海兰灰蛋鸡生长期部分消化参数变化规律的研究

试验旨在研究蛋鸡生长期部分消化参数的变化规律,选择1日龄海兰灰蛋鸡120只,分别在5、9、14、21、28、35、42、49、56、63、77、91日龄测定消化道p H值、小肠和胰腺周增幅,十二指肠和空肠淀粉酶、脂肪酶、胰蛋白酶及盲肠内的纤维素酶活性,分析其变化规律。结果表明:海兰灰蛋鸡腺胃肌胃、十二指肠、空肠、盲肠、胆汁p H值分别在2.55~3.89、6.01~6.66、6.25~6.47、6.44~7.33和6.38~7.90之间;小肠长度和胰腺重量周增幅分别于28和42日龄左右达到最大;十二指肠和空肠淀粉酶、脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶达到峰值的时间分别为35、35、42日龄和35、28、35日龄;盲肠纤维素酶活性于49日龄达到峰值;空肠内各日龄脂肪酶、淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶活性分别比十二指肠高5.3倍、8.2倍及2.0倍。     

樱桃谷雏鸭消化参数变化规律研究

本试验旨在研究0～42日龄樱桃谷雏鸭消化参数的变化规律.试验以240只0-42日龄樱桃谷雏鸭为研究对象,分别测定3,5,7,14,21,28,35和42日龄肉鸭食管膨大部、肌胃、小肠各段及盲肠组织的pH值,小肠各段及盲肠的长度,肌胃食糜中的胃蛋白酶水平,十二指肠、空肠、回肠食糜中淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶的活性以及盲肠食糜中纤维素酶的活性等.结果表明:①雏鸭小肠长度随日龄的增加逐渐增加,小肠增幅于7日龄左右达到最大,然后呈逐渐降低趋势;②食管膨大部、肌胃、十二指肠、空肠和回肠的pH值分别为5.057～6.685,2.670～4.003,6.012～6.375,6.047～6.512,6.302～6.901.其随日龄的变化幅度不大,并随日龄的增加趋于稳定;③胃蛋白酶随着日龄的增加而增加,在14日龄时达到高峰值,然后逐渐降低;脂肪酶、肠道淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶活性分别在7、14和28日龄达到峰值,且空肠和回肠内容物的淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性均高于十二指肠;盲肠中纤维素酶活性随着日龄的增加而增加.结果表明,7～14日龄是樱桃谷雏鸭消化道发育和消化酶分泌的关键时期.     

獭兔消化道pH及主要消化酶变化规律研究

试验选用15日龄、30日龄、60日龄、90日龄和成年獭兔各15只,对獭兔不同肠段(十二指肠、空肠和回肠、盲肠)pH、淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶、脂肪酶和乳糖酶活性进行测定.结果表明:肠段不同,pH和酶活性不同.15日龄后獭兔各肠段pH变化不大,相同日龄pH:回肠>空肠>十二指肠.随着日龄的增加,淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性增加,乳糖酶的活性逐渐降低;相同日龄淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶活性:空肠>回肠>十二指肠,乳糖酶活性:空肠>十二指肠>回肠.盲肠pH、淀粉酶和乳糖酶活性低于小肠,纤维素酶在60日龄后迅速增加;盲肠各消化酶活性90日龄后基本稳定.     

羔羊小肠pH及主要消化酶发育规律的研究

对小尾寒羊羔羊小肠不同部位(十二指肠、空肠和回肠)pH及淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶、脂肪酶和乳糖酶的活性进行了测定，结果表明：羔羊小肠不同部位内容物pH不同，回肠pH显著高于空肠，空肠和回肠pH显著高于十二指肠，羔羊1月龄后，小肠各段pH变化不大；小肠不同部位淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶及脂肪酶活性不同，空肠段淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶及脂肪酶活性高于十二指肠和回肠段，随着羔羊日龄的增长，小肠淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶及脂肪酶活性增加，3月龄后各消化酶活性变化差异不显著(P＜O．05)；羔羊小肠不同部位乳糖酶活性不同，空肠乳糖酶活性显著高于十二指肠和回肠，随着羔羊日龄的增长，小肠乳糖酶活性逐渐降低。     

