田间供水与杨树生长关系的研究——Ⅰ.供水处理对杨树生长、树体结构和叶量的影响

在集约栽培的杨树人工林中作了小区灌溉试验,进行了林木生长指标、水分生理指标与供水量关系的研究。结果表明,供水大大促进了林木生长,其树高、胸径和材积的年增长量均随供水量的提高而增加。1983—1986年其树高、胸径、材积分别比对照增加 17.2—24.6％、10.7—22.1％和22.0—42.6％。供水还影响到树体的结构,有利于同化产物向枝条中运输与积累,促进了树干、枝条、叶数与叶面积的增长。     

杨树新无性系冠层特性与生长关系研究

对 5年生黑杨无性系的冠层特性与材积生长之相关性进行了研究。材积生长与全树总叶面积TLA、树冠表面积TCA和冠型率CSR呈极显著正相关而与叶面积指数LAI、冠层密度CLD呈负相关。冠层内上、中层的叶面积对材积生长起了决定性作用 ,下层叶面积与材积生长关系不大。水平方向 ,冠层内、外部叶面积特性对材积生长贡献较大 ,而中部叶面积特性贡献小。阐明了杨树生长的理想冠层特性。     

红松分杈现象对生长和结实的影响

对辽东山区部分红松人工林分杈树的结实和生长情况进行了调查,分析了林木早期分杈与生长、结实的关系。结果表明,早期分杈林木的单株材积比林分的平均单株材积大27．1％,分杈树的平均单株结实量是林分的平均单株结实量的3．76％,林木早期分杈有利于增加结实量和促进林木材积生长。     

抚育间伐强度对辽东地区杂木林生长效应的影响

通过测定和比较辽东地区杂木林叶面积、株数、平均胸径、单株材积和蓄积等生长因子的变化,研究4种间伐强度对杂木林生长效应的影响。结果表明:随间伐强度的增大,叶面积指数降低,因自然稀疏而死亡的林木株数减少;胸径、单株材积、蓄积生长量存在很大的年际差异,生长速度呈现大小间隔变化规律,且随间伐强度的增大而增大,到一定程度后开始降低,皆以弱度间伐区最大。综合分析认为:辽东地区杂木林在轻度人为干扰的条件下生长良好,过多的人为干扰对杂木林经营不利。     

混交林分中乳源木莲冠层特性与生长的通径分析

对17年生混交试验林(杉木×乳源木莲)中的乳源木莲冠层特性与单株材积生长进行相关分析,结果表明乳源木莲单株材积指数D2H与各冠层因子间的相关系数不同,除单株叶面积指数LAI、冠层密度CLD外,单株总叶面积TLA、树冠表面积TCA及冠形率CSR与单株材积指数均达极显著正相关.通径分析表明TCA对单株材积生长的直接作用最大(Pyxi=1.201 3),是乳源木莲单株材积生长的主导因子,TLA、CLD、CSR是通过TCA起作用的,以上5个主要冠层参数对乳源木莲单株材积生长相对重要性的大小为TCA>LAI>TLA>CSR>CLD.在分析冠层空间结构对单株材积生长的影响中发现垂直方向,冠层中、下层的叶面积对单株材积生长有决定性作用,而上层作用较小;水平方向,以叶面积多集中于内部、外部的有利于乳源木莲单株材积生长,而中部叶面积作用较小.     

红松生长结实与分杈关系的研究

对辽东山区部分红松人工林分杈树的结实和生长情况进行了调查 ,分析了林木早期分杈与生长、结实的关系。结果表明 ,早期分杈林木的单株材积比林分的平均单株材积大 2 7.1% ,分杈树的平均单株结实量是林分的平均单株结实量的 3.76倍。林木早期分杈有利于增加结实量     

田间供水与杨树生长关系的研究* Ⅱ.田间供水、蒸腾耗水与材积产量的关系分析及林木需水量的估算

在集约栽培的杨树人工林中进行小区灌溉试验,研究了不同供水处理下林木生长和水分生理指标的变化,分析了田间供水量、蒸腾耗水量和材积产量的关系。结果表明,林木蒸腾耗水量和材积年产量均随供水水平的高低而增减。5年生杨树人工林(林行距3×6 m)在5—10月的蒸腾耗水量约602.6—879.2mm,林木生长1m~3 材积需蒸腾消耗180.0—215.0 t水。作者还用多种模式分析了田间供水量与材积产量的相关关系,提出了估算杨树人工林需水量的方法和 Ⅰ-69杨人工林需水量表。     

辽宁省根径材积表的编制

根据林木的生长特点,根径、胸径和单株材积之间的关系,按树种组分别用线性、对数、乘幂、指数型、三阶二项式5种数学模型模拟林木的生长规律,找出林木根径、胸径和材积之间的关系,通过优化、筛选得到最佳模拟数学方程,利用林木根径计算单株材积。应用现代计算机编程技术(DELPHI编程语言),编制根径材积表软件。     

