秸秆还田下减量施氮对作物产量及养分吸收利用的影响

秸秆还田条件下,采用多年田间定位试验研究了N肥减量施用对作物产量、养分吸收利用以及土壤表观N平衡的影响,旨在为关中小麦／玉米一年二熟轮作区合理施用N肥提供依据。结果表明：与常规施N处理（玉米季施氮187．5 kg·hm－2,小麦季施氮150 kg·hm－2）相比,2008—2011年三年中,15％减N、30％减N两个处理均未显著降低作物籽粒与秸秆产量;2010—2011年生长季中,15％减N处理降低了作物秸秆N、P、K周年总吸收量,增加了籽粒N、P、K周年总吸收量,其中籽粒P周年总吸收量增加达显著性水平;30％减N处理显著降低了籽粒N和秸秆N、K周年总吸收量,降幅分别为12．9％、41．9％、18．5％,在小麦收获后,30％减N处理的N素盈余量只有11．3 kg·hm－2,有潜在缺N危险。综合考虑产量、养分吸收利用及土壤表观N平衡,在秸秆还田条件下,15％减N处理的施N量（即玉米季施氮159 kg·hm－2,小麦季施氮127．5 kg·hm－2）为本地区最佳N肥用量。     

基于DEM-CFD耦合的气吸式酸枣捡拾装置的优化设计

针对目前酸枣的收获主要依赖人工的问题，研究一种气吸式酸枣捡拾机械装置。分析酸枣的物理特性，计算酸枣的悬浮速度、流体域压降变化，通过逆向技术、三维图像重建获取酸枣的点云数据，并对酸枣的点云数据进行降噪处理，建立酸枣三维模型。通过Edem-Fluent气固耦合软件对酸枣吸拾过程进行仿真分析，获取管径、流量、酸枣速度、接触力等参数，利用响应面分析对参数进行优化,并研制酸枣捡拾机进行试验。分析表明,流量是影响捡拾效率的主要因素，管径是影响酸枣破损的主要因素，仿真结果和试验表明气吸式酸枣捡拾装置最佳管径0.11 m，最佳流量0.28 m3·s^-1。该装置能降低酸枣采收成本，缩短酸枣采收周期，同时提高捡拾效率。     

基于ADAMS的4UD-600型马铃薯挖掘机振动机构的参数优化设计

跟据振动减阻机理,对4UD －600型马铃薯挖掘机振动机构进行改进设计。在 ADAMS 软件中建立了4UD －600型马铃薯挖掘机振动机构的参数化模型,通过分析物料在分离筛筛面上的相对运动,在保证较高筛选效率的前提下,以生产率最高为优化目标对机构进行了优化设计,得到了机构最优参数组合：曲柄 LOA ＝5．5 mm ,摆臂LBD ＝570 mm ,主筛摆连杆 LEF ＝110 mm ,连杆 LJK ＝160 mm ,曲柄转速 nOA ＝4666°?s －1。优化后物料沿筛面的平均移动速度从0．089 m?s －1提高到0．122 m?s －1 ,挖掘机生产率显著提高,理论的正确性在后续的实际改进设计中已得到验证。     

地膜覆盖对杂交谷子光合特性、产量及水分利用效率的影响

试验在河北省张家口市农科院宣化试验站（115°3′N ,40°63′E ）进行,研究了露地平地种植、全膜平铺平地种植、沟植不覆盖地膜、垄膜覆盖膜侧沟植4种种植方式下地膜覆盖对张杂谷3号光合作用等生理特征、产量及水分利用的影响。试验结果表明,地膜覆盖使平播及沟植条件下的籽粒产量分别增加13．25％和6．64％,叶片水势提高0．16 MPa和0．09 MPa ,叶片光合速率提高10．87％和15．69％,蒸腾速率提高8．5％和15．95％,气孔导度提高0．0092 mol·m－2·s－1和0．0284 mol·m－2·s－1,叶片水分利用效率提高13．80％和1．80％。从以上结果得出：（1）地膜覆盖改善了植株水分状态,叶片水势和叶绿素含量均提高,植株生长旺盛;使叶片的光合等生理活动维持较高水平;植株水分利用效率提升,从而促进了籽粒产量的显著提高;（2）平播条件下覆膜的增产效果较平地播种、无膜沟植、垄膜沟植更加明显。     

屠宰场废弃物堆肥对苜蓿生长和碱化土壤肥力指标的影响

对屠宰场猪、牛、羊废弃物堆肥施入退化土壤后作物生理指标、土壤肥力指标和微生物区系变化进行系统研究。结果表明：施用废弃物堆肥明显提高了苜蓿出苗率,并缩短了出苗时间,但不同种类、不同施用量（22．5 t·hm－2、30．0 t·hm－2和37．5 t·hm－2）废弃物提高的幅度不同。苜蓿鲜生物量随着废弃物施用量的增大而增加,其中羊废弃物施用量为37．5 t· hm－2的处理最大,为11．95 g · plant－1,不施用废弃物的处理鲜生物量最小,其最大值为10．26 g·plant－1;施用猪废弃物30．0 t·hm－2的处理其干生物量最高（3．91 g·plant－1）。施用屠宰场废弃物堆肥后土壤有机质及养分都有不同程度的增加,如10月中旬土壤有机质和速效钾含量增幅略低,分别为9．92％～27．12％和5．77％～34．03％,碱解氮和速效磷增幅分别为11．79％～47．66％和16．92％～44．97％。猪废弃物施用量为37．5 t·hm－2的处理细菌数量在8月底达到3．98×107 cfu·g－1,羊和牛废弃物相同时期相同用量条件下细菌数量相近,一般废弃物施用量越大土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌数量也越多。     