0～49日龄肉仔鸡消化参数的变化规律研究

作者通过测定10、14、17、21、28、35、42和49日龄肉仔鸡体重和采食量，嗉囊、腺胃和肌胃及空肠食糜的pH，小肠的长度，腺胃和肌胃食糜中胃蛋白酶水平以及空肠食糜中淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶和脂肪酶的活性等指标，研究0～49日龄肉仔鸡消化参数的变化规律。并探讨这几种消化参数发育与肉仔鸡生长间的关系。研究结果表明：肉仔鸡体重、采食量以及小肠长度随日龄的增加逐渐增加，体重、采食量和小肠长度的增幅分别于42、28和35日龄左右达到最大，然后呈逐渐降低趋势。嗉囊和胃pH有随日龄增加的趋势，但增幅不大。肉仔鸡空肠pH在生长过程中比较稳定，介于5．79～6．16之间。胃蛋白酶随日龄的增加而逐渐增加，于28日龄达到峰值，随后有降低的趋势。28日龄以后各日龄胃蛋白酶水平仍高于21日龄以前。空肠内淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶和脂肪酶随日龄增加逐渐增加，并分别于35、21、14和14日龄达到峰值，随后逐渐降低。与达到峰值前酶活相比，达到峰值后各种酶活水平仍高于或接近峰值前酶活水平。小肠发育程度和消化酶水平可能会对肉仔鸡生长产生影响。     

0～6月龄犊牛小肠pH值及主要消化酶活性的研究

试验对0～6月龄黑白花公犊牛小肠不同部位(十二指肠、空肠和回肠)的pH值及α-淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶和乳糖酶活性进行了测定,结果发现:犊牛小肠不同部位内容物其pH值不同,回肠pH值高于空肠,回肠和空肠pH值均高于十二指肠;小肠不同部位的α-淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶活性不同,空肠α-淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶活性高于回肠和十二指肠,随着犊牛日龄的增长,活性逐渐增长;小肠不同部位的乳糖酶活性不同,空肠和十二指肠乳糖酶活性高于回肠,随着犊牛日龄的增长,小肠乳糖酶活性逐渐降低。     

0～14日龄乳鸽小肠主要消化酶发育规律的研究

以0～14日龄雄乳鸽为研究对象,测定3日龄、8日龄和14日龄乳鸽十二指肠和空肠中淀粉酶、总蛋白水解酶、胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性随年龄的变化趋势。结果表明：十二指肠中淀粉酶、总蛋白水解酶、胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性随日龄增加而呈上升趋势,脂肪酶活性在3～8日龄显著降低,8～14日龄活性升高;空肠中淀粉酶、总蛋白水解酶和脂肪酶活性先降低后升高,而胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶活性先升高后降低,并在8日龄时达到峰值。     

羔羊小肠不同部位pH值及消化酶变化规律的研究

对小尾寒羊羔羊小肠不同部位(十二指肠、空肠和回肠)的pH值及淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶和乳糖酶的活性进行了测定,结果表明,羔羊小肠不同部位内容物pH值不同,回肠pH值显著高于空肠,空肠和回肠pH值显著高于十二指肠;羔羊小肠不同部位淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶活性不同,空肠段淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶活性高于十二指肠和回肠段,随着羔羊日龄的增长,小肠淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶活性增加;羔羊小肠不同部位乳糖酶活性不同,空肠乳糖酶活性最高,十二指肠次之,回肠最低,随着羔羊日龄的增长,小肠乳糖酶活性逐渐降低.     