巨桉纸浆原料林土壤养分与林木生长研究

通过相关分析及回归分析，探讨了巨桉人工林土壤养分与林木生长的关系，结果表明：土壤速效N、速效P、土壤有机质的浓度与林木胸径、树高、材积极显著正相关，土壤全N、全P与林木胸径树高、材积显著正相关。建立了胸径、树高、材积与土壤养分的线形回归方程，最佳数学表达式说明速效N、速效P是影响巨桉林生长的关键土壤养分。     

养殖污水对尾巨桉幼林生长的影响

以养殖污水径流沟周边1.5 a 尾巨桉人工林为调查对象,研究分析养殖污水对林木生长量、生理指标和生物量的影响。结果表明：尾巨桉吸收了养殖污水的水分和养分之后,叶面积、叶面积指数和平均冠幅面积增大,从而促进胸径、树高的生长和林木单株材积、生物量的增加。说明尾巨桉不但有较好的耐污能力,还能化害为利,吸收固定污水中的水分和养分,促进自身生长,实现资源再生。     

The crown shape of an evergreen oak,Quercus glauca, in a hardwood community

The spatial pattern of the crown spread ofQuercus glauca in a hardwood community was investigated in order to consider the effect of the patterns on its survival in a secondary hardwood community. The shape of a crown was defined by the spatial spread of the leaves (PCM crown), and by the spread of their branches (elliptic cylinder crown). The stem volume growth rate of a tree was strongly correlated with the corresponding total leaf area, which was then significantly correlated with the defined crown volume. This indicated that the stem volume growth depended on the crown volume as well as the total leaf area. An increase in leaf area was largely attained by the spatial volume of the crown, not by an increase in the leaf area density. The leaves inside the crown began to spread horizontally relative to the crown size as the total leaf area and tree size increased. On the other hand, for the crowns representing the branch spread, the crown shape (crown width/depth ratio) did not differ by internal leaf area and tree size. Such a spatial pattern was likely to be adaptive for a species that dominates at a mid-stage of secondary sere.     

膏桐人工林单木生物量回归模型研究

通过实测膏桐(Jatropha curcas)人工林膏桐的地上和地下生物量,探讨了膏桐各器官生物量与地径、株高和地径平方乘株高(D~2H)的相关关系,并采用回归分析方法建立了不同器官的生物量回归方程,结果表明,以地径平方乘株高(D~2H)因子与叶、干枝、根和全株生物量相关关系最显著,可以用来估算膏桐人工林的生物量和碳储量.     

Crown architecture of stand-grown sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) in the Adirondack Mountains

Leaf and crown morphology of shade-tolerant sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) were examined to test the hypotheses (1) that leaf area exhibits significant plasticity both within and between crown classes and individual tree crowns and (2) that leaf area is accurately predicted from estimates of crown volume. A total of 18 trees, ranging from 3.3 to 43.4 cm dbh, were felled and dissected into upper, middle, lower, and below-crown layers, for measurements of leaf, bark, and xylem dimensions. For dominant trees only, bark thickness and xylem radii were higher within the crown than below the crown. Cumulative leaf area index increased with decreasing stratum height at similar rates in all trees, except for two trees that were located in the understory. Area leaf weight declined with decreasing stratum height within the crown of all except four overstory trees. These four trees showed an increase with decreasing stratum height, i.e., leaves were heavier per unit area in the lower crown stratum and below the crown than they were at mid-crown. Within-tree leaf area density was usually higher in the upper crown of overstory trees and in the lower crown of understory trees. Total crown volume was the best predictor of whole-tree leaf area, but it was only slightly better than dbh.     

桤木薪炭林群落学特征及生物量的研究

本文对桤木人工薪炭林群落学特征做了分析,桤木薪炭林是人工造林配置的树种,故群落简单。对估测桤木人工薪炭林乔木层生物量建立了多个数学模型,选用W_(树干)=147.1914D~(2.0616)、W_(枝条)=37.5577D~(2.3962)、W_(叶)=31.0578(D~2H)~(0.7776)和W_(地上部分)=258.6222D~(2.0622)幂函数方程,分别获得各器官的生物量,树干重8895.720kg/ha,枝条重3657.651kg/ha,叶重3345.324kg/ha,乔木层地上部分总重量15898.696kg/ha。对林下灌木和草本植物采用收割法测定,灌木地上部分生物量为2265kg/ha,草本植物地上部分生物量为459kg/ha。所以桤木人工薪炭林的地上部分生物量为18622.696kg/ha。     

特呈岛3种生境条件下白骨壤天然林的生长与树冠特征

文章以广东省湛江特呈岛高潮带、中潮带、低潮带白骨壤纯林为研究对象,调查了其树高、地径、冠长、冠幅以及分枝角度等,揭示了其生长及树冠特征.结果表明:不同潮带间白骨壤冠幅及树冠面积差异不显著(P＞0.05),而树高、地径、冠长及树冠体积均存在显著差异(P＜0.05),中潮带、高潮带与低潮带的树冠体积分别达31.522,15...     

