的缘故。     

Build-up and subsequent decline of residues of quintozene and hexachlorobenzene in lettuce in sequential crops

The build-up and decline of quintozene and hexachlorobenzene residues in protected lettuce, resulting from one to five treatments of the soil (each of 35 g m-2) with a quintozene formulation, have been studied. Residue levels were monitored in each experimental crop during growth until harvest. Residues in the soil at harvest were also determined. Quintozene residues in the harvested lettuce were in the range < 0.02–0.80 mg kg^?1 and those of hexachlorobenzene were in the range < 0.02–0.05 mg kg^?1 (expressed on a fresh weight basis). Residue levels in the soil were 5.4–231 mg kg^?1 for quintozene, and 0.20–5.4 mg kg^?1 for hexachlorobenzene (expressed on a dry weight basis). Under the experimental conditions of the trial there was no significant build-up of quintozene or hexachlorobenzene in harvested lettuce, even after five treatments to the same site.     

Comparative ecophysiology of grain sorghum and Abutilon theophrasti in monoculture and in mixture

Selection of crop genotypes that are more competitive with weeds for light interception may improve crop yield stability in the presence of weeds. The effects of interference on ecophysiological characteristics of Abutilon theophrasti Medic. and three morphologically diverse grain sorghum hybrids was evaluated to determine the relative tolerance and suppressive ability of the three hybrids and specific traits that may contribute to those differences. A tall hybrid was more tolerant to A. theophrasti interference than two medium stature hybrids. Early leaf area growth of two medium-stature sorghum hybrids was reduced by A. theophrasti interference, whereas early growth of a tall hybrid was unaffected. The height of A. theophrasti was greater than two moderate-stature hybrids but lower than the tall hybrid. Greatest leaf area density (L_D) of the tall sorghum hybrid was above that of A. theophrasti , whereas greatest L_D of medium-stature hybrids was below that of the weed. In monoculture, the partitioning of new biomass to various plant organs was similar among sorghum hybrids, whereas the tall sorghum hybrid partitioned less biomass to leaves and more to stems than medium hybrids in mixture. The results indicate that the three hybrids differ in their susceptibility to A. theophrasti competition. Crop traits that may contribute to greater crop competitiveness include greater maximum height and its growth rate and greater height of maximum leaf area distribution.     

西安夏、秋季降水与太阳黑子的关系

基于西安市1960-2007年的降水数据和太阳黑子相对数,采用一元线性回归、Mann Kendall检验等方法,对西安降雨量进行分析,然后采用小波分析方法研究了西安夏、秋两季降水量与太阳黑子之间的关系。结果表明：夏、秋两季降水量约占西安全年降水量的80%;西安夏季降水量呈上升趋势,秋季降水量则呈下降趋势;降水量的变化与太阳黑子数多少密切相关,在太阳黑子出现极值年及2 a左右,降水量也出现极值;西安夏季降水量有10 a左右的周期,秋季降水量有9 a左右周期;太阳黑子在9 a时间尺度上与降水量有很强的相关性,且夏季降水量与太阳黑子相差1～2 a的正相关,秋季降水量则与太阳黑子提前2 a左右的负相关关系。     

2009年融水县早、中稻稻瘟病大发生及流行因素分析

<正>稻瘟病(Pyricularia oryzae Cav)长期以来一直是为害融水县水稻生产的主要病害[1],为全县双季稻及早、中稻混栽区内常发性病害,历年发生面积333.3～533.3 hm2,尤其是一些历史老病区受此病为害,常造成水稻产量较大损失。2009年该病又相继在早、中