斯哒米纳微生态制剂对肉仔鸡生长性能和肠道环境的影响

试验主要探讨微生态制剂(斯哒米纳)对肉仔鸡生产性能和肠道酶活、肠道pH值、肠道微生物的影响。试验结果表明,在生长性能方面,1~42日龄日采食量提高5.2%,日增重提高7.5%,料肉比降低2.4%,死淘率降低23.2%;21日龄检测显示:肠道酶活方面,十二指肠中,蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶分别高于对照组22.1%、57.8%和64.8%;空肠中,蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶高于对照组26.4%、41.2%和22.6%;肠道pH值方面:十二指肠、空肠、回肠和盲肠pH值分别降低4.2%、1.4%、2.3%和3.7%;肠道微生物方面:空肠中大肠杆菌含量降低14.9%,乳酸杆菌含量升高23.1%,双歧杆菌含量增加18.5%;盲肠中大肠杆菌含量降低14.9%,乳酸杆菌含量升高18.5%,双歧杆菌含量增加17.2%。42日龄检测显示:肠道酶活方面:十二指肠中,蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶分别高于对照组24.9%、69.6%和61.8%;空肠中,蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶分别高于对照组30.6%、59.9%和43.3%;肠道pH值方面:十二指肠、空肠、回肠和盲肠pH值分别降低1.9%、3.2%、2.1%和3.1%;肠道微生物方面:空肠中大肠杆菌含量降低29.8%,乳酸杆菌含量升高20.3%,双歧杆菌含量增加37.6%;盲肠中大肠杆菌含量降低15.9%,乳酸杆菌含量升高15.4%,双歧杆菌含量增加16.8%。     

产蛋高峰期蛋鸡消化参数变化规律的研究

通过连续测定24、25、34、44、54周龄海兰褐蛋鸡嗉囊、胃及空肠食糜pH值、水分含量,胃食糜胃蛋白酶以及空肠食糜胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶的活性等及胆汁酸含量指标,研究24～54周龄海兰褐蛋鸡消化环境随年龄增长的变化趋势.结果表明:在蛋鸡产蛋高峰期,嗉囊、胃食糜pH值均随日龄增加而逐渐升高,空肠pH值相对稳定,介于6.32～6.38.嗉囊、胃和空肠食糜的水分含量随日龄增加无明显变化,但是空肠食糜含水量明显高于嗉囊和胃内食糜.胃蛋白酶随日龄增加而降低,但在24～34周龄时相对稳定,酶活水平较高,44周龄后酶活明显降低;空肠内淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性及胆汁酸含量随日龄的增加而逐渐降低,44周龄后下降较快.     

羔羊消化器官的早期生长发育和瘤胃内主要消化酶活性的变化

选用健康无病的波尔山羊30只,饲养在相同条件下,分别于20日龄和60日龄,各选取体重相近的3只羔羊屠宰,研究羔羊消化器官的生长发育和瘤胃内主要消化酶活性的变化规律。结果表明:两个日龄之间,消化道各部位的重量差异显著(P<0.05);复胃或瘤胃重量占体重的比例差异极显著(P<0.01),小肠或大肠的重量占体重的比例差异显著(P<0.05);瘤胃、十二指肠、盲肠中的pH60日龄显著(P<0.05)高于20日龄;回肠pH60日龄高于20日龄,但差异不显著(P>0.05);皱胃pH60日龄低于20日龄;瘤胃液中淀粉酶和木聚糖酶的活性增长迅速,60日龄显著(P<0.05)高于20日龄,而纤维素酶和果胶酶虽有一定程度的增长,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

Extrinsic cardiac nerve segments in the domestic dog (Canis familiaris- Linnaeus, 1758). Comparative study in young and adult dogs

In this paper, important connections between the two main contingents of the autonomic nervous system, intrinsic and extrinsic visceral plexus were analysed. Concerning heart innervation, the territories of extrinsic innervation are very important in the treatment of congenital or acquired cardiopathy, thoracic neoplasia and aortic arch persistence, among others. This research compared young and adult extrinsic cardiac innervation and described the surgical anatomic nerve segments. Animals were perfused with a 10% formaldehyde solution in PBS (0.1 m) (pH 7.4) and submitted to macro- and meso-scopic dissection immersed in 60% acetic acid alcoholic solution and 20% hydrogen peroxide aqueous solution. The nerve segments were assigned as: right vagus nerve segment, left vagus nerve segment, right middle cervical ganglion segment, left middle cervical ganglion segment, right caudal laryngeal nerve segment, left caudal laryngeal nerve segment, right phrenic nerve segment and left phrenic nerve segment.     