京津冀地区城市化效率与生态效率时空耦合关系研究

运用非期望产出SBM模型、相对发展度模型与耦合度模型对京津冀地区城市化与生态环境两者的效率关系进行了耦合研究。结果表明:2005-2014年来京津冀地区城市化效率与生态效率波动交替上升,整体耦合度呈"W"型增长变化;耦合阶段由以中低度耦合为主转变为以中高度耦合为主。其中,京津两地耦合发展长期保持在较高水平而河北总体水平偏低,且各地区差异较大但整体发展趋势良好;在耦合类型方面,则经历了由城市化效率滞后型向生态效率滞后型转变,两者同步发展型地区数量增多的过程。     

往复式切割装置摆环机构的刚柔耦合仿真及分析

摆环机构是往复式切割装置的动力传动机构,其结构参数直接影响割刀的运动特性。应用Solidworks软件建立了摆环机构的参数化模型。将三维模型导入ADAMS中,创建了摆环机构的刚柔耦合仿真模型,分析了割刀的位移、速度、加速度等运动学参数。利用函数功能,在割刀上添加了作业中的负载及惯性力,以分析导杆、摆轴的受力和力矩。通过分析,割刀的速度最大达2.12m·s~(-1),最大加速度达103.66m·s~(-2),导杆两端最大受力分别为724.25N和928.02N,摆轴承受的最大力和力矩分别为919.26N和25.4N·m,可为摆环机构的惯性力平衡、关键部件的结构分析和可靠性的研究提供技术支撑。     

新疆主要农作物生产水足迹计算分析

从农作物生产水足迹角度出发,基于彭曼公式结合CROPWAT软件计算,分析了2011年新疆13个地（州）主要农作物的生产水足迹情况。结果表明：新疆地区棉花的单位面积及单位质量需水量分别为8650 m3· hm－2、4．82 m3·kg－1,均大于小麦和玉米的需水量,是三种农作物中最耗水的作物;新疆主要农作物需水以蓝水为主,其中棉花的蓝水比重最高达93．31％,南疆地区蓝水利用量最大;2011年新疆全区主要农作物生产水足迹为2049．31×107m3,其中蓝水足迹为1651．65×107m3,绿水足迹为186．88×107m3,灰水足迹为210．78×107m3;巴州、阿克苏、喀什地区的作物生产水足迹总量较大,是水资源治理的主要地区。对于水资源缺乏的新疆地区,合理调整农作物的种植结构及减少化肥施用量,是落实最严格水资源管理制度的有效措施。     

全膜双垄沟播玉米密度对产量及植株性状的影响研究

通过在全膜双垄沟播技术模式下6个耐密型玉米杂交种不同密度（4．5、5．25、6．0、6．75、7．5万株· hm－2）的试验,研究了玉米产量及其性状与种植密度的关系。在本文研究密度范围内,玉米的产量随着密度的增加而增高;当密度达到一定程度之后,随着密度的增加,产量反而下降,二者呈二次曲线模式变化 Y＝－6417．314＋5501．842 X－396．330 X2。结果表明,6个耐密型玉米杂交种在双垄全膜沟播技术模式下最佳密度为6．941万株· hm－2。此密度下各植株性状指标为：穗粒数为499．9粒、百粒重为38．63 g、出籽率为83．71％、穗长为17．5 cm、株高194 cm、茎粗2．14 cm、秃顶长1 cm。株高与密度之间为正相关,函数曲线是幂模型 Y＝140．607 X0．16602,穗粒数、穗粗、茎粗、出籽率4个性状与密度之间为负相关,函数模型均为性状指标随密度的增加而减少的三次曲线。秃顶长、穗长、百粒重与密度的关系呈二次曲线模式变化。密度与秃顶长之间为正相关,与穗长、百粒重之间为负相关。秃顶长随着密度的增大而增加;穗长、百粒重随密度的增加而呈单边下降的变化趋势。穗位高与密度的相关不显著。     

黄土高原地区NPP的自然影响因素分析

以SPOT NDVI和多种自然地理要素数据为基础,利用改进光能利用率计量模型,探究影响净第一性生产力（NPP ）变化的自然因素差异及各地貌类型区NPP变化的主导影响因素。结果表明：①1998—2010年黄土高原地区NPP物质量平均值为9．884～50．790 gC·m－2·a－1,明显低于全国平均水平342 gC·m－2·a－1。②影响NPP变化的自然因素差异显著。台塬区保水性好,水土流失强度较低,NPP物质量增加显著,风蚀地貌区NPP水平低,降幅明显;干湿条件是影响NPP变化的重要自然要素,半湿润区NPP增幅量较大;坡度对NPP变化的影响显著,陡坡区林、草植被覆盖度增加,NPP增幅明显;微观尺度上水热空间分布与海拔高度相关,研究区海拔200～1000 m范围NPP增幅显著,海拔高于1000 m的区域NPP呈下降趋势。③影响NPP空间分布格局差异的主导因素为水热条件,但决定黄土粱卯地貌类型区的NPP物质量水平正相关的主导因素为高程因子,0．01置信水平下相关系数为0．52;太阳辐射对NPP物质量表现为显著负相关关系,尤其对气候干旱区域表现突出。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.