Clonal variation in crown structure, absorbed photosynthetically active radiation and growth of loblolly pine and slash pine

Crown structure, absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) and growth were analyzed in 300 replicated loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliotti) clones to: (1) quantify genetic variation in crown structural traits, growth and APAR at the species, family and clonal levels; and (2) estimate within-family genetic and environmental influences on measured variables. Species and family-within-species differences were found in some growth traits, crown size, leaf area, APAR and branch angle. Loblolly pine developed larger crowns, exposed more leaf area with an acute angle, and intercepted more radiation than slash pine. Significant differences among clones within-family were found for stem volume and crown architecture. Loblolly pine and slash pine within-family, individual-tree broad-sense heritabilities ranged from 0.00 to 0.41 for growth and crown structural traits and most were between 0.10 and 0.25 when estimated from a combined analysis across families. Genetic correlations of crown size, leaf area and APAR with volume increment generally ranged from 0.60 to 0.75. This knowledge of the genetic interactions among growth and crown structural traits improves our understanding of how crown morphology affects light interception and stand development, and ultimately how these attributes can be incorporated in the selection of families or clones for the development of new crop tree ideotypes.     

Applicability of non-destructive substitutes for leaf area in different stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) focusing on traditional forest crown measures

Since individual tree leaf area is an important measure for productivity as well as for site occupancy, it is of high interest in many studies about forest growth. The exact determination of leaf area is nearly impossible. Thus, a common way to get information about leaf area is to use substitutes. These substitutes are often variables which are collected in a destructive way which is not feasible for long term studies. Therefore, this study aimed at testing the applicability of using substitutes for leaf area which could be collected in a non-destructive way, namely crown surface area and crown projection area. In 8 stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.), divided into three age classes and two thinning treatments, a total of 156 trees were felled in order to test the relationship between leaf area and crown surface area and crown projection area, respectively. Individual tree leaf area of the felled sample trees was estimated by 3P-branch sampling with an accuracy of ±10%. Crown projection area and crown surface area were compared with other, more commonly used, but destructive predictors of leaf area, namely sapwood area at different heights on the bole. Our investigations confirmed findings of several studies that sapwood area is the most precise measure for leaf area because of the high correlation between sapwood area and the leaf area. But behind sapwood area at crown base and sapwood area at three tenth of the tree height the predictive ability of crown surface area was ranked third and even better than that of sapwood area at breast height (R² = 0.656 compared with 0.600). Within the stands leaf area is proportional to crown surface area. Using the pooled data of all stands a mixed model approach showed that additionally to crown surface area dominant height and diameter at breast height (dbh) improved the leaf area estimates. Thus, taking dominant height and dbh into account, crown surface area can be recommended for estimating the leaf area of individual trees. The resulting model was in line with many other findings on the leaf area and leaf mass relationships with crown size. From the additional influence of dominant height and dbh in the leaf area model we conclude that the used crown model could be improved by estimating the position of the maximum crown width and the crown width at the base of the crown depending on these two variables.     

Effects of crown development on leaf irradiance,leaf morphology and photosynthetic capacity in a peach tree

The three-dimensional (3-D) architecture of a peach tree (Prunus persica L. Batsch) growing in an orchard near Avignon, France, was digitized in April 1999 and again four weeks later in May 1999 to quantify increases in leaf area and crown volume as shoots developed. A 3-D model of radiation transfer was used to determine effects of changes in leaf area density and canopy volume on the spatial distribution of absorbed quantum irradiance (PAR(a)). Effects of changes in PAR(a) on leaf morphological and physiological properties were determined. Leaf mass per unit area (M(a)) and leaf nitrogen concentration per unit leaf area (N(a)) were both nonlinearly related to PAR(a), and there was a weak linear relationship between leaf nitrogen concentration per unit leaf mass (N(m)) and PAR(a). Photosynthetic capacity, defined as maximal rates of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) carboxylation (V(cmax)) and electron transport (J(max)), was measured on leaf samples representing sunlit and shaded micro-environments at the same time that the tree crown was digitized. Both V(cmax) and J(max) were linearly related to N(a) during May, but not in April when the range of N(a) was low. Photosynthetic capacity per unit N(a) appeared to decline between April and May. Variability in leaf nitrogen partitioning between Rubisco carboxylation and electron transport was small, and the partitioning coefficients were unrelated to N(a). Spatial variability in photosynthetic capacity resulted from acclimation to varying PAR(a) as the crown developed, and acclimation was driven principally by changes in M(a) rather than the amount or partitioning of leaf nitrogen.