A Quantitative Study of the Aorta of the Chicken (Gallus domesticus)

The different segments of the aorta were studied quantitatively in five age groups of chicken. It was observed that the widest diameter and the thickest media occur on the 56th day in each segment, except for the thoracic aorta, which had the widest diameter on the 42nd day and the thickest media on the 70th day. The percentage of the intima, media and the adventitia, as compared with the total wall thickness, was determined and it was found that this value was quite similar in age group, but the differences were significant from one segment to another. The ratio between the total wall thickness and the lumen diameter was also calculated in each segment.     

日粮对肉牛小肠pH值及淀粉酶活性的影响

本文对肉牛饲喂不同日粮（玉米秸,５０％玉米秸加５０％玉米面）后小肠不同部位（十二指肠、空肠和回肠）ｐＨ值及粉酶活性进行了测定。结果表明：肉牛小肠不同部位的ＰＨ值及淀粉酶活性不同,回肠ＰＨ值高于空肠,回肠和空肠ＰＨ值显著高于十二指肠（Ｐ〈０．０５）,喂５０％玉米秸加５０％玉米面日粮的牛小肠ＰＨ值低于喂养一玉米秸日粮;空肠淀粉酶活性高于回肠,空肠和回肠淀粉酶活性均显著高于十二指肠（Ｐ〈０．０５）,饲喂     

Humoral immunity of neonatal swine after FMD vaccination

The possible effect on pig protection after vaccination pregnant sows and their piglets against FMD at various age was examined using the SN test. Three experiments were conducted with three sow in each (8-9 piglets each). In the first experiment sows were not vaccinated but their piglets were vaccinated on 10th, 20th and 60th day of age. In second experiment sows were vaccinated at the end of rest period and in the middle of pregnancy. Pigs from one sow were vaccinated on 10th, from second sow on 20th and from the third sow on the 60th day of age. Pigs which were vaccinated on the 10th and 20th day of age were revaccinated on the 60th day of age. In third experiment sows were vaccinated at the end of the rest period and in the middle of pregnancy. Their piglets were not vaccinated. The conclusion may be drawn that if the epidemiological situation requires, systemic vaccination of all pigs then, on large farms (where pig production is planned) all sows should be vaccinated at the end of the rest period (first vaccination) and on the 55th-60th day of pregnancy. The next vaccination should be done in the middle of the next pregnancy. A vaccination program of piglets, according to our results, should depend on the vaccination program used for their dams.     

Scanning electron microscopic observations on the intestinal villi in growing White Leghorn and broiler chickens from 1 to 30 days of age

1. To obtain intestinal morphological data demonstrating the faster growth rate in broiler (BR) than in White Leghorn (WL) chickens, villi of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were examined from 1 to 30 d of age by scanning electron microscopy. 2. At the first day after hatching, villi of each intestinal segment showed a finger-like shape in both breeds. Villi developed to a plate-like shape in the duodenum, a wave-like shape in the jejunum and a tongue-like shape in the ileum at 30 d of age via the common plate-like villi at 10 d of age. The fundamental villous shape and arrangement seem to be accomplished by 10 d of age; two types of obliquely elongated plate-like villi showed a zigzag arrangement, adjoining at an angle of 40 degrees to 60 degrees like an oblique T-shape. It is suggested that such a villous arrangement would be more effective for nutrient absorption by inducing a long zigzag flow of ingesta. 3. Compared with WL, even at the first day after hatching BR had many more developed epithelial cell protrusions over the whole apical surface of the duodenal villi. In WL the protrusions were not so apparent and located only in the central area of the villous tip. Furthermore, at 10 d of age BR showed more developed and larger villi, many wider microvilli at the apical portion of villi and more active extrusions of epithelial cells from the tip of the duodenal and jejunal villi. 4. These morphological characteristics of villi in early life in BR suggest a greater absorptive surface area and a more active intestinal function, permitting the faster growth rate of BR immediately after hatching.     

Effect of oxidation, pH, and ionic strength on calpastatin inhibition of mu- and m-calpain

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of oxidation on mu- and m-calpain activity at varying pH and ionic strength conditions in the presence of calpastatin. In 2 separate experiments, purified porcine skeletal muscle mu- or m-calpain (0.45 units of caseinolytic activity) was incubated in the presence of calpastatin (0, 0.15, or 0.30 units) at pH 7.5, 6.5, or 6.0 with either 165 or 295 mM NaCl. The reactions were initiated with the addition of CaCl2 (100 microM for mu-calpain; 1 mM for m-calpain). In Experiment 1, mu- or m-calpain was incubated with the calpain substrate Suc-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-AMC (170 microM). Either 0 or 16 mu microM H2O2 was added to each assay. Activity was measured at 60 min. In Experiment 2, calpain was incubated with highly purified porcine myofibrils (4 mg/mL) under conditions described. Either 0 or 100 microM H2O2 was added immediately prior to the addition of calpain. Degradation of desmin was determined on samples collected at 2, 15, 60, and 120 min. Results from Experiment 1 indicated that oxidation decreased (P < 0.01) activity of mu-calpain. Mu-calpain had the greatest (P < 0.01) activity at pH 6.5, and m-calpain had the greatest (P < 0.01) activity at pH 7.5 at 60 min. m-Calpain activity was not detected at pH 6.0. Mu- and m-calpain activity were lower (P < 0.01) at 295 mM NaCl than at 165 mM NaCl at all pH conditions. Oxidation lowered (P < 0.01) calpastatin inhibition of mu-and m-calpain at all pH and ionic strength combinations. In Experiment 2, oxidation decreased proteolytic activity of mu-calpain against desmin at pH 6.0 (P < 0.05 at 15, 60, and 120 min) and decreased m-calpain at all pH conditions. However, desmin degradation by mu-calpain was not as efficiently inhibited by calpastatin at pH 7.5 and as at pH 6.5 (P = 0.03 at 60 min) when oxidizing conditions were created. This is consistent with the results from Experiment 1, which indicated that oxidation decreased the ability of calpastatin to inhibit mu-calpain. These studies provide evidence that oxidation influences calpain activity and inhibition of calpains by calpastatin differently under varying environmental conditions. The results suggest that, at the higher pH conditions used, calpastatin may limit the possibility of oxidation-induced inactivation of mu-calpain.     

妊娠后期母羊饲粮精料比例对羔羊生长性能、消化性能及血清抗氧化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究妊娠后期母羊饲粮精料比例对羔羊生长性能、消化性能和血清抗氧化指标的影响。试验选用66只妊娠90 d、平均体重为(44.45±2.20)kg的初产湖羊,按照体重相近原则随机分为3组,每组11个重复,每个重复2只。各组母羊妊娠期饲粮精料比例分别为50%、40%和30%,分娩后母羊饲喂相同的全混合日粮(TM R)。羔羊10日龄,每只母羊取1只羔羊断母乳,饲喂代乳粉;15日龄补饲开食料;20日龄补饲苜蓿干草,自由采食至60日龄。每10 d测定1次羔羊体重,51~60日龄进行羔羊消化代谢试验,20和60日龄采集羔羊血液测定血清抗氧化指标。结果表明:妊娠后期母羊饲粮精料比例对羔羊1、10、20、30、40、50、60日龄体重,20、60日龄体尺指标及营养物质表观消化率均无显著影响(P0.05)。随母羊饲粮精料比例降低,20日龄羔羊血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性极显著升高(P0.01),60日龄50%组显著或极显著低于其他2组(P0.05或P0.01);30%组20和60日龄羔羊血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性极显著高于其他2组(P0.01);血清中MDA的含量在20日龄时随母羊饲粮精料比例的降低而极显著降低(P0.01),60日龄时50%组显著高于30%组(P0.05)。结果提示,妊娠后期母羊饲粮的精料比例对产后早期断奶羔羊的体重、体尺、营养物质表观消化率无显著影响,但随母羊饲粮精料比例的降低,羔羊血清的抗氧化能力提高。     

不同断奶日龄羔羊瘤胃组织显微及超微结构比较

试验通过比较不同断奶日龄的湖羊羔羊瘤胃组织结构的差异，特别是瘤胃乳头超微结构变化，旨在为羔羊适宜断奶日龄的确定提供瘤胃生长发育的依据。选择新生湖羊羔羊24只（初生重：2.80 kg±0.08 kg），随机分为3组，每组8只，分别为30日龄早期断奶组（EEW-30）、45日龄早期断奶组（EW-45）和60日龄常规断奶组（NW-60）。在各断奶日龄及75日龄时每组分别屠宰4只羔羊，测定体重及瘤胃空重，计算瘤胃相对重量；采集瘤胃组织进行显微及超微形态学测定。结果显示：①EEW-30组羔羊断奶体重极显著低于NW-60组（P<0.01），而EW-45组与NW-60组断奶体重无显著差异（P>0.05）；75日龄时3组羔羊的体重无显著差异（P>0.05）。各组羔羊瘤胃相对重量与其体重变化规律相同。②光镜下可见：断奶时，EEW-30组瘤胃壁厚度极显著低于NW-60组（P<0.01），EW-45组与NW-60组无显著差异（P>0.05）；75日龄时，EW-45组羔羊瘤胃壁厚度显著高于NW-60组（P<0.05）。断奶时EEW-30组瘤胃乳头较短小，极显著短于NW-60组（P<0.01），EW-45组也显著短于NW-60组（P<0.05）。断奶时瘤胃乳头宽度和面积在3组间差异均不显著，在75日龄时也无显著组间差异（P>0.05）。③扫描电镜观测结果显示：EEW-30组断奶时单位面积瘤胃微乳头（ruminal micro-papillae）数量极显著低于NW-60组（P<0.01），而EW-45与NW-60组间无显著差异（P>0.05）；75日龄时，3组羔羊单位面积瘤胃微乳头数量无显著差异（P>0.05）。上述试验结果显示，断奶时羔羊瘤胃形态结构在EEW-30与NW-60组间差异明显，而EW-45与NW-60组较为接近，瘤胃微乳头状结构也呈相同变化趋势。提示45日龄时断奶较为适宜。     

Milk and water intakes of foals sucking grazing mares.

Intakes of milk and milk nutrients were determined for 8 foals at 11-18 days of age and for 10 foals at 30-44 days and 60-74 days of age while sucking grazing mares. Water intakes (sources other than milk) of the foals were determined at 30-44 days and 60-74 days of age. Five of the 10 mares were fed a protein supplement (24% crude protein) in addition to grazing during the stud season. The protein supplement did not influence foal intakes of milk and milk nutrients, milk composition, weight gains of the mares or the growth rate of the foals. Foal milk intakes increased (P less than 0.05) from 16.9 kg/day at 11-18 days to 18.1 kg/day at 60-74 days of age. The water intakes of the foals increased (P less than 0.01) from 3.9 kg/day at 30-44 days to 5.5 kg/day at 60-74 days of age. Total fluid intakes per kg foal liveweight were 246, 202 and 172 g at 11-18, 30-44 and 60-74 days of age, respectively. For each kg of weight gain, foals consumed 12.8, 15.7 and 16.4 kg milk at 11-18, 30-44 and 60-74 days of age. Stage of lactation had a significant effect on the total solids, lactose and protein content of milk. The fat and gross energy content of milk remained constant.